| Dash 8 Q-Series | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Air Berlin Q400 | |
| General information | |
| Type | Turboprop regional airliner |
| National origin | Canada |
| Manufacturer |
|
| Status | Production suspended since 2022, pending new facility |
| Primary users | QantasLink |
| Number built | 1,258 (as of March 31, 2019)[1] |
| History | |
| Manufactured | 1983–2005 (-100) 1995–2009 (-200) 1989–2009 (-300) 1999–2022 (-400) |
| Introduction date | 1984 withNorOntair |
| First flight | June 20, 1983 |
| Developed from | de Havilland Canada Dash 7 |
| Variants | De Havilland Canada E-9A Widget |
TheDe Havilland Canada DHC-8,[2] commonly known as theDash 8, is a series ofturboprop-poweredregional airliners, introduced byde Havilland Canada (DHC) in 1984. DHC was bought byBoeing in 1986, then byBombardier in 1992, then byLongview Aviation Capital in 2019; Longview revived the De Havilland Canada brand.[3] Powered by twoPratt & Whitney Canada PW150s, it was developed from theDash 7 with improved cruise performance and lower operational costs, but withoutSTOL performance. The Dash 8 was offered in four sizes: the initialSeries 100 (1984–2005), the more powerfulSeries 200 (1995–2009) with 37–40 seats, theSeries 300 (1989–2009) with 50–56 seats, andSeries 400 (1999–2022) with 68–90 seats. TheQSeries (Q for quiet) are post-1997 variants fitted withactive noise control systems.
Per a property transaction made by Bombardier before the 2019 sale to DHC, DHC had to vacate itsDownsview, Toronto, manufacturing facility in August 2022, and as of August 2023[update] is planning to restart Dash 8 production inWheatland County, Alberta, by 2033. At the July 2024Farnborough International Air Show, DHC announced orders for seven Series 400 aircraft, an order for a newly introduced quick-changecombi aircraft conversion kit, and a new factory refurbishment programme.
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In the 1970s, de Havilland Canada had invested heavily in itsDash 7 project, concentrating onSTOL and short-field performance, the company's traditional area of expertise. Using four medium-power engines with large, four-bladed propellers resulted in comparatively lower noise levels, which combined with its excellent STOL characteristics, made the Dash 7 suitable for operating from small in-city airports, a market DHC felt would be compelling. However, only a handful of air carriers employed the Dash 7, as mostregional airlines were more concerned about the operational costs (fuel and maintenance) of four engines, rather than the benefits of short-field performance.
In 1980, de Havilland responded by dropping the short-field performance requirement and adapting the basic Dash 7 layout to use only two, more powerful engines. Its favoured engine supplier,Pratt & Whitney Canada, developed the newPW100 series engines for the role, more than doubling the power from itsPT6. Originally designated the PT7A-2R engine, it later became the PW120. When the Dash 8 rolled out on April 19, 1983, more than 3,800 hours of testing had been accumulated over two years on five PW100 series test engines. The Dash 8 first flight was on June 20, 1983.
Certification of the PW120 followed on December 16, 1983.[4]
The airliner entered service in 1984 withNorOntair, andPiedmont Airlines was the first US customer the same year.
In 1986,Boeing bought the company in a bid to improve production at DHC'sDownsview Airport plants,[5] believing the shared production in Canada would further strengthen their bargaining position with the Canadian government for a newAir Canada order for large intercontinental airliners.[citation needed] Air Canada was acrown corporation at the time, and both Boeing andAirbus were competing heavily via political channels for the contract. It was eventually won by Airbus, which received an order for 34 A320 aircraft. Allegations of secret commissions paid toPrime Minister of CanadaBrian Mulroney are today known as theAirbus affair. Following its failure in the competition,[citation needed] Boeing immediately put de Havilland Canada up for sale. The company was eventually purchased by Bombardier in 1992.[6]
The market for new aircraft to replace existing turboprops once again grew in the mid-1990s, and DHC responded with the improved "Series 400" design.
All Dash 8s delivered from the second quarter of 1996 (including all Series 400s) include the Active Noise and Vibration System designed to reduce cabin noise and vibration levels to nearly those of jet airliners. To emphasize their quietness, Bombardier renamed the go-forward production of Dash 8 models as the "Q"-Series turboprops (Q200, Q300, and Q400).[7]
The last Dash 8-100, a -102, was built in 2005.
In April 2008, Bombardier announced that production of the remaining classic versions (Series Q200 and Q300) would be ended, leaving the Series Q400 as the only Dash 8 still in production. Production of the Q200 and Q300 was to cease in May 2009.[8]
A total of 672 Dash 8 classics were produced; the last one was delivered toJapan Coast Guard in August 2008.[citation needed]
Continuing on with the Q400, the 1,000th Dash 8 was delivered in November 2010.[9]
Bombardier aimed to produce the Q400 more economically. A deal with its machinists union in June 2017 allowed the assembly of the wings and cockpit section outside Canada and searches for potential partners commenced.[10]Bombardier expected to produce the cockpit section in its plant inQueretaro, Mexico, outsourcing the wings to China'sShenyang Aircraft Corp, which already builds the Q400's centre fuselage.[10] The Q400 components arechemically milled while older variants are assembled from bonded panels and skins.[11]
The production of the Dash 8 Series 100 stopped in 2005, and that of the Series 200 and 300 in 2009.[12]
Bombardier proposed the development of a Q400 stretch with two plug-in segments, called the Q400X project, in 2007.[13]It would compete in the 90-seat market range.[14]In response to this project, as of November 2007[update],ATR was studying a 90-seat stretch.[15]
In June 2009, Bombardier commercial aircraft president Gary Scott indicated that the Q400X would be "definitely part of our future" for possible introduction in 2013–14, although he did not detail the size of the proposed version or commit to an introduction date.[16]
In July 2010, Bombardier's vice president, Phillipe Poutissou, made comments explaining the company was still studying the prospects of designing the Q400X and talking with potential customers. At the time, Bombardier was not as committed to the Q400X as it had been previously.[17] In May 2011, Bombardier was still strongly committed to the stretch but envisioned it more likely as a 2015 or later launch. The launch date was complicated by new powerplants fromGE and PWC to be introduced in 2016.[18] In February 2012, Bombardier was still studying the issue, at least a three-year delay was envisioned.[19]
In October 2012, a joint development deal with a government-ledSouth Korean consortium was revealed, to develop a 90-seater turboprop regional airliner, targeting a 2019 launch date. The consortium was to have includedKorea Aerospace Industries andKorean Air Lines.[20]
At the February 2016Singapore Airshow, Bombardier announced a high-density, 90-seat layout of the Q400, which would enter service in 2018; keeping the 28 in (71 cm) seat pitch of theNok Air 86-seats, an extra row of seats is allowed by changing the configuration of the front right door and moving back theaft pressure bulkhead. The payload is increased by 2,000 pounds (910 kg) and theaircraft maintenance check intervals are increased: 800 hours from 600 for an A-check and 8,000 hours from 6,000 for a C-check.[21]By August 2018, the 90-seat variant was certified before delivery to launch customerSpiceJet later in the same year.[22]In March 2021,EASA certified the 90-seat variant for European operations; DHC believed that there were opportunities with prospective European customers as of 2021[update].[23]
On November 8, 2018, Canadian company Longview Aviation Capital Corporation, through its subsidiaryViking Air, acquired the entire Dash 8 program and thede Havilland brand from Bombardier, in a deal that would close by the second half of 2019.[24]Viking had already acquired the discontinued de Havilland Canada aircraft modeltype certificates in 2006.[25]
By November 2018, the sales of the higher-performance Q400 were slower than the cheaper aircraft fromATR.[26]Bombardier announced the sale was for $300 million and expected $250 million net.[27] The sale was projected by Bombardier to result in $250 million annual savings.[28]
In January 2019, Longview announced that it would establish a new company in Ontario, reviving thede Havilland Aircraft Company of Canada name, to continue production of the Q400 and support the Dash 8 range.[29]By February, the program sale was expected to close at the end of September.[30]
On June 3, 2019, the sale was closed with the newly formedDe Havilland Canada (DHC) taking control of the Dash 8 program, including servicing the previous -100, -200, and -300 series. Production of the Q400 was planned to continue at theDownsview, Toronto production facility, under DHC's management.[3]De Havilland was considering a 50-seat shrink, as North American airlines operate 870 ageing 50-seaters, mostlyCRJs andEmbraer ERJs.[31]
There were 17 Dash 8s scheduled for delivery in 2021, and De Havilland planned to pause production after those, while the factory lease expired in 2023.[32]
On February 17, 2021, DHC announced a pause in production, planned for the second half of 2021, due to a lack of Dash 8 orders from airlines. The manufacturer planned to vacate its Downsview Toronto facility and lay off 500 employees in the process.[33][34] The lay-off notice resulted inUnifor, the union representing the workers, demanding a government bail-out. The company planned to restart production after the pandemic at a new location.[34]
In July 2022, DHC announced that it would review the Dash 8 programme and supply chain later in the year, and could restart production in the middle of the decade if conditions allowed. The Calgary site, where the company producedDHC-6 Twin Otters, was originally envisioned as the venue for Dash 8 production.
Per a property transaction made by Bombardier prior to the 2019 sale to DHC, DHC decommissioned itsDownsview, Toronto, manufacturing facility in August 2022, and in 2023 confirmed its plans to restart Dash 8 production inWheatland County, Alberta, outside of Calgary, by 2033.[35]
At theFarnborough International Airshow in July 2024, DHC announced orders for seven Series 400 aircraft, including one forSkyward Express, two forWiderøe, and one for theTanzania Government Flight Agency. The company also announced the launch of a factory refurbishment programme, for which 28 aircraft had been purchased, along with newfreighter andcombi aircraft conversion kits; one of the latter had been ordered by Advantage Air, DHC said.[36]
In December 2021, DHC entered into a partnership withZeroAvia with a view to offering the ZA-2000hydrogen-electric propulsion as an option for the DHC-8, as a line-fit option for new aircraft and as an approved retrofit for existing aircraft.[37][38] In May 2023, ZeroAvia unveiled a DHC-8 Q400 donated byAlaska Airlines for use as a testbed aircraft.[39]
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Distinguishing features of the Dash 8 design are the largeT-tail intended to keep the tail free ofprop wash during takeoff, a very highaspect ratio wing, the elongated enginenacelles also holding the rearward-foldinglanding gear, and the pointed nose profile.
The Dash 8 design has better cruise performance than the Dash 7, is less expensive to operate, and is much less expensive to maintain, due largely to having only two engines. It is a little noisier than the Dash 7 and cannot match the STOL performance of its earlier DHC forebears, although it is still able to operate from small airports with runways 3,000 ft (910 m) long, compared to the 2,200 ft (670 m) required by a fully laden Dash 7.
The introduction of theregional jet altered the sales picture. Although more expensive than turboprops, regional jets allow airlines to operate passenger services on routes not suitable for turboprops. Turboprop aircraft have lower fuel consumption and can operate from shorter runways than regional jets, but have higher engine maintenance costs, shorter ranges, and lower cruising speeds.[40]
When world oil prices drove up short-haul airfares in 2006, an increasing number of airlines that had bought regional jets began to reassess turboprop regional airliners, which use about 30–60% less fuel than regional jets. Although the market was not as robust as in the 1980s when the first Dash 8s were introduced, 2007 had increased sales of the only two 40+ seat regional turboprops still in western production, Bombardier's Q400 and its competitor, theATR series of 50– to 70-seat turboprops. The Q400 has a cruising speed close to that of most regional jets, and its mature engines and systems require less frequent maintenance, reducing its disadvantage.[41]
The aircraft has been delivered in four series. The Series 100 has a maximum capacity of 39, the Series 200 has the same capacity but offers more powerful engines, the Series 300 is a stretched, 50-seat version, and the Series 400 is further stretched to a maximum of 90 passengers.[42] Models delivered after 1997 have cabin noise suppression and are designated with the prefix "Q".[43] Production of the Series 100 ceased in 2005, followed by the 200 and 300 in 2009, leaving the Q400 as the only series still in production.
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The Series 100 was the original 37-39 passenger version of the Dash 8 that entered service in 1984. The original engine was thePratt & Whitney Canada PW120 and later units used the PW121. Rated engine power is 1,800 shp (1,340 kW).
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The Series 200 aircraft maintained the same 37–39 passenger airframe as the original Series 100, but was re-engined for improved performance. The Series 200 used the more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123 engines rated at 2,150 shp (1,600 kW).
In 2000, its unit cost was US$12 million.[49]
The Series 300 introduced a longer airframe that was stretched 3.43 metres (11.3 ft) over the Series 100/200 and has a passenger capacity of 50–56. The Series 300 also used the Pratt & Whitney Canada PW123 engines. Rated engine power is between 2,380 shp (1,774 kW) and 2,500 shp (1,864 kW). Design service life is 80,000 flight cycles. Under an extended service program launched in 2017, the service life of Dash 8-300 is extended by 50 percent, or approximately 15 years, to 120,000 flight cycles.[50]
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The Series 400 introduced an even longer airframe that was stretched 6.83 metres (22.4 ft) over the Series 300 (10.26 metres (33.7 ft) over the Series 100/200), had slightly more wing span due to a larger wing section inboard of the engines, a stouter T-tail and had a passenger capacity of 68–90. The Series 400 uses Pratt & Whitney Canada PW150A engines rated at 4,850 shp (3,620 kW). The aircraft has a cruise speed of 360 knots (667 km/h), which is 60–90 knots (111–166 km/h) higher than its predecessors. The maximum operating altitude is 25,000 ft (7,600 m) for the standard version, although a version with drop-down oxygen masks is offered, which increases maximum operating altitude to 27,000 ft (8,200 m).
Between its service entry in 2000 and the 2018 sale to Longview/Viking, 585 had been delivered at a rate of 30–35 per year, leaving a backlog of 65 at the time of the 2018 sale.[52]
In 2017, its unit cost was US$32.2 million.[59]
By 2017, the Q400 aircraft had logged 7 million flight hours with 60 operators and transported over 400 million passengers with a dispatch reliability over 99.5%.[60]
By July 2018, 844 Dash 8s were in airline service: 143 Series 100 with 35 operators, 42 Series 200 with 16 operators, 151 Series 300 with 32 operators and 508 Q400s.[61]By then, 56 orders were in backlog.[62][needs update]
| Model Series | Orders | Deliveries | Unfilled |
|---|---|---|---|
| Series 100 | 299 | 299 | – |
| Series 200 | 105 | 105 | – |
| Series 300 | 267 | 267 | – |
| Series 400 | 645 | 587 | 58 |
| Total | 1,316 | 1,258 | 58 |
The DHC-8 has been involved in 80aviation accidents and incidents including 31hull losses.[63]Those resulted in 180 fatalities.[64]
| Date | Type | Flight | Fat. | Surv. | Location | Circumstances |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| November 21, 1990 | -100 | Bangkok Airways Flight 125 | 38 | 0 | Koh Samui, Thailand | Crashed while attempting to land in heavy rain and high winds.[66] |
| January 6, 1993 | -300 | Lufthansa CityLine Flight 5634 | 4 | 19 | Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, France | Crashed short of the runway.[67] |
| June 9, 1995 | -100 | Ansett New Zealand Flight 703 | 4 | 17 | NearPalmerston North Airport, New Zealand | Crashed on the western slopes of theTararua Ranges due to pilot error while rectifying a landing gear malfunction. |
| February 12, 2009 | -400 | Colgan Air Flight 3407 | 49 + 1 | 0 | Clarence Center, New York, United States | While approachingBuffalo Niagara Airport, the aircraft stalled and crashed into a house due to pilot error. One person on the ground died.[68] |
| October 13, 2011 | -100 | Airlines PNG Flight 1600 | 28 | 4 | NearMadang Airport, Papua New Guinea | Crashed due to the pilots' erroneous selection of a power setting that caused the propellers to overspeed, leading to a complete loss of engine power.[69] |
| October 5, 2013 | -200 | USAF patrol flight | 4 | 2 | NearAcandí, Colombia | A military surveillance plane crashed while being operated on a maritime counter-drug patrol mission.[70] |
| March 12, 2018 | -400 | US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211 | 51 | 20 | Kathmandu Airport, Nepal | Crashed on landing due to pilot error. Deadliest Dash 8 crash to date.[71][72] |
| August 10, 2018 | -400 | 2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident | 1 | 0 | Ketron Island, Washington, United States | No passengers on board; stolen fromSeattle–Tacoma Airport by a ground employee whodeliberately crashed, killing himself.[73] |
| January 2, 2024 | -300 | 2024 Haneda Airport runway collision | 5 | 1 | Tokyo Haneda Airport, Japan | After miscommunication with air traffic control, theJapanese Coast Guard aircraft collided on the runway with Japan Airlines Flight 516, anAirbus A350 that was landing.[74][75][76][77] |
| March 5, 2024 | -300 | Safarilink Aviation Flight 053 | 2 | 44 | Nairobi National Park, Kenya | Collided on climbout fromWilson Airport with a localCessna 172 training flight. Under investigation as of March 2024[update].[78][79] |
In September 2007, two separate accidents of similar landing gear failures occurred within four days of each other onScandinavian Airlines (SAS) Dash 8-Q400 aircraft. A third accident occurred in October 2007, leading to the withdrawal of the type from the airline's fleet.
On September 9, 2007, the crew of SAS Flight 1209, en route fromCopenhagen toAalborg, reported problems with the locking mechanism of the right side landing gear, andAalborg Airport was prepared for an emergency landing. Shortly after touchdown, the right main gear collapsed and the airliner skidded off the runway while fragments of the right propeller shot against the cabin, and the right engine caught fire. Of 69 passengers and four crew on board, 11 were sent to hospital, five with minor injuries.[86][87][88] The accident was filmed by a local news channel (TV2-Nord) and broadcast live on national television.
Three days later, on September 12, 2007, Scandinavian Airlines Flight 2748 from Copenhagen toPalanga had a similar problem with the landing gear, forcing the aircraft to land inVilnius International Airport (Lithuania). No passengers or crew were injured.[89] Immediately after this accident SAS grounded all 33 Q400 airliners in its fleet and, a few hours later, Bombardier recommended that all Q400s with more than 10,000 flights be grounded until further notice.[90] This affected about 60 aircraft, out of 140 Q400s then in service.
On October 27, 2007, Scandinavian Airlines Flight 2867 en route fromBergen to Copenhagen had severe problems with the landing gear during landing in Kastrup Airport. The right wing gear did not deploy properly (or partially), and the aircraft skidded off the runway in a controlled emergency landing. The Q400 was carrying 38 passengers, two infants, and four crew members on board. No injuries were reported.[91][92] The next day, SAS permanently removed its entire Dash 8 Q400 fleet from service.[93] In a press release on October 28, 2007, the company's president said: "Confidence in the Q400 has diminished considerably and our customers are becoming increasingly doubtful about flying in this type of aircraft. Accordingly, with the Board of Directors' approval, I have decided to immediately remove Dash 8 Q400 aircraft from service."[91][93][94] The preliminary Danish investigation determined the latest Q400 incident was unrelated to the airline's earlier corrosion problems, in this particular case caused by a misplacedO-ring found blocking the orifice in the restrictorvalve.[95]
In all, eight Q400s had landing gear failures while landing during 2007: four in Denmark, one in Germany, one in Japan, one inLithuania, and one inSouth Korea. In November 2007, it was revealed that theSwedish Civil Aviation Administration had begun an investigation and found Scandinavian Airlines System culpable of cutting corners in its maintenance department. The airline reportedly made 2,300 flights in which safety equipment was not up to standard.[96] On March 10, 2008, SAS ordered 27 more aircraft from Bombardier in a compensation deal: 14 Q400 NextGen turboprops and 13CRJ900 jets.[97]
On February 23, 2017, aFlybe Q400 suffered a right hand gear collapse while landing atAmsterdam Schiphol Airport. There were no injuries. The cause was identified as a deformed righthand main landing gear brace, which had been installed the night before. It is not known when the deformation had occurred.[98][99]
On November 10, 2017, a Flybe flight BE331, operated by a Q400, was scheduled to fly fromGeorge Best Belfast City Airport toInverness Airport. The plane reported a technical problem shortly after takeoff and was diverted toBelfast International Airport, where it landed on its nose with the front gear retracted. One minor injury was reported.[100]
On August 19, 2018, a Q400-200 ofLC Perú on a flight fromLima toAyacucho had to return toLima airport and make an emergency landing due to a nose gear that could not be lowered. The aircraft landed without the nose gear down.[101]
On November 15, 2018, a Q300-315 belonging toPAL Airlines was unable to lower its nose gear while trying to land atDeer Lake, Newfoundland, and diverted toStephenville, Newfoundland, performing a nose gear up landing.[102][103]
On January 18, 2024, the left main landing gear on a Q400 belonging toEthiopian Airlines collapsed on landing atMekelle Airport.[104][105]
On December 28, 2024, APAL Airlines Q400 operating asAir Canada Express Flight 2259 fromSt. Johns, Newfoundland toHalifax, Nova Scotia, suffered a collapse of its left main landing gear and caught fire while landing atHalifax International Airport.[106]
On October 13, 2011,Airlines PNG Flight 1600, Dash 8-103 P2-MCJ, was on approach toMadang Airport when thefirst officer accidentally pulled the power levers through the flight idle setting and into thebeta setting while trying to reduce airspeed. In beta, which is intended for ground operations and slowing the aircraft after landing, thevariable-pitch props transition to flat pitch. High-speed airflow through the improperly configured props caused them to overspeed and drive the engines, which caused engine damage and a total loss of engine power. The aircraft crashed during the ensuing off-airportforced landing attempt; both pilots, the flight attendant, and a single passenger survived with injuries, while the other 28 passengers died.[69]
ThePapua New Guinea Accident Investigation Commission (AIC) found that the pilots made several other serious errors, including failing to lower the landing gear andflaps, which would have slowed the aircraft and reduced the severity of the crash; however, the AIC primarily attributed the accident to the fact that it was possible to actuate beta in flight, coupled with inadequate training for flight crews to recognize and correct this situation. A beta lockout feature was available as an option for the Dash 8, but it had not been installed in P2-MCJ, and the beta warning horn had been inoperative.[69]
On December 6, 2011,QantasLink Dash 8-315 VH-SBV, on a scheduled passenger flight toWeipa Airport, encountered turbulence while the first officer's hand was resting on the power levers. The first officer inadvertently placed the levers in beta and the propellers began to overspeed. The beta warning horn sounded, initially confusing the pilots, but the horn together with the audible increase in propeller speed prompted them to quickly diagnose the problem and place the power levers back in flight idle before engine damage occurred. The flight landed safely without further incident.[107]
While investigating these events, the AIC and theAustralian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB) determined that a number of similar inadvertent in-flight beta actuations had occurred in the Dash 8, and recommended steps be taken to prevent it, including more thorough pilot training.[69][107] In 2012, in cooperation with the AIC and ATSB,Transport Canada issued anairworthiness directive (AD) mandating the installation of beta lockout on all Dash 8 aircraft that did not have it, a second AD mandating more frequent testing of the beta warning horn, and a service bulletin requiring a cockpit placard to warn pilots not to move the power levers below the flight idle setting while airborne.[69][108]
| Model | Q200[109](-100) | Q300[110] | Q400[111] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cockpit crew | Two | ||
| Passengers, typical | 37 | 50@30–33"[112] | 82@30" |
| Max capacity[113] | 40 | 56 | 90@28" |
| Length | 73 ft (22.25 m) | 84 ft 3 in (25.7 m) | 107 ft 9 in (32.8 m) |
| Height | 24 ft 7 in (7.49 m) | 27 ft 5 in (8.4 m) | |
| Wingspan | 85 ft (25.89 m) | 90 ft (27.4 m) | 93 ft 3 in (28.4 m) |
| Wing area | 585 sq ft (54.4 m2) | 605 sq ft (56.2 m2) | 689 sq ft (64 m2) |
| Aspect ratio | 12.32 | 13.36 | 12.6 |
| Width | Fuselage 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m), cabin 8 ft 3 in (2.52 m) | ||
| Cabin length | 30 ft 1 in (9.16 m) | 41 ft 6 in (12.60 m) | 61 ft 8 in (18.80 m) |
| Max takeoff weight | 36,300 lb (16,466 kg) -100: 34,500 lb (15,600 kg)[114] | 43,000 lb (19,505 kg) | 67,200 lb (30,481 kg) |
| Operating empty | 23,098 lb (10,477 kg) | 26,000 lb (11,793 kg) | 39,284 lb (17,819 kg)[115] |
| Max payload | 8,921 lb (4,047 kg) | 13,500 lb (6,124 kg) | 18,716 lb (8,489 kg) |
| Max fuel | 835 U.S. gal (3,160 L) | 1,724 U.S. gal (6,526 L)[116] | |
| Engines (2×) | PW123C/D -100:PW120[114] | PW123/B/E | PW150 |
| Unit power | 2,150 hp (1,600 kW) -100: 1,800 hp (1,300 kW)[114] | 2,380–2,500 hp (1,770–1,860 kW) | 5,071 hp (3,781 kW) |
| High speed cruise | 289 kn (535 km/h; 333 mph) -100: 270 kn (500 km/h; 310 mph)[114] | 287 kn (532 km/h; 333 mph) | 300–360 kn (556–667 km/h; 350–410 mph) |
| Ceiling | 25,000 ft (7,620 m) | 27,000 ft (8,229 m) | |
| Range | 1,125 nmi (2,084 km; 1,295 mi) -100: 1,020 nmi (1,889 km; 1,174 mi)[114] | 924 nmi (1,711 km; 1,063 mi) | 1,100 nmi (2,040 km; 1,300 mi) |
| Takeoff (MTOW, SL, ISA) | 3,280 ft (1,000 m) | 3,870 ft (1,180 m) | 4,675 ft (1,425 m) |
| Landing (MLW, SL) | 2,560 ft (780 m) | 3,415 ft (1,040 m) | 4,230 ft (1,289 m) |
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