| Boston | |
|---|---|
| Market town | |
 St Botolph's Church and Market Place  Fydell House  War Memorial  View of the Town Centre | |
  Boston Location withinLincolnshire | |
| Area | 18.42 km2 (7.11 sq mi) |
| Population | 45,339 (2021 Census.Ward)[1] |
| • Density | 2,461/km2 (6,370/sq mi) |
| OS grid reference | TF329437 |
| • London | 100 mi (160 km) S |
| District | |
| Shire county | |
| Region | |
| Country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Areas of the town[2] (2021 census BUASD) | |
| Post town | BOSTON |
| Postcode district | PE21 |
| Dialling code | 01205 |
| Police | Lincolnshire |
| Fire | Lincolnshire |
| Ambulance | East Midlands |
| UK Parliament | |
| Website | https://www.boston.gov.uk/ |
| |
Boston is amarket town andinland port in theborough of the same name in the county ofLincolnshire, England. It lies to the south-east ofLincoln, east ofNottingham and north-east ofPeterborough. The town had a population of 45,339 at the 2021 census,[1] while the borough had an estimated population of 66,900 at theONS mid-2015 estimates.[3]The Haven in Boston flows about 5 miles away to theLincolnshire coast atThe Wash, a bay between Lincolnshire andNorfolk.
Boston's most notable landmark isSt Botolph's Church, colloquially referred to as 'The Stump', the largestparish church in England,[4] which is visible from miles away across the flat lands of Lincolnshire. Residents of Boston are known as Bostonians. Emigrants from Boston named several other settlements around the world after the town—most notablyBoston, Massachusetts, then an English colony and now part of the United States.[5]
The nameBoston is said to be a contraction of "Saint Botolph's town",[6] "stone" or "tun" (Old English,Old Norse and modernNorwegian for ahamlet orfarm; hence the Latinvilla Sancti Botulfi "St. Botulf's village").[7]The nameBotulfeston appears in 1460, with an alias "Boston".[8]
The town was once said to have been aRoman settlement, but no evidence shows this to be the case.[6] Similarly, it is often linked to themonastery established by theSaxonmonkBotolph at "Icanhoe" on theWitham in AD 654 and destroyed by theVikings in 870,[6] but this is doubted by modern historians. The early medieval geography ofThe Fens was much more fluid than it is today, and at that time, the Witham did not flow near the site of Boston. Botolph's establishment is most likely to have been inSuffolk. However, he was a popularmissionary andsaint to whom many churches betweenYorkshire andSussex are dedicated.[9]
The 1086Domesday Book does not mention Boston by name,[10] but nearby settlements of the tenant-in-chief CountAlan Rufus of Brittany are covered. Its present territory was probably then part of the grant ofSkirbeck,[10] part of the very wealthy manor of Drayton, which before 1066 had been owned byRalph the Staller,Edward the Confessor'sEarl of East Anglia. Skirbeck had two churches and one is likely to have been that dedicated to St Botolph, in what was consequently Botolph's town. Skirbeck(map) is now considered part of Boston, but the name remains, as a church parish and an electoralward.
The order of importance was the other way round, when the Boston quarter of Skirbeck developed at the head ofthe Haven, which lies under the present Market Place. At that stage, The Haven was thetidal part of the stream, now represented by the Stone Bridge Drain (map), which carried the water from the East and West Fens. The line of the road through Wide Bargate, toA52 andA16, is likely to have developed on its marine silt levees.[citation needed] It led, as it does now, to the relatively high ground at Sibsey (map), and thence toLindsey.
The reason for the original development of the town, away from the centre of Skirbeck, was that Boston lay on the point where navigable tidal water was alongside the land route, which used theDevensian terminalmoraine ridge at Sibsey, between the upland of East Lindsey and the three routes to the south of Boston:
TheRiver Witham seems to have joined The Haven after the flood of September 1014, having abandoned the port of Drayton, on what subsequently became known as Bicker Haven.[citation needed] The predecessor of Ralph the Staller owned most of both Skirbeck and Drayton, so it was a relatively simple task to transfer his business from Drayton, but Domesday Book in 1086 still records his source of income in Boston under the heading of Drayton, so Boston's name is not mentioned. The Town Bridge still maintains the preflood route, along the old Haven bank.
