Bolzano, also known asBozen (see§ Names),[3] is thecapital city ofSouth Tyrol, officially the province of Bolzano/Bozen,[4] innorthern Italy. The city has a population of108245. Bolzano is the largest city in South Tyrol and the third-largest in historicalTyrol. The greater metro area has about 250,000 inhabitants and is one of the urban centres within theAlps.[5]
Bolzano is the seat of theFree University of Bozen-Bolzano, where lectures and seminars are held in Italian, German, and English.[6] The city is also home to theItalian Army'sAlpini High Command (COMALP) and some of its combat and support units.[7] In the 2020 version of the annual ranking of quality of life in Italian cities, Bolzano was jointly ranked first for quality of life alongsideBologna.[8]
Along with other Alpine towns in South Tyrol, Bolzano engages in theAlpine Town of the Year Association for the implementation of the Alpine Convention.[9][10] The Convention aims to promote and achieve sustainable development in the Alpine Arc. Consequently, Bolzano was awarded Alpine Town of the Year 2009.[9] Bolzano is considered a bridge betweenNorthern Europe andSouthern Europe due to the three spoken languages inSouth Tyrol (Italian,German, andLadin) and the confluence of theItalian andGerman-Austrian cultures.
The placename's first recordedcognates wereBauzanum[a] andBauzonum[b] in the 8th century.[11][12]
The city's Italian name isBolzano (pronounced[bolˈtsaːno]ⓘor locally[bolˈdzaːno]). The German name isBozen (pronounced[ˈboːtsn̩]ⓘ). The city and province are officially bilingual in Italian and German.[13] The two official names may appear together, such as atBolzano/Bozen railway station, theuniversity (Bozen-Bolzano)[3] and in the province's name.[4] As the city is three-quarters Italian-speaking, it is usually namedBolzano by modern English-language publications.[14] The nameBozen often appears in regional and historical contexts[15][16] and was the city's main name until South Tyrol's forcedItalianization from 1923 (seeAnnexation by Italy); the province is mainly German-speaking. The city tourist board brands it asBolzano Bozen.[17]
Ladin is the third-largest and the oldest language spoken in South Tyrol;[18] Bolzano is namedBalsan orBulsan in Ladin.
The area of the city of Bolzano is 52.3 km2 (20.2 sq mi), of which 28 km2 (11 sq mi) is used as a settlement area. The city is located in the basin where theSarntal,Eisacktal, and theAdige Valley with their rivers,Talfer,Eisack, andAdige, meet. In the Middle Ages, the two main Alpine crossings, theVia Claudia Augusta overReschenpass and the Brenner route overBrenner Pass, met in Bolzano. Thus, the city was very important for trading. The highest point is 1,616 metres (5,302 feet) above sea level and the lowest point is 232 metres (761 feet) above sea level. The centre is located at an altitude of 262 metres (860 feet) above sea level. The nearest big cities are 58 km (36 mi) (Trento) and 118 km (73 mi) (Innsbruck) away.[citation needed]
Being located at multiple climate borders, Bolzano features ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa) with hot summers and very cold winters by Italian standards. According to the Trewartha classification, this climate could not be really considered a subtropical climate because fewer than 8 months are at least 10 °C (50 °F), and thus would be considered a semi-continental climate with hot summers. Some of its suburbs are designated anoceanic climate (Cfb) based on cooler summer temperatures, while mountains in the area may feature a continental climate (Dfb). The climate of Bolzano is influenced by its low altitude in a valley south of the main Alps. This causes very sheltered conditions from cool winds during daytime, ensuring much warmer temperatures year-round than in similar valley cities north of the range.
