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Thebow and arrow is a ranged weapon system consisting of anelastic launching device (bow) and long-shaftedprojectiles (arrows). Humans used bows and arrows forhunting andaggression long beforerecorded history, and the practice was common to manyprehistoric cultures. They were importantweapons of war fromancient history until theearly modern period, when they were rendered increasingly obsolete by the development of the more powerful and accuratefirearms. Today, bows and arrows are mostly used forhunting andsports.
Archery is the art, practice, or skill of using bows toshoot arrows.[1] A person who shoots arrows with a bow is called a bowman or an archer. Someone who makes bows is known as abowyer,[2] someone who makes arrows is afletcher,[3] and someone who manufactures metalarrowheads is an arrowsmith.[4]
A bow consists of a semi-rigid but elasticarc with a high-tensilebowstring joining the ends of the two limbs of the bow. An arrow is aprojectile with apointed tip and a long shaft with stabilizerfins (fletching) towards the back, with a narrow notch (nock) at the very end to contact the bowstring.
To load an arrow for shooting (nocking an arrow), the archer places an arrow across the middle of the bow with the bowstring in the arrow's nock. To shoot, the archer holds the bow at its center with one hand and pulls back (draws) the arrow and the bowstring with the other (typically thedominant hand). This flexes the two limbs of the bow rearwards, which perform the function of a pair ofcantilever springs to storeelastic energy.
While maintaining the draw, the archer typically aims the shotintuitively or by sighting along the arrow. Then the archer releases (looses) the draw, allowing the limbs' stored energy to convert intokinetic energy transmitted via the bowstring to the arrow, propelling it to fly forward with high velocity.[5]
A container or bag for additional arrows for quick reloading is called aquiver.
When not in use, bows are generally keptunstrung, meaning one or both ends of the bowstring are detached from the bow. This removes all residual tension on the bow and can help prevent it from losing strength or elasticity over time. Many bow designs also let it straighten out more completely, reducing the space needed to store the bow. Returning the bowstring to its ready-to-use position is calledstringing the bow.
The oldest known evidence of the bow and arrow comes from South African sites such asSibudu Cave, where likely arrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago.[6][7][8][9][10][11]
The earliest probable arrowheads found outside of Africa were discovered in 2020 inFa Hien Cave,Sri Lanka. They have been dated to 48,000 years ago. "Bow-and-arrow hunting at the Sri Lankan site likely focused on monkeys and smaller animals, such as squirrels, Langley says. Remains of these creatures were found in the same sediment as the bone points."[12][13]
Small stone points from theGrotte Mandrin in Southern France, used some 54,000 years ago, have damage from use that indicates their use as projectile weapons, and some are too small (less than 10mm across as the base) for any practical use other than as arrowheads.[14] They are associated with possibly the first groups ofmodern humans to leave Africa.[15][16]
After theend of the last glacial period, some 12,000 years ago, the use of the bow seems to have spread to every inhabited region except for Australasia and most of Oceania.[17] The reason for the absence of locally-made bow and arrow technology from the Australian continent, when it was widely and commonly used elsewhere, has long been debated. It has recently been hypothesised that it is because the mechanical and physical properties of common Australian woods make them unsuitable for selfbows.[18]
The earliest definite remains of bow and arrow fromEurope are possible fragments fromGermany found at Mannheim-Vogelstang dated 17,500–18,000 years ago, and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago.Azilian points found inGrotte du Bichon,Switzerland, alongside the remains of both abear and a hunter, withflint fragments found in the bear's thirdvertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.[19]
At the site ofNataruk inTurkana County, Kenya,obsidian bladelets found embedded in askull and within thethoracic cavity of anotherskeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.[20]
The oldest extant bows in one piece are the elmHolmegaard bows fromDenmark, which were dated to 9,000 BCE. Several bows from Holmegaard, Denmark, date 8,000 years ago.[21] High-performance wooden bows are currently made following the Holmegaard design. The Stellmoor bow fragments from northern Germany were dated to about 8,000 BCE, but they were destroyed inHamburg during theSecond World War, beforecarbon 14 dating was available; their age is attributed by archaeological association.[22]
The bow was an important weapon for bothhunting andwarfare from prehistoric times until the widespread use ofgunpowder weapons in the 16th century.[citation needed] It was also common inancient warfare, although certain cultures would not favor them. Greek poetArchilocus expressed scorn for fighting with bows andslings.[23]
The skill ofNubian archers was renowned inancient Egypt and beyond.[24] Their mastery of the bow gained their land the nameTa-Seti, "Land of the Bow" in Ancient Egyptian.[24][25]
Beginning with the reign ofWilliam the Conqueror, thelongbow was England's principal weapon of war until the end of the Middle Ages.[26]Genghis Khan and hisMongol hordes conquered much of the Eurasian steppe using short bows. Native Americans used archery to hunt and defend themselves during the days of English and later American colonization.[27]
Organised warfare with bows ended in the early to mid-17th century inWestern Europe, but it persisted into the 19th century in Eastern[clarification needed] cultures, including hunting and warfare in theNew World. In theCanadian Arctic, bows were made until the end of the 20th century for huntingcaribou, for instance atIgloolik.[28] The bow has more recently been used as a weapon oftribal warfare in some parts ofSub-Saharan Africa; an example was documented in 2009 in Kenya whenKisii people andKalenjin people clashed, resulting in four deaths.[29][30]
The British upper class led a revival of archery as a sport in the late 18th century.[31] SirAshton Lever, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society inLondon in 1781, under the patronage ofGeorge IV, thenPrince of Wales.