After theNorman conquest, Ralph the Staller's property was taken over byCount Alan.[11] It subsequently came to be attached to the Earldom ofRichmond, North Yorkshire, and known as the Richmond Fee. It lay on the left bank of The Haven.
During the 11th and 12th centuries, Boston grew into a notable town and port.[12] In 1204,King John vested sole control over the town in hisbailiff.[10] That year[6] or the next,[10] he levied a "fifteenth" tax (quinzieme) of 6.67% on the moveable goods of merchants in the ports of England: the merchants of Boston paid £780, the highest in the kingdom after London's £836.[6][13] Thus, by the opening of the 13th century, Boston was already significant in trade with the continent of Europe and ranked as a port of theHanseatic League.[14][15] In the thirteenth century it was said to be the second port in the country.[16]Edward III named it astaple port for thewool trade in 1369.[10] Apart from wool, Boston also exportedsalt, produced locally on theHolland coast,grain, produced up-river, and lead, produced inDerbyshire and brought viaLincoln, up-river.
A quarrel between the local and foreign merchants led to the withdrawal of the Hansards[6] around 1470.[10] Around the same time, the decline of the local guilds[10] and shift towards domesticweaving of English wool (conducted in other areas of the country)[citation needed] led to a near-complete collapse of the town's foreign trade.[10] The silting of the Haven only furthered the town's decline.
At theDissolution of the Monasteries byHenry VIII during theEnglish Reformation, Boston'sDominican,Franciscan,Carmelite, andAugustinian friaries—erected during the boom years of the 13th and 14th centuries—were all expropriated. Therefectory of the Dominican friary was eventually converted into a theatre in 1965 and now houses theBlackfriars Arts Centre.
Henry VIII granted the town its charter in 1545[17] and Boston had two Members of Parliament from 1552.
The staple trade made Boston a centre of intellectual influence from the Continent, including the teachings ofJohn Calvin that became known asCalvinism. This, in turn, revolutionised the Christian beliefs and practices of many Bostonians and residents of the neighbouring shires of England. In 1607, a group ofpilgrims fromNottinghamshire led byWilliam Brewster andWilliam Bradford attempted to escape pressure to conform with the teaching of theEnglish church by going tothe Netherlands from Boston. At that time, unsanctioned emigration was illegal, and they were brought before the court in theGuildhall.[18] Most of the pilgrims were released fairly soon, and the following year, set sail for the Netherlands, settling inLeiden. In 1620, several of these were among the group who moved toNew England in theMayflower.[19]
Boston remained a hotbed of religious dissent. In 1612,John Cotton became the Vicar of St Botolph's[20] and, although viewed askance by the Church of England for his nonconformist preaching, became responsible for a large increase in Church attendance. He encouraged those who disliked the lack of religious freedom in England to join theMassachusetts Bay Company, and later helped to found the city of Boston, Massachusetts, which he was instrumental in naming. Unable to tolerate the religious situation any longer, he eventually emigrated himself in 1633.[20]
At the same time, work on draining the fens to the west of Boston was begun, a scheme which displeased many whose livelihoods were at risk. (One of the sources of livelihood obtained from the fen was fowling, supplying ducks and geese for meat and in addition the processing of their feathers and down for use in mattresses and pillows. Until 2018, the feathery aspect of this was still reflected in the presence of the local bedding company named Fogarty.[21]) This and the religious friction put Boston into theparliamentarian camp in theCivil War, which in England began in 1642. The chief backer of the drainage locally,Lord Lindsey, was shot in thefirst battle and the fens returned to their accustomed dampness until after 1750.[22]
The later 18th century saw a revival when the Fens began to be effectively drained. TheAct of Parliament permitting the embanking and straightening of the fenland Witham was dated 1762. A sluice, called for in the act, was designed to help scour out The Haven. The land proved to be fertile, and Boston began exporting cereals to London. In 1754, the first financial bank was opened,[23] and in 1776, an act of Parliament allowed watchmen to begin patrolling the streets at night.[citation needed]
In the 19th century, the names of Howden, a firm located near the Grand Sluice, and Tuxford, near the Maud Foster Sluice, were respected among engineers for their steam road locomotives, threshing engines, and the like. Howden developed his business from making steam engines for river boats, while Tuxford began as a miller and millwright. His mill was once prominent near Skirbeck Church, just to the east of the Maud Foster Drain.[citation needed]
The railway reached the town in 1848, and it was briefly on the main line from London to the north. The area between theBlack Sluice and the railway station was mainly railway yard and the railway company's main depot. The latter facility moved toDoncaster when the modern main line was opened. Boston remained something of a local railway hub well into the 20th century, moving the produce of the district and the trade of the dock, plus the excursion trade toSkegness.