Climate data for Bolzano (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1946–present)
The oldest surviving register of houses in Bolzano, dating from 1288, lists 48 houses. However, it does not refer to the inner old town, but rather to the Weintraubengasse and Bindergasse located to its east, as well as to the street running north of them, corresponding to today's Vintlerstraße and Wangergasse.[25] As a supplement to this source, the rent register of the Lords of Wangen from 1290 can be used; this constitutes a market-rights register for the entire Laubengasse, part of the Obstplatz, and the Neustadt (today's Silbergasse and Dr.-Streiter-Gasse), and lists a further 106 houses.[26] Against this background, the total urban population around 1300 is estimated at approximately 1,500 to 2,000 inhabitants.[27]
According to a register of houses in the city center from 1497, the town was divided into eight quarters and comprised around 160 houses.[28][29] The list records the tax contributions of the house owners and was presumably compiled in connection with the empire-wide Turkish tax.[30] By the late 15th century, the urban population is estimated to have amounted to approximately 3,000 to 4,000 people.[31]
In 1900, Bolzano, including the garrison, had 13,904 mostly German-speaking inhabitants (1,493 Italian speakers).[32] The incorporation of Zwölfmalgreien and Gries, as well as the construction of new urban quarters during the interwar period, contributed to strong population growth in the first half of the 20th century, particularly in the context of theItalianization policies vigorously promoted byItalian fascism. In 1966, Bolzano's population exceeded the threshold of 100,000 for the first time, after having stood at 59,951 in 1940. The highest population figure in the city's history was recorded in 1975, with 107,112 inhabitants. After a subsequent decline to well below 100,000, the population began to grow again markedly with the onset of the new millennium.
As of 31 December 2022, 106,107 people were resident in Bolzano, including 54,959 women (52.2%) and 51,148 men (47.8%). At the end of 2022, 15,818 foreign nationals were registered in Bolzano, corresponding to 14.8% of the total population. This makes Bolzano the municipality of residence for around one third of all foreign residents living in South Tyrol. The largest groups of foreign nationals registered in Bolzano on 31 December 2022 came from Albania (2,596), Morocco (1,325), Pakistan (1,160), Romania (1,147), Ukraine (807), China (736), Germany (643), and Peru (470).[33] In 2004, the first advisory council for foreign residents was established to support the municipal council on matters concerning foreign residents.
According to the Austrian census of 1910, a total of 29,241 inhabitants lived in the then still independent municipalities of Bolzano, Gries, and Zwölfmalgreien combined,[38] of whom only 1,605 declared Italian as their language of daily use, while 26,558 declared German.[39] Throughfascism and theItalianization policy underBenito Mussolini in the inter-war period, the Italian language group became the majority in Bolzano. Prior to the annexation of South Tyrol to Italy (Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, 1919) a small Italophone community of up to 10% of the population already lived in Bolzano.[40] As early as the 1940s, the city had an Italian-speaking majority.
According to the 2024 census, 74.71% of the city's inhabitants spokeItalian, 24.74%German and 0.55%Ladin as theirfirst language. The percentage values are based exclusively on valid declarations of language group affiliation or language group assignment by persons holding Italian citizenship. Owing to its bicultural character, Bolzano is regarded as an important meeting place between the German- and Italian-speaking cultural and economic spheres. An increasing number of residents speak more than just their native language.
The modern-day Bolzano was in ancient times a marshy region inhabited by theRaetian Isarci people, traditionally believed to be descendants ofEtruscan refugees fleeing Italy from the invading Gauls.[41] The Romans built a settlement after the area had been conquered in 15 BC by generalNero Claudius Drusus. The military settlement,Pons Drusi (Drusus Bridge), was named after this Roman general. During this time the area became part of the regionVenetia et Histria (Regio X) ofancient Italy.
In 1948, excavations of the current Cathedral led to the discovery of an ancient Christian basilica from the fourth century. Also discovered was a Roman cemetery, including the tomb of "Secundus Regontius" with Latin inscriptions dating to the third century, making him the oldest known inhabitant of Bolzano.[42]
During the gradual decline of the Lombard influence in the seventh century,Bavarian immigration took place and the first mention of a Bavarian ruler in Bolzano dates from 679.[43] At that time, the Bavarians named the nearby villages around BolzanoBauzanum orBauzana.[12] In 769Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria issued in Bolzano the foundation charter of theInnichen Abbey.[44]German populations have been present in the region ofTyrol from that period onwards. At around the year 1000, the settlement is called "in Pauzana valle, quae lingua Teutisca Pozana nuncupatur".[45]
