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List of regions in the human brain

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(Redirected fromBrain regions)

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Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours

Thehuman brain anatomical regions are ordered following standardneuroanatomy hierarchies.Functional,connective, anddevelopmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.

Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)

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Main article:Hindbrain

Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain

**hindbrain** orrhombencephalon is adevelopmental categorization of portions of thecentral nervous system invertebrates. It includes themedulla,pons, andcerebellum.

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

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Forebrain (prosencephalon)

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Diencephalon

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Epithalamus

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Third ventricle

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Thalamus

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Hypothalamus(limbic system)(HPA axis)

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Anterior
- Medial area
  - Parts ofpreoptic area
    - Medial preoptic nucleus
    - Median preoptic nucleus
  - Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  - Paraventricular nucleus
  - Supraoptic nucleus (mainly)
  - Anterior hypothalamic nucleus
- Lateral area
  - Parts ofpreoptic area
    - Lateral preoptic nucleus
  - Anterior part ofLateral nucleus
  - Part of supraoptic nucleus
- Other nuclei ofpreoptic area
  - Median preoptic nucleus
  - Periventricular preoptic nucleus
Tuberal
- Medial area
- Lateral area
  - Tuberal part ofLateral nucleus
  - Lateral tuberal nuclei
Posterior
- Medial area
  - Mammillary nuclei (part ofmammillary bodies)
  - Posterior nucleus
- Lateral area
  - Posterior part ofLateral nucleus
Surface
- Median eminence
- Mammillary bodies
- Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
Optic chiasm
Subfornical organ
Periventricular nucleus
Tuber cinereum
- Tuberal nucleus
- Tuberomammillary nucleus
Tuberal region
Mammillary nucleus

Subthalamus(HPA axis)

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Pituitary gland(HPA axis)

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Telencephalon(cerebrum)Cerebral hemispheres

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White matter

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Subcortical

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Rhinencephalon(paleocortex)

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Cerebral cortex(neocortex)

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Neural pathways

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Motor systems / Descending fibers

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Somatosensory system

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Visual system

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Auditory system

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Nerves

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Brain stem
- Cranial nerves

Neuroendocrine systems

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Neuro vascular systems

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Neurotransmitter pathways

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Dural meningeal system

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Cerebrospinal Fluid
Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Meningeal coverings
Epidural space
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Ventricular system
- Lateral ventricles
  - Angular bundle
  - Anterior horn
  - Body of lateral ventricle
  - Inferior horn
  - Posterior horn
    - Calcar avis
  - Subventricular zone
- Third ventricle
- Fourth ventricle
- Foramina

Limbic system

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Cortical areas:
- Limbic lobe
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Piriform cortex part of theolfactory system
- Entorhinal cortex
- Hippocampus and associated structures
- Fornix andseptal nuclei
Subcortical areas:
Diencephalic structures:

Other areas that have been included in the limbic system include the:

Stria medullaris
Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden

References

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External links

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Brain at the U.S. National Library of MedicineMedical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain)
BrainMaps.org
BrainInfo (University of Washington)
"Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works".Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021.
"Brain Map".Queensland Health. 12 July 2022.

Spinal cord

General features

Grey columns

Posterior grey column	Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Rexed lamina V Rexed lamina VI
Lateral grey column	Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus
Anterior grey column	Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf's nucleus Gamma motor neuron
Other	Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure

White matter

Sensory

Posterior	Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway Gracile Cuneate
Lateral	Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal
Anterior	Spinoreticular tract Spino-olivary tract

Motor

Lateral	Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Raphespinal Reticulospinal Hypothalamospinal
Anterior	Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Raphespinal Olivospinal

Both

Anterior white commissure

External features

Ventral
- Anterior median fissure
- Anterolateral sulcus
Dorsal
- Posterior median sulcus
- Posterolateral sulcus

Anatomy of themedulla

Grey matter

Cranial nuclei

afferent:	Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior
efferent:	Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus

Dorsal

Ventral

White matter

Dorsal	Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus
Ventral	Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro-olivary tract

Surface

Front	Pyramid Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus
Back	Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle

Grey

Anatomy of thepons

Dorsal/
(tegmentum)

Surface

White: Sensory

White: Motor

Grey:Cranial nuclei

afferent:	GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior
efferent:	SVE:Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE:Abducens nucleus GVE:Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus

Grey: Other nuclei

Ventral/
(base)