Boston once again became a significant port in trade and fishing in 1884, when the newdock with its associatedwharves on The Haven were constructed. It continued as a working port, exporting grain, fertiliser, and importing timber, although much of the fishing trade was moved out in the interwar period.[citation needed]
At the beginning of theFirst World War, a number of the town's trawlermen, together with some fromGrimsby, were taken prisoner after their ships were sunk by German raiders in the North Sea. Their families did not know what had happened to them until late September 1914. The men were taken toSennelager camp, then on toRuhleben POW camp, where most remained until repatriated in 1918. A full report of their homecoming is in theLincolnshire Standard newspaper, January 1918. During the war the port was used by hospital ships and some 4,000 sick or wounded troops passed through Boston.[24] The town was bombed by aZeppelin on 2 September 1916, injuring three adults and killing a child.[25]
The first cinema opened in 1910, and in 1913, a new town bridge was constructed. Central Park was purchased in 1919, and is now one of the focal points of the town. Electricity came to Boston during the early part of the century, and electricalstreet lighting was provided from 1924.[26]
During theSecond World War, 17 residents of the borough were killed by enemy air raids.[27] A memorial inBoston Cemetery commemorates them.[24]
There were 16 air raids, with 14 people killed in the town, and 18 in the whole county of Holland. There were 40 high explosive bombs over the town, but the county of Holland had 695 high explosive bombs, 30 oil bombs, and 8parachute mines.
The Haven Bridge, which now carries the two trunk roads over the river, was opened in 1966, and a new dual carriageway, John Adams Way, was built in 1976–1978 to take traffic away from the town centre. A shopping centre, named the Pescod Centre, opened in 2004, bringing many new shops into the town.
Boston Cottage Hospital opened in 1871,[29] was rebuilt in the 1960s,[30] and is now called thePilgrim Hospital, having been officially opened byPrincess Anne on 23 June 1977.[31] The hospital is currently building a new Emergency Department extension next to the current one, costing £35 million and doubling the current department in size.[citation needed]
Boston railway station is a stop on thePoacher Line;East Midlands Railway operates a generally hourly service betweenNottingham,Grantham andSkegness.[32] These services are run by the Class 170, 158 or the older Class 156 trains.[citation needed]
The railways came to Boston in 1848, following the building of theEast Lincolnshire Railway fromGrimsby to Boston and the simultaneous building of theLincolnshire Loop Line by theGreat Northern Railway, which ran betweenPeterborough andYork, via Boston,Lincoln andDoncaster. This line was built before theEast Coast Main Line and, for a short while, put Boston on the map as the GNR's main locomotive works before it was relocated to Doncaster in 1852.[33]
Boston was the southern terminus of the East Lincolnshire Line toLouth and Grimsby, until its closure in 1970.[34]
Bus services in the area are operated predominantly byStagecoach East,Stagecoach East Midlands and Brylaine Travel. Key routes link the town with Lincoln, Skegness and Spalding.[35]
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Boston residents voted strongly (75.6%) in favour ofleaving the European Union in the2016 UK referendum on EU membership, the highest such vote in the country.[36][37]
In the 2019 Borough elections, theConservatives were confirmed as the majority party onBoston Borough Council with 16 of the 30 seats, followed by independents with 11.[38]
In May 2007, asingle-issue political party, theBoston Bypass Independents campaigning for abypass to be built around the town, took control of the council when they won 25 of the 32 council seats,[39] losing all but four of them in the subsequent election in 2011.