In 1027 the area of Bolzano and the rest of the Diocese was conferred upon thebishops of Trent by theemperor Conrad II from theSalian dynasty. In the late-12th century, the bishop founded amarket town, along theLauben thoroughfare. The town therefore became an important trading post on the TransalpineAugsburg-Venice route over theBrenner Pass, elevation 1,371 metres (4,498 ft) above sea level, within theHoly Roman Empire.[46]
In 1277 Bolzano was conquered byMeinhard II, the Count of Tyrol, leading to a struggle between thecounts of Tyrol and the bishops of Trent. In 1363, theCounty of Tyrol passed to the AustrianHouse of Habsburg. In 1381,Duke Leopold granted the citizens of Bolzano the privilege of a town council. This gradually eliminated the influence and power previously held by the bishops of Trent over the next few decades. In 1462, the bishops eventually resigned all their rights of jurisdiction over the town.[47]
Mercantile BuildingThe town's coat of arms as depicted in 1471 by the mayor Konrad Lerhueber
From the 14th and 15th centuries onwards, a large market fair was organised four times per year to greet tradesmen and merchants en-route the Brenner Pass. The Mercantile Magistrate was therefore founded in 1635 by the Austrian duchessClaudia de' Medici. During every market season, two Italian and two Germanic officers, who were appointed among the local tradesmen, worked in this magistrate office. The establishment of an official trade organisation strengthened Bolzano as a cultural crossroad in the Alps.[48]
In the late Austro-Hungarian Empire, Bolzano experienced a rapid population growth between 1890 and 1910 (from 12,249 in 1890 to 28,163 in 1910).[50] The linguistic make-up showed a relevant level of fluctuation based on internal migration, assimilation and a changing political landscape, with the Italian-speaking minority accounting for 15.01% in 1890 and 5.70% in 1910.[50]
After Italy declared war on Austria-Hungary on May 24, 1915, heavy fighting took place all along Tyrol's southern border for the entire duration of the conflict. For the next3+1⁄2 years Tyrol's southern border became the front line between Austro-Hungarian and Italian troops. Tyrol's south frontier was – and still is – dotted with tens of defensive fortresses that had been built in view of a possible Italian attack.[citation needed] Losses on both sides amount to several thousands. During World War I, tens of thousands of civilians living along Tyrol's southern border were evacuated to either of the two countries, the majority to Bohemian and inner Austrian areas, and some to Italian internment camps, away from the front line.
On November 3, 1918, the armistice of Villa Giusti, near Padova, ended military operations between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Subsequently, Italian troops entered Tyrol and occupied the Austrian areas south of the Brenner Pass. Italian control of South Tyrol was internationally recognized in 1919. At the time of Bolzano's annexation by theKingdom of Italy the town was settled primarily by a German-speaking population. As of 1910,29000 inhabitants identified themselves as German speakers and only 1,300 as Italian speakers, these latter ones mainly from the Italian speaking areas of Tyrol, namely Welschtirol, currently known as Trentino.[51]
Along with the rest of South Tyrol, Bolzano was subjected to an intensiveItalianisation programme[13] enforced by Fascist leaderBenito Mussolini from the 1920s onwards to September 8, 1943, when Italy left the military alliance with Nazi Germany and South Tyrol fell under direct German control. The goal of such programme was to outnumber the local German-speaking population by tripling Bolzano's population through Italian immigration from other regions of Italy.[51] In 1927 Bolzano became the capital of the province of Bolzano. Any reference to and use of the words Tyrol and Tyrolean were banned by law and were punishable offences. In 1933,Adolf Hitler came to power in theWeimar Republic. Mussolini and the Fascists worried that Hitler, in pursuing his ideology ofall ethnic Germans under one Reich, would claim South Tyrol from Italy. To avoid such a prospect, in 1939 Mussolini and Hitler signed theOption Agreement, by which Germany would renounce territorial claims over South Tyrol as Germany'sLebensraum (living space). Furthermore, ethnic South-Tyroleans who had opted to stay in South Tyrol and refused resettlement to theThird Reich were subjected to full-scale Italianisation, including loss of their German names and national identity, prohibition of schooling in German and use of German for their daily transactions.[52]
After the War, theGruber-De Gasperi Agreement of September 1946 was signed by the Italian and Austrian Foreign Ministers in Paris, guaranteeing "complete equality of rights" (including education and use of German as an official language) as well as "autonomous legislative and executive regional power" to the German-speaking population in South Tyrol and Trentino.[55]
Because the implementation of the post-war agreement was not seen as satisfactory by the Austrian government (the autonomous province of 1947included Trentino and therefore had an Italian-speaking majority), it became a cause of significant friction with Italy and was brought to theGeneral Assembly of the United Nations in 1960, which called for a resolution of the issue.[56] A fresh round of negotiations took place in 1961 but proved unsuccessful, partly because of the campaign of terrorism bySouth Tyrolean Liberation Committee – a secessionist movement – against Italian police and electric power structures (one notable incident being theNight of Fire on 12 June 1961).
