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Bomb disposal is anexplosives engineering profession using the process by which hazardousexplosive devices are disabled or otherwise rendered safe.Bomb disposal is an all-encompassing term to describe the separate, but interrelated functions in the military fields ofexplosive ordnance disposal (EOD) andimprovised explosive device disposal (IEDD), and thepublic safety roles ofpublic safety bomb disposal(PSBD) and thebomb squad.
The first professional civilian bomb squad was established byColonelSirVivian Dering Majendie aMajor at the time in theRoyal Artillery, Majendie investigated an explosion on 2 October 1874 in theRegent's Canal, when thebarge 'Tilbury', carrying six barrels of petroleum and five tons of gunpowder, blew up, killing the crew and destroying Macclesfield Bridge and cages at nearbyLondon Zoo. In 1875, he framed theExplosives Act, the first modern legislation for explosives control.[1] He also pioneered many bomb disposal techniques, including remote methods for the handling and dismantling of explosives.[2] His advice during theFenian dynamite campaign of 1881–85[3] was officially recognised as having contributed to the saving of lives. AfterVictoria Station was bombed on 26 February 1884, he defused a bomb built with aclockwork mechanism which might have gone off at any moment.[4]
TheNew York City Police Department established its first bomb squad in 1903. Known as the "Italian Squad", its primary mission was to deal withdynamite bombs used by theMafia to intimidate immigrant Italian merchants and residents. It would later be known as the "Anarchist Squad" and the "Radical Squad" for its response to radical bomb attacks in the wake of the1919 United States anarchist bombings.[5]
Bomb disposal became a formalized practice duringWorld War I. The swift mass production of munitions led to many manufacturing defects, and a large proportion of shells fired by both sides were found to be "duds".[6] These were hazardous to attacker and defender alike. In response, the British dedicated a section of Ordnance Examiners from theRoyal Army Ordnance Corps to handle the growing problem.
In 1918, the Germans developeddelayed-action fuzes that would later develop into more sophisticated versions during the 1930s, asNazi Germany began its secret course of arms development. These tests led to the development of UXBs (unexploded bombs), pioneered by Herbert Ruehlemann ofRheinmetall, and first employed during theSpanish Civil War of 1936–37. Such delayed-action bombs provoked terror in the civilian population because of the uncertainty of time, and also complicated the task of disarming them. The Germans saw that unexploded bombs caused far more chaos and disruption than bombs that exploded immediately. This caused them to increase their usage of delayed-action bombs inWorld War II.
Initially there were no specialized tools, training, or core knowledge available, and as Ammunition Technicians learned how to safely neutralize one variant of munition, the enemy would add or change parts to make neutralization efforts more hazardous. This trend of cat-and-mouse extends even to the present day, and the various techniques used to disarm munitions are not publicized.
Modern EOD technicians across the world can trace their heritage tothe Blitz, when the United Kingdom's cities were subjected to extensive bombing raids byNazi Germany. In addition to conventionalair raids,unexploded bombs (UXBs) took their toll on population and morale, paralyzing vital services and communications. Bombs fitted with delayed-actionfuzes provoked fear and uncertainty in the civilian population.
The first UXBs were encountered in the autumn of 1939 before the Blitz and were for the most part easily dealt with, mostly byRoyal Air Force orAir Raid Precautions personnel. In the spring of 1940, when thePhony War ended, the British realized that they were going to need professionals in numbers to deal with the coming problem. 25 sections were authorized for the Royal Engineers in May 1940, another 109 in June, and 220 by August. Organization was needed, and as the Blitz began, 25 "Bomb Disposal Companies" were created between August 1940 and January 1941. Each company had ten sections, each section having a bomb disposal officer and 14 other ranks to assist. Six companies were deployed in London by January 1941.