Grey	Pontine nuclei
White: Motor/descending	Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers
Surface	Basilar sulcus

Other grey: Raphe/
reticular

Anatomy of themidbrain

Tectum
(Dorsal)

Corpora quadrigemina

Grey matter

Pretectal area

White matter

Sensory / ascending	Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract
Motor / descending	Tectospinal tract

CSF

Cerebral aqueduct

Peduncle
(Ventral)

Tegmentum

White matter

Sensory / ascending	Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Ventral trigeminal tract Dentatothalamic tract
Motor / descending	Rubrospinal tract Rubro-olivary tract Descending MLF

Grey matter

cranial nuclei	GSA Mesencephalic GSE Oculomotor nucleus Trochlear nucleus GVE Edinger–Westphal nucleus
Ventral tegmental area	Rostromedial tegmental nucleus
Periaqueductal gray Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area Interpeduncular nucleus
Midbrain reticular formation	Dorsal tegmental nucleus Raphe nuclei dorsal Reticulotegmental nucleus

Base

White /Cerebral crus	Pyramidal tracts Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract Frontopontine fibers Temporopontine fibers
Grey /Substantia nigra	Pars compacta Pars reticulata
Surface	Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa

Brain andspinal cord:neural tracts andfasciculi

Sensory

DCML

1°:	Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle →Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) →Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus
2°:	→sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers,Internal arcuate fibers) →Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus →Thalamus (VPL,VPM)
3°:	→Posterior limb of internal capsule →Postcentral gyrus

Anterolateral/
pain

Fast/lateral	1° (Free nerve ending →A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure →Lateral andAnterior Spinothalamic tract →Spinal lemniscus →VPL ofThalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex) 2° (Spinomesencephalic tract →Superior colliculus ofMidbrain tectum)
Slow/medial	1° (Group C nerve fiber →Spinoreticular tract →Reticular formation) → 2° (MD ofThalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex)

Motor

Pyramidal

flexion:Primary motor cortex →Posterior limb of internal capsule →Decussation of pyramids →Corticospinal tract (Lateral,Anterior) →Neuromuscular junction

Extrapyramidal

flexion:	Primary motor cortex →Genu of internal capsule →Corticobulbar tract →Facial motor nucleus →Facial muscles
flexion:	Red nucleus →Rubrospinal tract
extension:	Vestibulocerebellum →Vestibular nuclei →Vestibulospinal tract
extension:	Vestibulocerebellum →Reticular formation →Reticulospinal tract
Midbrain tectum →Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck

Basal ganglia

direct:	1° (Motor cortex →Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis →Thalamic fasciculus →VL ofThalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations →Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)
indirect:	1° (Motor cortex →Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus →Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus →GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis →Thalamic fasciculus →VL ofThalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations →Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)
nigrostriatal pathway:	Pars compacta →Striatum

Cerebellar

Afferent

Vestibular nuclei →Vestibulocerebellar tract →ICP →Cerebellum →Granule cell

Pontine nuclei →Pontocerebellar fibers →MCP →Deep cerebellar nuclei →Granule cell

Inferior olivary nucleus →Olivocerebellar tract →ICP →Hemisphere →Purkinje cell →Deep cerebellar nuclei

Efferent

Dentate nucleus inLateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum →SCP →Dentatothalamic tract →Thalamus (VL) →Motor cortex

Interposed nucleus inIntermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum →SCP →Reticular formation, or →Cerebellothalamic tract →Red nucleus →Thalamus (VL) →Motor cortex

Fastigial nucleus inFlocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum →Vestibulocerebellar tract →Vestibular nuclei

Bidirectional:
Spinocerebellar

Unconscious proprioception	lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles →DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus →Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract →ICP →Cerebellar vermis) upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles →DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus →Cuneocerebellar tract →ICP →Anterior lobe of cerebellum)
Reflex arc	lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→SCP →Cerebellar vermis) upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract →ICP →Cerebellum)

v t e Sensory receptors
Touch	Mechanoreceptor Vibration Lamellar corpuscle Light touch Tactile corpuscle Pressure Merkel nerve ending Stretch Bulbous corpuscle
Pain	Free nerve ending Nociceptors
Temperature	Thermoreceptors
Proprioception	Golgi organ Muscle spindle Intrafusal muscle fiber Nuclear chain fiber Nuclear bag fiber
Other	Hair cells Baroreceptor