Boston received its charter in 1546.[40] It is the main settlement in theBoston local government district of Lincolnshire, which includes the unparished town of Boston and 18 othercivil parishes.[41] The borough council is based in theMunicipal Buildings in West Street.[42]
As of 2015, Boston Borough council consisted of 30 members:[43]
In 2017, six county council divisions existed for the Borough of Boston, each of which returned one member to Lincolnshire County Council:
The town is part ofthe Boston and Skegness parliamentary constituency, currently represented by Reform UK chairman,Richard Tice.
According to the2021 Census, the population of Boston is around 70,500. This is 9.1% higher than the 64,600 reported in the2011 Census. This was a higher percentage of growth than the 6.6% national average for England during the same period.[4] Much of this population growth is due to high levels of immigration to the town, especially from eastern Europe. The 2021 Census states that 23.6% of Boston's population was born outside of the UK. 5.6% of the population of Boston was born inLithuania and 5.4% was born inPoland. This is the highest proportion of Lithuanians anywhere in the UK and the second highest number of Poles, behindSlough, Berkshire.[15] Polish is the main language of 5.68% of the inhabitants.
Boston has historically had strong cultural connections tothe Netherlands, and Dutch influence can be found in itsarchitecture.[44]
Theparish church of Saint Botolph is known locally as Boston Stump and is renowned for its size and its dominant appearance in the surrounding countryside.
The Great Sluice is disguised by railway and road bridges, but it is there, keeping the tide out of the Fens and twice a day, allowing the water from the upland to scour the Haven. Not far away, in the opposite direction, was the boyhood home ofJohn Foxe, the author ofFoxe's Book of Martyrs.[45]
The Town Bridge maintains the line of the road to Lindsey and from its western end, looking at the river side of the Exchange Building to the right, it is possible to see how the two ends of the building, founded on the natural levees of The Haven, have stood firm while the middle has sunk into the infill of the former river.[citation needed]
From 1552, Bostonians used to have their jail near the Stump (about where the red car in the photograph is located). This is likely to be where theScroobyPilgrims were imprisoned in 1607.
There is a statue ofHerbert Ingram, founder ofThe Illustrated London News, in front of the Stump. The statue was designed byAlexander Munro and was unveiled in October 1862. The allegorical figure at the base of the monument is a reference to Ingram's efforts to bring the first piped water to the town. He was also instrumental in bringing the railways to Boston. Born in nearby Paddock Grove, son of a butcher,[46] he was also MP forBoston, from 1856 until his death in 1860, in a shipping accident onLake Michigan.[47]
The seven-storeyedMaud Foster Tower Windmill, completed in 1819 by millwrights Norman and Smithson ofKingston upon Hull forIssac and Thomas Reckitt, was extensively restored in the late 1980s and became a working mill again. It stands next to the drain after which it is named, and is unusual in having an odd number (five) of sails.
TheGuildhall in which the Pilgrim Fathers were tried was converted into a museum in 1929. The cells in which the pilgrims are said to have been held at the time of their trial are on the ground floor. After a major refurbishment during which the museum was closed for several years, it reopened in 2008.
ThePilgrim Fathers Memorial is located on the north bank of The Haven a few miles outside the town. Here at Scotia Creek, the pilgrims made their first attempt to leave for theDutch Republic in 1607.[citation needed]
The ruinedHussey Tower is all that remains of a medieval brick-fortified house, built in 1450, and occupied byJohn Hussey, 1st Baron Hussey of Sleaford until he was executed in the wake of theLincolnshire Rising.[48] 2 miles (3 km) east, Rochford Tower is another medieval tower house.[49]
In Skirbeck Quarter, on the right bank of The Haven, is the Black Sluice, theoutfall of theSouth Forty-Foot Drain.[citation needed]
ThePrime Meridian passes through the eastern side of Boston, marked by the fairly modern, suburban Meridian Road (PE21 0NB), which straddles the line after which the road was named.[50]
The annual Boston May Fair has been held in the town since at least 1125. This fair is held during the first week of May, and is one of the few remaining fairs in the country still held in the town centre. By tradition, the fair was officially opened by the mayor at midday on 3 May, although this date has varied in recent years.
The Haven Gallery, opened in 2005, was closed to the public in 2010 in a cost-cutting measure by Boston Borough Council.[51]
Blackfriars is a theatre and arts centre[52] that was formerly the refectory of the Benedictine friary, built in the 13th century and once visited by King Edward I.
Frampton Marsh and Freiston Shore are two nature reserves, managed by theRSPB, which lie onthe Wash coast on either side of the mouth of The Haven.[53][54]
TheBoston Preservation Trust has recently extended its Blue Plaque Trail to include a total of 27 examples (as of 2024) of significant heritage to the town and its place in the world. The 2024 additions include:
Boston's most important industries are food production, including vegetables and potatoes; road haulage and logistics companies that carry the food; the Port of Boston, which handles more than one million tons of cargo per year including the import of steel and timber and the export of grain and recyclable materials; shellfishing; other light industry; and tourism. The port is connected by rail, with steel imports going by rail each day toWashwood Heath in Birmingham, and the port and town are also connected by trunk roads including the A16 and the A52.
Boston's market[59] is held every Wednesday and Saturday[60] is in one of England's largest marketplaces, with an additional market and outside auction held on Wednesdays on Bargate Green.
The town has many local and national stores. Pescod Square shopping centre, located in the centre of town, houses several branded stores including Next,HMV,Waterstones andWilko. Other big name stores in Boston includeNew Look,Sports Direct,Dunelm,TK Maxx andBoots. There are several supermarkets, includingTesco,Asda,Aldi and twoLidls. Several Lincolnshire Co-op stores are located around the town and bothSainsbury's (inside Dobbies Garden Center) andMorrisons (in Wide Bargate) have a small presence.
However, recently the town centre has been hit by the loss of many retailers. Marks & Spencer closed in 2019 after over 100 years in the marketplace,[61] while the town’s flagship department store, Oldrids, closed in 2020 after 216 years on the same site in Strait Bargate.[62] It was replaced by a new department store, Rebos, but this in turn closed in 2023.[63] In 2024 WH Smith closed, amid reports that a quarter of shops in the town were now empty.
In late 2013, a £100 million development was announced for the outskirts of town on the A16 towards Kirton. This development, named the Quadrant, is split in two phases. Phase one consists of a new football ground forBoston United F.C., 500 new homes, retail and business outlets, and a possible supermarket. This development also includes the beginning of a distributor road that will eventually link the A52 Grantham Road and the A16 together. Phase two, still in the development stage, consists of a possible second new marina, more new homes, and retail units.
In 2016, Boston was named as the most murderous place inEngland and Wales.[64][65][66]
In the mid-2000s Boston was shown to have the highest obesity rate of any town in the United Kingdom, with one-third of its adults (31%) considered clinically obese. Obesity has been linked to social deprivation.[67]
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The Princess Royal Arena is located on the Boardsides, just outside Boston, and is the home ofBoston Rugby Football Club. The club was established in 1927 by Ernst Clark, who had an interest in providing activity for boys.
The town has two nonleague football clubs. The more seniorBoston United, nicknamed the Pilgrims, plays in theNational League following promotion in 2024. The stadium is currently located on York Street in the centre of the town and has an approximate capacity of 6,200. Boston United moved out of their former ground, York Street, for the 2020–21 season, to theBoston Community Stadium on the outskirts of town.[68] The town's second club,Boston Town, nicknamed the Poachers, plays in theUnited Counties Football League. Its home games are played at their stadium on Tattershall Road, on the outskirts of Boston.
Boston Rowing Club, near Carlton Road, hosts the annual 33 miles (53 km)Boston Rowing Marathon each year in mid-September. Crews from throughout the world compete, starting atBrayford Pool in Lincoln, and finishing in times from three to six hours.
An advert for a speedway meeting on Thursday 16 July at the greyhound track in Shodfriers Lane in 1936 appeared in The Guardian on 10 July 1936. Other sources now confirm this was a grass track venue.
Speedway racing was staged at a stadium in New Hammond Beck Road in the 1970s and 1980s. The Boston Barracudas raced in the British League Division Two, (now the Premier League) and in 1973 won the League and the Knock-out Cup, with one member winning the League Individual Championship.[citation needed] After the New Hammond Beck Road Stadium was sold for redevelopment in 1988, attempts to secure a new venue in the 1990s failed. A team, known as Boston, raced in the Conference League at King's Lynn.
Boston Amateur Swimming Club holds galas and open meets, including the Boston Open, and two yearly club championship events. It trains at the Geoff Moulder Swimming Pool.