The issue was resolved in 1971, when a new statute of autonomy for the smaller, majority German-speaking provinceBozen – Südtirol/Bolzano – Alto Adige, which was supported by the German-speaking population of South Tyrol, was granted by Italy. It resulted in a considerable level of self-government,[57] also due to the large financial resources of South Tyrol, which retains almost 90% of all levied taxes.[58] The agreement was implemented and proved broadly satisfactory to the parties involved and the separatist tensions soon eased. In 1992, Austria and Italy officially ended their dispute over the autonomy issue on the basis of the statute of 1972.[59]
Bolzano is the biggest city in South Tyrol, which is an autonomous province in Northern Italy with a special statute. This statute preserves the rights of the German-speaking minority in Italy. This unique system was admired by theDalai Lama, who visited the city on several occasions to study a possible application inTibet.[60] It has also been presented as role model for the successful and fair resolution of inter-ethnic conflict to other regions of the world.[61]
The tradeshows and conferences of Exhibition Bolzano are concentrated on topics relating to the economies of Alpine countries. There is thus a great focus on trade show subjects in the economic competence of South Tyrol and Trentino. The main focuses of dining and leisure time, sports, agriculture and specific Alpine industries attract an annual total of over 3000 exhibitors and over230000 visitors from all over Europe.[62]
Since 2011, the city hosts the Italo-Germanic Business Forum, which brings together the leaders of the Italian and German economies –Confindustria and theBundesverband der Deutschen Industrie – in the Mercantile Palace to address issues related to the international crisis.
NOI Techpark is on a 12-hectare (30-acre) site in the south of Bolzano, on premises formerly home to aluminium works. The "Nature of Innovation" concept contains innovation imitating nature. The concept that NOI Techpark is based on has research institutes, companies and start-ups from South Tyrol and all over the globe working together to prepare the ground for a sustainable development.
Working with representatives from South Tyrol's business and research communities, BLS and TIS innovation park have developed the park's "Nature of Innovation" positioning title, the initials of which give the park its name: NOI. The name reflects two meanings in South Tyrol: depending on how you want to pronounce it, NOI can either sound like the Italian word for "we" or the South Tyrolean dialect word for "new".A special focus lies on those fields:
TheFree University of Bolzano-Bozen, founded in October 1997, is actively involved in basic and applied research projects through its five faculties,[6] of which four are located in Bolzano. The university is engaged in a multitude of scientific and technological areas, in addition to different disciplines belonging toHumanities.[63]
TheEurac Research is a private research centre headquartered in Bolzano. The research facility was founded in 1992 and initially had 12 employees. Meanwhile, the centre has more than 700 employees. The topics of this institution include, for example, "Liveable Regions", "Diversity as Added Value" and "Healthy Society". The research has focused more on the Alpine region. Since 2002, the site has been located on Drusus Street, in the former fascist "GIL" building, which was then extensively renovated and integrated with modern buildings.[64] In 2018, the research facility will lead the terraXcube in the NOI Techpark Bolzano. The terraXcube is a research infrastructure that can simulate the most extreme climatic conditions on earth. Air pressure, humidity and solar radiation can be simulated and changed simultaneously in one room. The aim is to investigate how humans react to extreme climatic conditions. Even machines can be tested in this simulator.[65]
Fraunhofer Italia is a subsidiary ofFraunhofer Gesellschaft and is headquartered in Bolzano. The company was founded in 2009 and since then specializes in areas such as "Automation and Mechatronic Engineering" and "Process Engineering in Construction". The Organization for Applied Research seeks to help small and medium-sized enterprises in the region through charitable research. Since 2017, the research facility has been based in the Technology Park in Bolzano South.[66]
The last municipal elections were held in the year 2025. Of the 45 seats, 10 different parties were elected to the city council. TheBrothers of Italy and theSüdtiroler Volkspartei (SVP) won 7 seats each.
This table shows the mayors of the city of Bolzano after 1945. All mayors within this list belong to the Italian language group. So far, the last mayor of the German language group in Bolzano wasJulius Perathoner from 1895 to 1922 and was replaced by themarch on Bolzano by the fascists.
In 1996, the European Union approved further cultural and economic integration between the Austrian province ofTyrol and the Italian autonomous provinces of South Tyrol andTrentino by recognizing the creation of theEuroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino.
Its medieval city center,Gothic andRomanesque churches and bilingual signage give it the flavor of a city at the crossroads of Italian and Austrian cultures. This and its natural and cultural attractions make it a popular tourist destination.
theLaubengasse orVia dei Portici, a street 300 metres (980 ft) long, in the city center with medieval arcades along its entire course, now housing countless high-street shops
the Gothic Cathedral, started in 1184, expanded in the 1300s by architects Martin and Peter Schiche and completed in the early 16th century by Hans Lutz vonSchussenried
theWaaghaus at the central Kornplatz (piazza del Grano), the former site of the public weighbridge
Victory Monument triumphal arch built underMussolini (1928); now put in context as part of an exhibition on the two dictatorships of ItalianFascism and GermanNazism[68]
the formerCasa del Fascio, another fascist-era monument preserved but recontextualized in 2017[69]
For more historical and geographical information seeSouth Tyrol.
South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology, is the exhibition location of theÖtzi mummy. The museum also exhibits other archaeological finds from the South Tyrolean region. Due to the Ötzi, it is one of the leading archaeological museums in Italy.
Runkelstein Castle, was built in 1237 by the brothers Friedrich and Beral von Wangen. The castle became known for its extensive and profanefresco cycle from theMiddle Ages.
Bolzano City Museum; The collections of the museum include works of art as paintings, sculptures,altars and folklore objects of daily life from all overSouth Tyrol. The access to the museum is limited and only a part of the valuable collection is visible. The museum, built in 1905, is in the planning stage for an extension that would be fully accessible.
Nature Museum South Tyrol, is dedicated to areas such as geology, flora and fauna. The exhibition shows the emergence of South Tyrolean landscapes, for example theDolomites, and natural science collections from the South Tyrolean region.
Museion, is a museum of Modern and Contemporary Art. The museum was founded in 1985 and today, since 2008, has its headquarters on "Talferwiesen". The modern cube, including bridges, was planned by the architects' office "Krüger, Schubert, Vandreike (KSV)".
Mercantile Museum of Bolzano, tells about the economic history of Bolzano and its importance in Central Europe as a bridge between North and South. The museum used to be the seat of the formerMercantile Magistrate. It also documents the trade fairs and their significance for the trading city.
Bolzano School Museum, reports about the development of the school in South Tyrol since the introduction of the compulsory education of EmpressMaria Theresia in the year 1774. Special features of this museum are, among other things, the presentation of thecatacomb schools and the documentation about the Jewish school home nearMerano.
MMM Firmian, is one of six locations of the museum project of mountaineerReinhold Messner. The MMM Firmian is located atSigmundskron Castle and is also the headquarters of the project. Themes of this museum are the history of mountaineering and the art of mountaineering. It shows the connection between the people and the mountains. Additionally, Reinhold Messner's experiences, collections and memories of the expeditions will be exhibited.
Semi-rural House, was one of many houses built in the Semi-rural zone during the 1930s for industrial workers. It documents the development of this district at that time until the 1980s.
Documentation Center "BZ '18–'45: one monument, one city, two dictatorships",Victory Monument. The museum is located below the Victory Monument and documents the time of the population of Bolzano and South Tyrol during theItalian fascism and after 1943 the GermanNational Socialism. It is the first museum in Italy to work on the fascism under Benito Mussolini. In 2016, the Museum received considerable recognition from the jury of theEuropean Museum of the Year Award for exhibiting this sensitive topic.[70][71]
Pons Drusi Museum, located in the retirement home "Grieserhof" and showing archaeological remains such as frescoes and vases from Roman antiquity. The remaining walls indicate a former temple complex and a building with a pillared hall. Several objects from the first century AD were found, showing the life of the Romans in Gries-Bolzano at that time.[72]
Bolzano Civic Theater - Stadttheater Bozen; the new city theater was opened in 1999 according to the plans of the architectMarco Zanuso. For a long time, the city had no city theater because the old one was destroyed in World War II. It is the seat of the United Stages Bolzano (VBB) and has 2 halls. The theater features performances in Italian and German.
Haus der KulturWalther von der Vogelweide (Culture house Walther von der Vogelweide), is a theater that presents a majority of performances in German. It is located in the center of the city and can accommodate about 500 people.
Teatro Cristallo, is located outside the center in Dalmatienstreet. Most of the performances are presented in Italian.
Stadttheater Gries (City theater Gries), located in the district of Gries-Quirein and can accommodate 371 people. Performances are presented in German and Italian.
Theater im Hof (Theatre in the courtyard), is located on Obstplatz and dedicated to the children and youth theater. An additional focus of the small theater is the topic of "women in and at the theater".
Carambolage; in this venue improvisational theater and other forms ofcabaret are offered. It is located in the center of the city.
Batzen Sudwerk; below the 600-year-old brewery in the basement is a cultural workshop. Performances are often in the form ofcabaret.
Teatro Cinema Rainerum; at the Rainerum Institute in the Don Bosco district there is a theater for about 400 people.
Filmclub Bolzano (Movie club Bolzano), is a cinema with 3 rooms that also shows several films of regional directors and actors. The Filmclub is also the venue of theBolzano Filmfestival. The cinema is located in the old town of Bolzano.
Cineplexx, was opened in 2009 and it offers a majority of films in German. In addition to films in German and Italian, other films are also available in English. The cinema has 7 rooms.
UCI Cinema, opened in 2015 and located in the shopping center "Twenty". Most of the 6 halls offer films in Italian. In this cinema are occasionally shown films in English and German.
Bolzano organizes the following events every year:
Südtirol JazzFestival, is a festival that not only takes place in Bolzano but is also performed all over South Tyrol. The jazz festival lasts up to 10 days and performs 90 concerts in 50 different locations with over 150 jazz musicians. International jazz musicians such asDon Cherry,Randy Brecker,Carla Bley,Chick Corea,Pat Metheny, andCollin Walcott participated in this event.
Ferruccio Busoni International Piano Competition, is an international piano competition that is held every 2 years. This competition was initiated by the director of the Conservatory of Music "Claudio Monteverdi" in memory of the 25th anniversary of the death ofFerruccio Busoni. The artist influenced Italian and German music art and was therefore a symbol of the South Tyrolean culture.
Bolzano Filmfestival Bozen; The first Bolzano film festival was held in 1987 under the name "Bozner Filmtage". It serves as a platform for the local film scene and creates contact between filmmakers and audiences. Films in Italian and German are shown. Artists likeTobias Moretti,Fred Zinnemann,Herbert Achternbusch,Michele Placido, andJiří Menzel participated in this event.
Bolzano Festival Bozen, is a festival that takes place every summer and offers classical music. TheEuropean Union Youth Orchestra, theGustav Mahler Jugendorchester and the participants of the Ferruccio Busoni Competition are performing regularly.
Tanz Bozen - Bolzano Danza, is an international contemporary dance festival and is held every summer. It is a festival that shows different dance performances in different places of the city. It is organized by the Haydn Foundation of Bolzano and Trento.
Christmas market Bozen; The Bolzano Christmas Market was founded in 1990 as Italy's first Christmas market. The stands are located in different places of the old town. With over 1.2 million visitors (2005), the Bolzano Christmas Market is the most visited in Italy.
Bolzano ShortFilmFestival, also collaborates with the Bolzano Filmfestival and awards prizes for the best short films without words ("No Words"). Independently of the Bolzano Filmfestival it also awards prizes for the best Italian short film. The festival was held in 1968 for the first time.
TheFree University of Bozen-Bolzano was founded in 1997 and has its headquarters in the city of Bolzano. It offers trilingual courses in German, Italian and English. The unibz was the first trilingual university in Europe. Other university locations are inBrixen andBruneck. Through theEuroregion Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino, the university also works closely together with the universities ofInnsbruck andTrento. The University of Bolzano has the following five faculties:
The State College of Health Professions "Claudiana" was founded in 1993 and has since 2006 its headquarters next to the regional hospital of Bolzano outside the center. The college was named after the Regent of the AustrianCounty of Tyrol,Claudia de Medici. The college serves to train health professionals, such as nurses, midwives, technical medicine and rehabilitation specialists. Teaching is in Italian and German.
Bolzano is connected to the motorway networkA22-E45[73] toTrento andVerona and toInnsbruck (Austria) andMunich (Germany). In Bolzano South there is a transport hub that connects the dual carriageway MeBo with the A22 motorway. Thedual carriageway MeBo (Merano - Bolzano) was completed in 1997 to quickly connect the two metropolitan areas ofSouth Tyrol, Merano and Bolzano, and to relieve the surrounding communities in the district ofBurggrafenamt and the old former two-lane State street SS38 (Strada statale 38).
Since 1966 acable car connects the centre of Bolzano with Oberbozen-Soprabolzano and the community ofRitten. In 2009 the Italian manufacturer Leitner replaced the old cable car with a new modern3S system. Although the so-called "Rittner Seilbahn" primarily serves the tourist market, it also provides an important transit link for the residents of Renon.[76] The cable car system, which can carry up to 726 persons per hour, is the first tricable gondola lift in Italy.[77]
The town is host to an annualroad running competition – theBOclassic – which features an elite men's 10K and women's 5K races. The event, first held in 1975, takes place onNew Year's Eve and is broadcast live on television byRai Sport Più.[78][79]
Bolzano is also the host city to the Giro delle Dolomiti annual road bike event.
^In theHistoria Langobardorum (late 8th century), the text refers to a rebellion byAlahis againstPerctarit and against the Bavarian count who governedBauzanum in the 7th century.[11]
^Karl Theodor Hoeniger:Ein Häuserverzeichnis der Bozner Altstadt von 1497. In: Veröffentlichungen des Tiroler Landesmuseums Ferdinandeum, Band 31. Innsbruck 1951, pp. 309–310; Hannes Obermair:Bozen Süd – Bolzano Nord. Schriftlichkeit und urkundliche Überlieferung der Stadt Bozen bis 1500. Band 2, Bozen 2008, p. 230f. Nr. 1319 (mit Erläuterungen).
^Hannes Obermair:Bozen Süd – Bolzano Nord. Schriftlichkeit und urkundliche Überlieferung der Stadt Bozen bis 1500. Band 2, Bozen 2008, p. 231.
^So die quellenbasierte Schätzung bei Hannes Obermair:Das alte Schneiderhandwerk in Bozen. In:Der Schlern. 85, Heft 1, 2011, p. 32.
^Karl Maria Mayr (1949). "Der Grabstein des Regontius aus der Pfarrkirche in Bozen".Der Schlern, 23, pp. 302-303.
^As reported byPaulus Diaconus in hisHistoria Langobardorum, V 36, ed. Georg Waitz,MGH Scriptores rerum Langobardicarum, Hannover 1878, p. 35:comes Baioariorum quem illi gravionem dicunt.
^Martin Bitschnau; Hannes Obermair (2009).Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Abteilung: Die Urkunden zur Geschichte des Inn-, Eisack- und Pustertals. Vol. 1. Innsbruck: Universitätsverlag Wagner. pp. 30–1 no. 50.ISBN978-3-7030-0469-8.
^Josef Widemann (1943).Die Traditionen des Hochstifts Regensburg und des Klosters St. Emmeram (Quellen und Erörterungen zur bayerischen und deutschen Geschichte, NF8). Munich: C.H. Beck, pp. 216-7, no. 259; Franz Huter (1937).Tiroler Urkundenbuch.I.1. Innsbruck: Wagner, no. 33.
^Claudio Corradetti (2013). "Transitional Justice and the Idea of 'Autonomy Patriotism' in South Tyrol.""Un mondo senza stati è un mondo senza guerre". Politisch motivierte Gewalt im regionalen Kontext, ed. by Georg Grote, Hannes Obermair and Günther Rautz (EURAC book 60), Bozen–Bolzano,ISBN978-88-88906-82-9, pp. 17–32, esp. p. 21.
^Mayr, Sabine; Obermair, Hannes (2014). "Sprechen über den Holocaust. Die jüdischen Opfer in Bozen — eine vorläufige Bilanz".Der Schlern.Der Schlern, 88,3, pp. 4–36.ISSN0036-6145.
^Juliane Wetzel (1994). "Das Polizeidurchgangslager Bozen".Die vergessenen Lager, ed. by Wolfgang Benz and Barbara Distel (Dachauer Hefte, 5), Munich.
^Obermair, Hannes (2017), "Monuments and the City—an almost inextricable entanglement", in Matthias Fink; et al. (eds.),'Multiple Identitäten in einer "glokalen Welt"—Identità multiple in un "mondo glocale"—Multiple identities in a "glocal world", Bozen-Bolzano:Eurac Research, pp. 88–99,ISBN978-88-98857-35-7
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