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Book Pahlavi

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cursive Middle Iranian script
Book Pahlavi
A Book Pahlavi codex
Script type withheterograms
Period
c. 3rd century –c. 11th century AD
DirectionRight-to-left
LanguagesMiddle Persian language
Related scripts
Parent systems
Child systems
ISO 15924
ISO 15924Phlv, 133

Book Pahlavi is the cursive[1] variant of thePahlavi script, which was derived from theAramaic script during theSassanid period to write theMiddle Persian language. Book Pahlavi was used primarily for writing books and documents, especiallyZoroastrian works in Pahlavi, but later also for inscriptions.[2]

Book Pahlavi is anabjad, meaning there are no unique vowel symbols, although it does make use ofmatres lectionis.[1] Much likerasm in theArabic script, a single letterform can be used for multiple letters, as they merged over time.[1] (To avoid confusion, these are still usually transliterated differently.) Further ambiguity is added by the fact that the boundaries between letters are not clear, and many letters look identical to combinations of other letters.[3] Like other variants of Pahlavi, many Aramaic-languageheterograms (Middle Persianhuzwāreš; also called "Aramaeograms") are used in Book Pahlavi texts.[4] In transliteration, these are written as capital letters to differentiate them from Middle Persian words.[5]

TheAvestan script was derived from Book Pahlavi as a phonetic alphabet with 52 characters (including 15 vowel characters) in order to compile the traditional sacred texts of theAvesta into a book. Sometimes, Middle Persian can be written in the Avestan script, where it is referred to asPazend.

Letters

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Book Pahlavi letters and their transliterations[5]
Letter nameLetterin Middle Persian wordsin heterograms
ImageTransliterationtranscriptionTransliteration
AlephAlephʾ(zero), ā, aA
Hethhh, xḤ / H
BethBetbbB
GimelGimelggG
Dalethdd, yD
Yodhyy, j, ē, ī, e, iY
HēHe[a]H / E
WawWawww, ō, ū, o, uW
NunnnN
Ayin[a]ʿ / O
ReshrrR
(otiose sign)'[b]'
ZayinZayinzzZ
KaphKaphkg, k, γK
Old KaphOld Kaph
LamedhLamedhlr, lL
hooked Lamedhold Lamedh[a]
stroked Lamedhstroked Lamedhɫl[c]
MemMemmmM
Qoph[a]Q
SamekhSamekhss, hS
PePepb, p, fP
SadheTsadec / ṣč, z, jṢ / C
ShinShinšš, jS
TawTawtd, tT
  1. ^abcdonly used inheterograms.
  2. ^the otiose sign is a silent sign identical to Waw, Nun, Ayin, and Resh that can mark the end of the word.
  3. ^only used inMiddle Persian words.

Ligatures

[edit]

Unlike other Pahlavi scripts, Book Pahlavi features extensiveligatures.[6] Many letters take ondescending forms before the lettersaleph-heth, gimel-daleth-yodh,pe,sadhe, andtaw.[7]

Gallery

[edit]
  • The word Ērān-šahr, spelled ʾylʾnštr', in Book Pahlavi.
    The wordĒrān-šahr, spelledʾylʾnštr', in Book Pahlavi.
  • Tracing of a mid-6th century Sasanian inscription, Darband fortress. It is a cursive (top-to bottom, left-to-right) script close to that of Book Pahlavi[note 1]
    Tracing of a mid-6th century Sasanian inscription,Darband fortress. It is a cursive (top-to bottom, left-to-right) script close to that of Book Pahlavi[note 1]
  • Coin of Ispahbod Khurshid (r. 740–760) with Book Pahlavi writings. Book Pahlavi, instead of Inscriptional Pahlavi, was used in late Middle Persian inscriptions.
    Coin ofIspahbod Khurshid (r. 740–760) with Book Pahlavi writings. Book Pahlavi, instead of Inscriptional Pahlavi, was used in late Middle Persian inscriptions.
  • New Persian tomb inscription of Khurdād in Constantinople[10]
    New Persian tomb inscription ofKhurdād in Constantinople[10]
  • A tomb tower in Lajim, dated 1022/23, with its upper Middle Persian inscription in a script derived from Book Pahlavi[11]
    Atomb tower in Lajim, dated 1022/23, with its upperMiddle Persian inscription in a script derived from Book Pahlavi[11]
  • Saint Thomas stone cross with Book Pahlavi writing. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala, India.
    Saint Thomas stone cross with Book Pahlavi writing. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala, India.

See also

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Notes

[edit]
  1. ^dly[w]š ZY / [ʾt]wr[p]ʾtkʾn / ʾm[ʾ]lkl Dari[u]š ī / [Ād]ur[b]ādagān / ām[ā]rgar 'Dariuš, āmārgar [chief fiscal officer] of Ādurbādagān' (in inscriptional Pahlavi:𐭣𐭫𐭩[𐭥]𐭱 𐭦𐭩 \ [𐭠𐭲]𐭥𐭥[𐭯]𐭠𐭲𐭪𐭠𐭭 \ 𐭠𐭬[𐭠]𐭫𐭪𐭫‎ ).[8][9]: 176 

References

[edit]
  1. ^abc"IRAN vi. IRANIAN LANGUAGES AND SCRIPTS (3) Writing Systems".Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved2025-05-22.
  2. ^History of Civilizations of Central Asia. UNESCO. 2006. p. 92.ISBN 978-9231032110.
  3. ^Roger D. Woodard:The Ancient Languages of Asia and the Americas. Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-521-68494-1, S. 123.
  4. ^"HUZWĀREŠ".Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved2025-05-22.
  5. ^abMacKenzie, David Neil (2000-09-30).A Concise Pahlavi Dictionary.ISBN 9780197135594.
  6. ^Pandey, Anshuman."Revised proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"(PDF). Retrieved2025-05-22.
  7. ^Pandey, Anshuman."Preliminary proposal to encode Book Pahlavi in Unicode"(PDF). Retrieved2025-05-22.
  8. ^"DARBAND EPIGRAPHY i. MIDDLE PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS".Encyclopaedia Iranica. Retrieved2025-08-01.
  9. ^Gadjiev, Murtazali S.; Серажутдинович, Гаджиев Муртазали; Duntsov, Alexey N.; Николаевич, Дунцов Алексей (2023-04-08)."NEWLY FOUND MIDDLE PERSIAN INSCRIPTIONS OF ĀMĀRGAR DARIUŠ IN DERBENT".History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus (in Russian).19 (1):173–187.doi:10.32653/CH191173-187.ISSN 2618-849X.
  10. ^Shukurov, Rustam (2023-12-13).Byzantine Ideas of Persia, 650–1461. Taylor & Francis. pp. 139–140.ISBN 978-1-000-93717-6.
  11. ^Sövegjártó, Szilvia; Vér, Márton (2024-05-06).Exploring Multilingualism and Multiscriptism in Written Artefacts. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 349–351.ISBN 978-3-11-138054-4.
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