The problem of UXBs was further complicated when Royal Engineer bomb disposal personnel began to encounter munitions fitted withanti-handling devices e.g. theLuftwaffe's ZUS40anti-removal bombfuze of 1940. Bomb fuzes incorporating anti-handling devices were specifically designed to kill bomb disposal personnel. Scientists and technical staff responded by devising methods and equipment to render them safe, including the work ofEric Moxey.[7]
TheUnited States War Department felt the British bomb disposal experience could be a valuable asset, based on reports fromU.S. Army,Navy, andMarine Corps observers atRAF Melksham in Wiltshire, England in 1940. The next year, theOffice of Civilian Defense (OCD) and War Department both sponsored a bomb disposal program. After theattack on Pearl Harbor, the British sent instructors toAberdeen Proving Ground, where the U.S. Army would inaugurate a formal bomb disposal school under theOrdnance Corps. Colonel Thomas J. Kane became the U.S. Army Ordnance Bomb Disposal School commandant, and later served as ETO Director of Bomb Disposal underDwight D. Eisenhower.[8] In May 1941, British colleagues helped establish the Naval Mine Disposal School at theNaval Gun Factory,Washington, D.C. Concurrently, the U.S. Navy, under the command of LieutenantDraper L. Kauffman (who would go on to found theUnderwater Demolition Teams – better known as UDTs or the U.S. Navy Frogmen), created the Naval Bomb Disposal School at University Campus,Washington, D.C.
The first US Army Bomb Disposal companies were deployed inNorth Africa andSicily, but proved cumbersome and were replaced with mobile seven-man squads in 1943. Wartime errors were rectified in 1947 when Army personnel started attending a new school atIndian Head, Maryland, under U.S. Navy direction. That same year, the forerunner of the EOD Technology Center, the USN Bureau of Naval Weapons, charged with research, development, test, and evaluation of EOD tools, tactics and procedures, was born.
TheAmmunition Technicians of theRoyal Logistic Corps (RLC, formerlyRAOC) became highly experienced in bomb disposal, after many years of dealing with bombs planted by theProvisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and other groups. The bombs employed by the PIRA ranged from simple pipe bombs to sophisticated victim-triggered devices andinfrared switches. The roadside bomb was in use by PIRA from the early 1970s onwards, evolving over time with different types of explosives and triggers. Improvised mortars were also developed by the IRA, usually placed in static vehicles, with self-destruct mechanisms.[10] During the 38-year campaign in Northern Ireland, 23 British ATO bomb disposal specialists were killed in action.[11] A specialist Army unit,321 EOD Unit (later 321 EOD Company, and now 321 EOD & Search Squadron RLC part of11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC), was deployed to tackle increased IRA violence and willingness to use bombs against both economic and military targets. The unit's radio call-sign was Felix. All units in Northern Ireland had a callsign to be used over the radios. 321 Company, a newly formed unit, didn't have such a callsign, so a young signaller was sent to the OC of 321 Coy. The OC, having lost two technicians that morning, decided on "Phoenix". This was misheard as "Felix" by the signaller and was never changed. The other possible reason is that the callsign for RAOC was "Rickshaw"; however, the 321 EOD felt it needed its own callsign, hence the deliberate choice of "Felix the Cat with nine lives". 321 Coy RAOC (now 321 EOD & Search Sqn RLC) is the most decorated unit (in peacetime) in the British Army with over 200 gallantry awards, notably for acts of great bravery duringOperation Banner (1969–2007) in Northern Ireland.[12]
British Ammunition Technicians of 11 EOD & Search Regiment RLC were requested by the US Forces commanders to operate in support of the US Marine Corps in clearing the Iraqi oilfields of booby traps and were among the first British service personnel sent into Iraq in 2003 prior to the actual ground invasion.
The eruption oflow intensity conflicts andterrorism waves at the beginning of the 21st century caused further development in the techniques and methods of bomb disposal. EOD operators and technicians had to adapt to rapidly evolving methods of constructing improvised explosive devices ranging fromshrapnel-filledexplosive belts to 100 kg bombs. Since improvised explosives are generally unreliable and very unstable they pose great risk to the public and especially to the EOD Operator trying to render them safe. Therefore, new methods like greater reliance on remote techniques such as advanced remotely operated vehicles similar to the BritishWheelbarrow orarmored bulldozers evolved. Many nations have developed their own versions such as theD7 MCAP and thearmored D9R.
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Besides large mine-clearing vehicles such as theTrojan, the British Army also uses small remote controlled vehicles such as theDragon Runner and the Chevette.[13][clarification needed]
During theal-Aqsa Intifada, Israeli EOD forces disarmed and detonated thousands of explosive charges, lab bombs and explosiveammunition (such as rockets). Two Israeli EOD teams gained high reputation for leading the efforts in that area: the Army'sIsraeli Engineering Corps'Sayeret Yahalom and theIsraeli Border Guard Gaza-area EOD team.