Bows and arrows have been rarely used by modernspecial forces for survival and clandestine operations.[32][33][34][35]
The basic elements of a modern bow are a pair of curvedelasticlimbs, traditionally made fromwood, joined by a riser. Howeverself bows such as theEnglish longbow are made of a single piece of wood comprising both limbs and the grip. The ends of each limb are connected by a string known as thebow string.[5] By pulling the string backwards thearcher exertscompression force on the string-facing section, orbelly, of the limbs as well as placing the outer section, orback, undertension. While the string is held, this stores the energy later released in putting the arrow to flight. The force required to hold the string stationary at full draw is often used to express the power of a bow, and is known as its draw weight, or weight.[36][37] Other things being equal, a higher draw weight means a more powerful bow, which is able to project heavier arrows at the same velocity or the same arrow at a greater velocity.
The various parts of the bow can be subdivided into further sections. The topmost limb is known as the upper limb, while the bottom limb is the lower limb. At the tip of each limb is a nock, which is used to attach the bowstring to the limbs. The riser is usually divided into the grip, which is held by the archer, as well as the arrow rest and the bow window. The arrow rest is a small ledge or extension above the grip which the arrow rests upon while being aimed. The bow window is that part of the riser above the grip, which contains the arrow rest.[5]
In bows drawn and held by hand, the maximum draw weight is determined by the strength of the archer.[37] The maximum distance the string could be displaced and thus the longest arrow that could be loosed from it, a bow's draw length, is determined by the size of the archer.[38]
Acomposite bow uses a combination of materials to create the limbs, allowing the use of materials specialized for the different functions of a bow limb. The classic composite bow uses wood for lightness and dimensional stability in the core, horn to store compression energy, andsinew for its ability to store energy in tension. Such bows, typically Asian, would often use a stiff end on the limb end, having the effect of a recurve.[39] In this type of bow, this is known by the Arabic name 'siyah'.[40]
Modern construction materials for bows includelaminated wood,fiberglass,metals,[41] andcarbon fiber components.
An arrow usually consists of a shaft with an arrowhead attached to the front end, with fletchings and a nock at the other.[42] Modern arrows are usually made from carbon fibre, aluminum, fiberglass, and wood shafts. Carbon shafts have the advantage that they do not bend or warp, but they can often be too light weight to shoot from some bows and are expensive. Aluminum shafts are less expensive than carbon shafts, but they can bend and warp from use. Wood shafts are the least expensive option but often will not be identical in weight and size to each other and break more often than the other types of shafts.[43] Arrow sizes vary greatly across cultures and range from very short ones that require the use of special equipment to be shot to ones in use in theAmazon River jungles that are 2.6 m (8.5 feet) long. Most modern arrows are 55 to 75 cm (22 to 30 inches) in length.[42]
Arrows come in many types, among which are breasted, bob-tailed, barreled, clout, and target.[42] A breasted arrow is thickest at the area right behind the fletchings, and tapers towards the (nock) and head.[44] A bob-tailed arrow is thickest right behind the head, and tapers to the nock.[45] A barrelled arrow is thickest in the centre of the arrow.[46] Target arrows are those arrows used for target shooting rather than warfare or hunting, and usually have simple arrowheads.[47]
For safety reasons, a bow should never be shot without an arrow nocked; without an arrow, the energy that is normally transferred into the projectile is instead directed back into the bow itself, which will cause damage to the bow's limbs.[48]
The end of the arrow that is designed to hit the target is called the arrowhead. Usually, these are separate items that are attached to the arrow shaft by either tangs or sockets. Materials used in the past for arrowheads include flint, bone, horn, or metal. Most modern arrowheads are made of steel, but wood and other traditional materials are still used occasionally. A number of different types of arrowheads are known, with the most common beingbodkins, broadheads, and piles.[49] Bodkin heads are simple spikes made of metal of various shapes, designed to pierce armour.[45] A broadhead arrowhead is usually triangular or leaf-shaped and has a sharpened edge or edges. Broadheads are commonly used for hunting.[50] A pile arrowhead is a simple metal cone, either sharpened to a point or somewhat blunt, that is used mainly for target shooting. A pile head is the same diameter as the arrow shaft and is usually just fitted over the tip of the arrow.[51] Other heads are known, including the blunt head, which is flat at the end and is used for hunting small game or birds, and is designed to not pierce the target nor embed itself in trees or other objects and make recovery difficult.[45] Another type of arrowhead is a barbed head, usually used in warfare or hunting.[42]
Bowstrings may have a nocking point marked on them, which serves to mark where the arrow is fitted to the bowstring before shooting.[52] The area around the nocking point is usually bound with thread to protect the area around the nocking point from wear by the archer's hands. This section is called the serving.[53] At one end of the bowstring a loop is formed, which is permanent. The other end of the bowstring also has a loop, but this is not permanently formed into the bowstring but is constructed by tying a knot into the string to form a loop. Traditionally this knot is known as the archer's knot, but is a form of thetimber hitch. The knot can be adjusted to lengthen or shorten the bowstring. The adjustable loop is known as the "tail".[54] The string is often twisted (this being called the "flemish twist").
Bowstrings have been constructed of many materials throughout history, including fibres such asflax,silk, andhemp.[55] Other materials used were animalguts, animalsinews, andrawhide. Modern fibres such asDacron orKevlar are now used in commercial bowstring construction, as well as steel wires in some compound bows.[56]Compound bows have a mechanical system of pulley cams over which the bowstring is wound.[53] Nylon is useful only in emergency situations, as it stretches too much.[57]
There is no single accepted system of classification of bows.[58] Bows may be described by various characteristics including the materials used, the length of the draw that they permit, the shape of the bow in sideways view, and the shape of the limb in cross-section.[59][60]
Commonly-used descriptors for bows include:
