Family of flowering plants
Boraginaceae , theborage forget-me-not family , includes about 2,000 species ofshrubs ,trees , andherbs in 146[ 3] genera with a worldwide distribution.[ 4]
TheAPG IV system from 2016 classifies the Boraginaceae as single family of the orderBoraginales within theasterids .[ 5] Cronquist system , it was included in the Lamiales, but clearly is no more similar to the other families in this order than it is to families in several other asterid orders. A revision of the Boraginales, also from 2016, split the Boraginaceae into 11 distinct families:[ 6] sensu strictoColdeniaceae ,Cordiaceae ,Ehretiaceae ,Heliotropiaceae ,Hoplestigmataceae ,Hydrophyllaceae ,Lennoaceae ,Namaceae , and Wellstediaceae.
These plants have alternately arranged leaves, or a combination of alternate and opposite leaves. The leaf blades usually have a narrow shape; many are linear or lance-shaped. They are smooth-edged or toothed, and some havepetioles . Most species have bisexual flowers, but some taxa aredioecious . Mostpollination is byhymenopterans , such asbees . Most species haveinflorescences that have a coiling shape, at least when new, called scorpioid cymes.[ 7] calyx . The corolla varies in shape from rotate to bell-shaped to tubular, but it generally has five lobes. It can be green, white, yellow, orange, pink, purple, or blue. There are fivestamens and onestyle with one or two stigmas. The fruit is adrupe , sometimes fleshy.[ 8]
Most members of this family have hairy leaves. The coarse character of the hairs is due tocystoliths ofsilicon dioxide andcalcium carbonate . These hairs can induce an adverse skin reaction, including itching and rash in some individuals, particularly among people who handle the plants regularly, such as gardeners. In some species,anthocyanins cause the flowers to change color from red to blue with age. This may be a signal topollinators that a flower is old and depleted ofpollen andnectar .[ 9]
Well-known members of the family include:
According toKew ;[ 4]
Actinocarya Benth. Adelinia J.I.Cohen Adelocaryum Brand Aegonychon Gray Afrotysonia Rauschert Ailuroglossum Sutory Alkanna Tausch Amblynotus (A.DC.) I.M.Johnst. Amphibologyne Brand Amsinckia Lehm. Amsinckiopsis (I.M.Johnst.) Guilliams, Hasenstab & B.G.Baldwin Anchusa L. Ancistrocarya Maxim. Andersonglossum J.I.Cohen Anoplocaryum Ledeb. Antiotrema Hand.-Mazz. Antiphytum DC. ex Meisn. Arnebia Forssk. Asperugo L. Borago L. Bothriospermum Bunge Bourreria P.Browne Brachybotrys Maxim. ex Oliv. Brandella R.R.Mill Brunnera Steven Buglossoides Moench Caccinia Savi Cerinthe L. Chionocharis I.M.Johnst. Codon L. Coldenia L. Cordia L. Craniospermum Lehm. Crucicaryum Brand Cryptantha Lehm. ex G.Don Cynoglossopsis Brand Cynoglossum L. Cynoglottis (Guşul.) Vural & Kit Tan Cystostemon L. Dasynotus I.M.Johnst. Decalepidanthus Reidl Draperia Torr. Echiochilon Desf. Echium Tourn. ex L. Ehretia P.Browne Ellisia L. Embadium J.M.Black Emmenanthe Benth. Eremocarya Greene Eriodictyon Benth. Eritrichium Schrad. ex Gaudin Eucrypta Nutt. Euploca Nutt. Gastrocotyle Bunge Glandora D.C.Thomas, Weigend & Hilger Greeneocharis Gürke & Harms Gyrocaryum Valdés Hackelia Opiz Halacsya Dörfl. Halgania Gaudich. Harpagonella A.Gray Heliocarya Bunge Heliotropium Tourn. ex L. Hesperochiron S.Watson Hoplestigma Pierre Hormuzakia Guşul. Huynhia Greuter Hydrophyllum L. Iberodes M.Serrano, R.Carbajal & S.Ortiz Ivanjohnstonia Kazmi Ixorhea Fenzl Johnstonella Brand Keraunea Cheek & Sim.