In theIraq War, theMulti-National Force – Iraq faced many bombs on travel routes. Such charges can easily destroy light vehicles such as theHumvee, and large ones can destroymain battle tanks. Such charges caused many casualties and, along withcar bombs andsuicide bombers, were a major cause of casualties in Iraq.
In Spain's autonomousBasque Country, where bombings byBasque separatist groups were common during the 1980s and 1990s, there are three corps in charge of bomb disposal:Policia Nacional,Guardia Civil, andErtzaintza. The Ertzaintza handle general civilian threats, while the Policia Nacional and Guardia Civil maintain capabilities mainly to defend their own assets and personnel. In other parts of the country, the Guardia Civil and Policia Nacional develop their tasks within their own abilities.
In the United States, Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) is a specialized technical area in military and law enforcement.[14][15][16]
In the United Kingdom, EOD operators are held within all three services. Each service has differing responsibilities for UXO, however they will often work closely on operations.
Ammunition Technical Officers andAmmunition Technicians of theRoyal Logistic Corps deal with many aspects of EOD, including conventional munitions and homemade bombs.[17] They are also trained inchemical,biological, incendiary, radiological ("dirty bombs"), andnuclear weapons. They provide support toVIPs, help civilian authorities with bomb problems, teach personnel from all three services about bomb safety, and a variety of other tasks.
TheRoyal Engineers of33 Engineer Regiment (EOD) provide EOD expertise for air dropped munitions in peacetime and conventional munitions on operations, as well as battle area clearance and High Risk Search in support of improvised explosive device disposal.[18]
Royal Engineers provide search advice and assets,Ammunition Technicians andAmmunition Technical Officers of11 Explosive Ordnance Disposal and Search Regiment RLC provide Improvised Explosive Device Disposal (IEDD), Conventional Munitions Disposal (CMD) and Biological, Chemical Munitions Disposal (BCMD). They also provide expertise in Advanced IEDD and in the investigation of accidents and incidents involving ammunition and explosives, where they are seen as Subject Matter Experts (SMEs).
Weapons Intelligence is supplied byRoyal Military Police,Intelligence Corps and Ammunition Technical Personnel who tap into the Combined Explosive Exploitation Cell (CEXC) units of the US.
All prospective Ammunition Technicians attend a grueling course of instruction atThe Army School of Ammunition and theFelix Centre, United Kingdom. The time frame for an RLC Ammunition Technician to complete all necessary courses prior to finally being placed on an EOD team is around 36 months. Whereas the Engineer EOD training period although shorter in total is spread over a number of years and interspersed with operational experience, RE personnel may be posted to core trades such as carpentry or bridge building within their time as engineers.
Royal Navyclearance divers also deploy teams both in the UK and on operations working on both IEDD (Improvised Explosive Device Disposal) teams as well as the disposal of conventional munitions. Royal Navy personnel spend their entire service working with and around explosives, and associated sciences. As such are given responsibilities relevant to their roles when it comes to conventional weapons.
US EOD covers both on- and off-base calls in the US unless there is a local PSBT or "Public Safety Bomb Technician" who can handle the bomb; ordnance should only be handled by the EOD experts. Also called a "Hazardous Devices Technician", PSBTs are usually members of apolice department, although teams are also formed byfire departments or emergency management agencies.
To be certified, a PSBT must attend theFBI Hazardous Devices School atRedstone Arsenal,Alabama which is modeled on the International IEDD Training school at TheArmy School of Ammunition, known as theFelix Centre. This school helps them to become knowledgeable in the detection, diagnosis, and disposal of hazardous devices. They are further trained to collect evidence in hazardous devices, and present expert-witness testimony incourt on bombing cases.
Before bombing ranges can be reutilized for other purposes, these ranges must be cleared of all unexploded ordnance. This is usually performed by civilian specialists trained in the field, often with prior military service in explosive ordnance disposal. These technicians use specialized tools for subsurface examination of the sites. When munitions are found, they safely neutralize them and remove them from the site.
In addition to neutralizing munitions orbombs, conducting training and presenting evidence, EOD Technicians and Engineers also respond to other problems.
EOD Technicians help dispose old or unstable explosives, such as ones used inquarrying,mining, or old/unstablefireworks andammunition. They also assist specialist police units, raid and entry teams with boobytrap detection and avoidance, and they help in conducting post-blast investigations.
The EOD technician's training and experience with bombs make them an integral part of any bombing investigation. Another part of an EOD technician's job involves supporting the government intelligence units. This involves searching all places that the high ranking government officers or other protected dignitaries travel, stay or visit.
Generally, EODrender safe procedures (RSP) are a type oftradecraft protected from public dissemination in order to limit access and knowledge, depriving the enemy of specific technical procedures used to render safe ordnance or an improvised device. Another reason for keeping tradecraft secret is to hinder the development of newanti-handling devices by their opponents: if the enemy has thorough knowledge of specific EOD techniques, it can developfuze designs which are more resistant to existing render-safe procedures.
Many techniques exist for the making safe of a bomb or munition. Selection of a technique depends on several variables. The greatest variable is the proximity of the munition or device to people or critical facilities. Explosives in remote localities are handled very differently from those in densely populated areas. The role of modern bomb disposal operators is to accomplish their task as remotely as possible. Actually laying hands on a bomb is only done in an extremely life-threatening situation, where the hazards to people and critical structures cannot be reduced.
EOD technicians have many tools for remote operations, one of which is the RCV, orremote-control vehicle, also known as the "Wheelbarrow". Outfitted with cameras, microphones, and sensors for chemical, biological, or nuclear agents, the Wheelbarrow can help the technician get an excellent idea of what the munition or device is. Many of theserobots even have hand-like manipulators in case a door needs to be opened, or a munition or bomb requires handling or moving. The first ever Wheelbarrow was conceived by Major 'Pat' Wilson Patterson RAOC and his team at the Bomb Disposal School, CAD Kineton in 1972 and used by ammunition technicians in the battle againstProvisional Irish Republican Army bombs.
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Also of great use are items that allow ammunition technicians to remotely diagnose the innards of a munition or bomb. These include devices similar to theX-ray used by medical personnel, and high-performance sensors that can detect and help interpret sounds, odors, or even images from within the munition or bomb. Once the technicians determine what the munition or device is, and what state it is in, they will formulate a procedure to disarm it. This may include things as simple as replacing safety features, or as difficult as using high-powered explosive-actuated devices to shear, jam, bind, or remove parts of the item's firing train. Preferably, this will be accomplished remotely, but there are still circumstances when a robot won't do and technicians must put themself at risk by personally going near the bomb. Technicians will don specializedprotective suits, using flame and fragmentation-resistant material similar tobulletproof vests. Some suits have advanced features such as internal cooling, amplified hearing, and communications back to the control area. This suit is designed to increase the odds of survival for technicians should munitions or bombs detonate while they are near it.
Rarely, the specifics of a munition or bomb will allow the technician to first remove it from the area. In these cases, a containment vessel is used. Using remote methods, the technician places the item in the container and retires to a remote area to complete the defusion. This procedure, called a Render Safe Procedure, can take a great deal of time. Because of the construction of devices, a waiting period must be taken to ensure that whatever render-safe method was used worked as intended.
Another technique is Trepanation, in which a bore is cut into the sidewall of a bomb and the explosive contents are extracted through a combination of steam and acid bath liquefaction of bomb contents.[20]
Although professional EOD personnel have expert knowledge, skills and equipment, they are not immune to misfortune because of the inherent dangers: in June 2010, construction workers inGöttingen discovered an Allied 500 kilogram bomb dating fromWorld War II buried approximately 7 metres below the ground. German EOD experts were notified and attended the scene. Whilst residents living nearby were being evacuated and the EOD personnel were preparing to disarm the bomb, itdetonated, killing three of them and injuring 6 others. The dead and injured each had over 20 years of hands-on experience, and had previously rendered safe between 600 and 700unexploded bombs. The bomb which killed and injured the EOD personnel was of a particularly dangerous type because it was fitted with a delayed-action chemicalfuze, which had become highly unstable after over 65 years under ground.[21][22][23][24]
A bomb disposal vehicle is a vehicle used by bomb disposal squads to transport equipment andbomb disposal robots, or to store bombs for later disposal. They are often vans or trucks, typically with at least onebomb containment chamber installed in the rear of the vehicle, and ramps to allow bomb disposal robots to access the vehicle. Bomb disposal vehicles are generally not explosive-resistant and are only used for transporting explosives for disposal, not actively disposing of them.
Portable X-ray systems are used to radiograph the bomb before intervention. The purpose is for example to determine if a chemical charge is present or to check the status of the detonator. High steel thickness requires high energy and high power sources.
Projected water disruptors use a water-projectileshaped charge to destroy bombs, blasting the device apart and severing any detonating connections faster than any fuse or anti-tampering device on the bomb can react. One example is the BootBanger, deployed under the rear compartment of cars suspected to be carrying bombs.[25] Projected water disruptors can be directional, such as the BootBanger; or omni-directional, an example being the Bottler.[26]
Pigstick is the British Army term for the waterjet disruptor commonly deployed on theWheelbarrow remotely operated vehicle against IRA bombs in the 1970s. It fires a jet of water driven by a propellent charge to disrupt thecircuitry of abomb and disabling it with a low risk of detonation. The modern pigstick is reliable and can be fired many times with minimal maintenance. It is now used worldwide. It is 485 millimetres (19.1 in) long and weighs 2.95 kilograms (6.5 lb).[27] It is made of hardened steel, and can be mounted on aremotely operated vehicle (ROV). These factors make it an effective way to render IEDs safe. It is not a panacea, however: it cannot deal with IEDs packed in hard containers such as industrial gas bottles or beer kegs, and other disruptors have been designed to deal with those and a range of other situations including car bombs.
The device’s concept originated with Major 'Pat' Wilson Patterson RAOC and his team at the Bomb Disposal School, CAD Kineton. It was christened pigstick in reference to his enjoyment of the sport of pig-sticking when, as a subaltern in the Royal Signals, he was a Pathfinder with the SOE whilst in India in the late 1940s.
The device was developed by the scientists Mike Barker MBE and Peter Hubbard OBE atRARDEFort Halstead in late 1971[28] working under great pressure over a period of several weeks after anATO died in Northern Ireland attempting to render safe the first IED in the theatre to contain anti-handling devices.[29][30]
They started with a prototype equipment designed to disruptlimpet mines attached to a ship's hull and through a process of many trials and error developed a disruptor that could deal with the crop of IEDs with anti-handling devices prevalent at the time. Barker used the device operationally for the first time in Northern Ireland during a visit there to demonstrate their prototype toGeorge Styles and his team.[31] The Pigstick prototype was re-engineered by a member of Hubbard's team, Bob White MBE, down from its original 20 kg to its current 2.95 kg form but its internal ballistic design remained true to the original.
...in the period 1972–1978, and taking into account machines which had been exported, over 400 Wheelbarrows were destroyed while dealing with terrorist devices. In many of these cases, it can be assumed that the loss of a machine represented the saving of an EOD man's life.
— House of Commons Hansard Debates for 21 Oct 1998[32]
TheZEUS-HLONS was developed for surface land mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) neutralization by the U.S. Naval Explosive Ordnance Disposal Technology Division (NAVEODTECHDIV). It uses a moderate-power commercial solid state laser (SSL) and beam control system, integrated onto a Humvee (HMMWV), to clear surface mines, improvised bombs, or unexploded ordnance (UXO) from supply routes and minefields.
There are a wide range of containment chambers available. The simplest are sometimes danger suppression vessels that merely contain some of the fragments generated by the explosion. The other end of the spectrum features top-of-the-line gas-tight chambers that can withstand multiple shots while remaining able to containchemical, biological, or radioactive agents. Containment chambers of all types may be fitted onto towed trailers, or specialised EOD vehicles.
There is a long history of IEDD within the UK and protection for this role has evolved over the years. Starting with the Mk1 in 1969, in response to the Maoist Terrorist threat in Hong Kong, through to the Mk 2 in 1974, in response to the IRA threat in Northern Ireland (NI), with further developments of the Mk3 in 1980 to include a new helmet. The Mk4 EOD Suit, introduced into service in 1993, combines fragmentation and blast protection that is prioritised over the most vulnerable parts of the body (head, face and torso). The current system, MKV/VI, was introduced in 2004, and was a combined MOD/NP Aerospace project. The only part of the body that has no protection at all is the hands.[33]
The 1979ITV seriesDanger UXB dealt with the exploits of a fictional bomb disposal unit of the British Army during World War II. The 13-part series was shown on PBS as part ofMasterpiece Theatre.
The 2009 filmThe Hurt Locker follows aU.S. Army EOD team who are targeted by insurgents during theIraq War, and shows their psychological reactions to the stress of combat.
The British television seriesTrigger Point follows the work of theMetropolitan Police Expo unit countering terrorist threats throughout London.
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