Witham Sailing Club is based on the banks of the Witham, with its own clubhouse.
Boston has two weekly newspapers, theBoston Standard[69] and theBoston Target.[70] TheBoston Standard (previouslyLincolnshire Standard) was founded in the 19th century and has been the main newspaper. TheBoston Target is owned byLocal World, and isBoston Standard's main rival.
The town is served by a community radio station,Endeavour FM.[71] It had previously been called Endeavour Online and Stump Radio, set up as a collaboration betweenBlackfriars Arts Centre andTulip Radio, which first started broadcasting in 2006 on 107 FM.
Boston Grammar School an all-male selective school, is on Rowley Road. Its female counterpart,Boston High School is on Spilsby Road. Both schools have sixth forms open to both boys and girls.Haven High Academy is on Marian Road, and another campus on Tollfield Road – it was created in 1992 on the site of Kitwood Girls' School following its merger with anothersecondary modern school,Kitwood Boys' School. The town previously also had a Roman Catholic secondary school, St Bede's in Tollfield Road (now the Tollfield Campus operated by Haven High Academy), but this was closed in 2011 following poor exam results.
Boston College is a predominantlyfurther educationcollege that opened in 1964 to provide A-level courses for those not attending the town's twogrammar schools. It currently has three sites in the town. It also took over the site of Kitwood Boys' school in Mill Road following the school's merger with Kitwood Girls' School in 1992, but this was closed in 2012, with the buildings subsequently demolished and housing built on the site.
St George's Preparatory School is the only independent school in the town. Established in 2011, it is housed in a Grade II listed building, the former home of the town architect William Wheeler, and caters for the 3–11 year age group.[72]
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Boston joined the new Hanseatic League, in July 2015, a project for trade, cultural and educational integration. Boston'stwin towns include:
Since 1991, the highest recorded temperature was 39.1 °C (102.4 °F) on 19 July 2022 and the lowest was −15.6 °C (3.9 °F) on 11 February 2012.[136]
| Climate data for Holbeach No.2,[a] (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1991–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.9 (58.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 22.7 (72.9) | 25.9 (78.6) | 28.0 (82.4) | 31.3 (88.3) | 39.1 (102.4) | 34.1 (93.4) | 29.3 (84.7) | 28.9 (84.0) | 18.0 (64.4) | 15.6 (60.1) | 39.1 (102.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 7.3 (45.1) | 8.1 (46.6) | 10.6 (51.1) | 13.4 (56.1) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.3 (66.7) | 21.7 (71.1) | 21.8 (71.2) | 18.9 (66.0) | 14.9 (58.8) | 10.4 (50.7) | 7.6 (45.7) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 4.6 (40.3) | 4.9 (40.8) | 6.8 (44.2) | 9.1 (48.4) | 12.1 (53.8) | 14.9 (58.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 17.1 (62.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 11.4 (52.5) | 7.4 (45.3) | 4.9 (40.8) | 10.4 (50.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 1.8 (35.2) | 1.7 (35.1) | 3.0 (37.4) | 4.8 (40.6) | 7.7 (45.9) | 10.4 (50.7) | 12.4 (54.3) | 12.3 (54.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 7.8 (46.0) | 4.3 (39.7) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.6 (43.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −7.1 (19.2) | −15.6 (3.9) | −6.0 (21.2) | −4.5 (23.9) | −2.3 (27.9) | 1.3 (34.3) | 2.4 (36.3) | 4.8 (40.6) | 0.7 (33.3) | −3.6 (25.5) | −7.6 (18.3) | −9.9 (14.2) | −15.6 (3.9) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 50.8 (2.00) | 38.5 (1.52) | 36.0 (1.42) | 42.5 (1.67) | 50.7 (2.00) | 57.9 (2.28) | 57.7 (2.27) | 64.2 (2.53) | 52.6 (2.07) | 63.3 (2.49) | 56.5 (2.22) | 52.5 (2.07) | 623.1 (24.53) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.0 | 9.6 | 8.4 | 8.6 | 9.0 | 9.1 | 9.6 | 9.8 | 8.5 | 10.8 | 11.6 | 11.0 | 116.9 |
| Source 1:Met Office[137] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather[138] | |||||||||||||
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