-Bianch. Lappula Moench Lasiocaryum I.M.Johnst. Lennoa Lex. Lepechiniella Popov Lepidocordia Ducke Lindelofia Lehm. Lithodora Griseb. Lithospermum L. Lobostemon Lehm. Maharanga DC. Mairetis I.M.Johnst. Mattiastrum (Boiss.) Brand Megacaryon Boiss. Melanortocarya Selvi, Bigazzi, Hilger & Papini Memoremea A.Otero, Jim.Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas Mertensia Roth Microcaryum I.M.Johnst. Microparacaryum (Popov ex Riedl) Hilger & Podlech Microula Benth. Mimophytum Greenm. Moltkia Lehm. Moltkiopsis I.M.Johnst. Moritzia DC. ex Meisn. Myosotidium Hook. Myosotis L. Myriopus Small Nama L. Neatostema I.M.Johnst. Nemophila Nutt. ex W.P.C.Barton Nesocaryum I.M.Johnst. Nihon A.Otero, Jim.Mejías, Valcárcel & P.Vargas Nogalia Verdc. Nonea Medik. Ogastemma Brummitt Omphalodes Mill. Omphalolappula Brand Omphalotrigonotis W.T.Wang Oncaglossum Sutory Onosma L. Oreocarya Greene Paracaryum Boiss. Paramoltkia Greuter Pectocarya DC. ex Meisn. Pentaglottis Tausch Phacelia Juss. Pholisma Nutt. ex Hook. Pholistoma Lilja Phyllocara Guşul. Plagiobothrys Fisch. & C.A.Mey. Podonosma Boiss. Pontechium Böhle & Hilger Pseudolappula Khoshsokhan & Kaz.Osaloo Pulmonaria L. Rindera Pall. Rochefortia Sw. Rochelia Rchb. Romanzoffia Cham. Rotula Lour. Sauria Bajtenov Selkirkia Hemsl. Simpsonanthus Guilliams, Hasenstab & B.G.Baldwin Sinojohnstonia Hu Solenanthus Ledeb. Stenosolenium Turcz. Suchtelenia Kar. ex Meisn. Symphytum Tourn. ex L. Thaumatocaryon Baill. Thyrocarpus Hance Tianschaniella B.Fedtsch. ex Popov Tiquilia Pers. Tournefortia L. Trachelanthus Kunze Trachystemon D.Don Tricardia Torr. ex S.Watson Trichodesma R.Br. Trigonocaryum Trautv. Trigonotis Steven Turricula J.F.Macbr. Varronia P.Browne Wellstedia Balf.f Wigandia Kunth ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009)."An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" .Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society .161 (2):105– 121.doi :10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x hdl :10654/18083 ^ "Boraginaceae Juss., nom. cons" .Germplasm Resources Information Network United States Department of Agriculture . 2007-04-12. Retrieved2009-04-02 .^ Boraginaceae. Archived 2015-09-23 at theWayback Machine Diversityoflife.com^a b "Boraginaceae Juss. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science" .Plants of the World Online . Retrieved8 July 2024 .^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016)."An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV" .Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society .181 (1):1– 20.doi :10.1111/boj.12385 ^ Luebert, F.; Cecchi, L.; Frohlich, M.W.; et al. (2016)."Familial classification of the Boraginales" .Taxon .65 (3):502– 522.Bibcode :2016Taxon..65..502L .doi :10.12705/653.5 .hdl :2158/1062790 ISSN 0040-0262 . Retrieved16 June 2018 . ^ Buys, Matt H.; Hilger, Hartmut H. (2003). "Boraginaceae Cymes Are Exclusively Scorpioid and Not Helicoid".Taxon .52 (4):719– 724.doi :10.2307/3647346 .ISSN 0040-0262 .JSTOR 3647346 . ^ Watson, L. and M. J. Dallwitz. 1992 onwards.Boraginaceae Juss. Archived July 1, 2005, at theWayback Machine The Families of Flowering Plants. Version: 19 August 2013. ^ Hess, D. 2005.Systematische Botanik .ISBN 3-8252-2673-5
