Bollinger County is acounty located in the southeastern part of theU.S. state ofMissouri. As of the2020 census, the county's population was 10,567.[1] Thecounty seat, largest and only city, isMarble Hill.[2] The largely rural county is supported by agriculture and construction. The county was officially organized in March 1851 from portions of Wayne, Cape Girardeau and Stoddard Counties, and named in honor ofGeorge Frederick Bollinger, an early settler.
Bollinger County is part of theCape Girardeau, MO–ILMetropolitan Statistical Area. The county is the home of the "Missouri dinosaur" discovered at an archaeological dig nearGlen Allen in 1942. Blue Pond, the deepest natural pond in Missouri, is located in the southern portion of the county.
In fall 1799,George Frederick Bollinger, a North Carolina settler of German descent[3] persuaded 20 other families[4] to leaveNorth Carolina and settle in a region immediately west of what is nowCape Girardeau, Missouri. To acquire the land, Bollinger first had to sign off a document asserting that he and his fellow settlers were allRoman Catholics. In reality, most of the group were members of theGerman Reformed Church and none were actually Catholic. However,Don Louis Lorimier, the Spanish Land Commandant of Cape Girardeau, had been impressed by Bollinger on an earlier visit and decided to bend the rules for him and his fellow settlers.
Lorimier's willingness to place German Reformed settlers west of Cape Girardeau is somewhat perplexing given his earlier role in placing a group ofShawnee settlers in that same location. Lorimier had earlier fledOhio Country with his half-Shawnee wife and a band of Shawnee after a raid by men under George Rogers Clark in 1782. He eventually migrated across the Mississippi River and settled at Cape Girardeau in 1793. Later he was appointed Land Commandant at Cape Girardeau.
The Bollinger-led group of families moved into an area that became known as the "Dutch Settlement" along theWhitewater River in January 1800, crossing their wagons over the Mississippi River after an unusually cold stretch of weather had frozen the surface all the way across.[citation needed]
Meanwhile, ownership of the region shifted in quick succession fromSpain toFrance and then in 1803 to theUnited States via theLouisiana Purchase. The change in national ownership did not bode well for the earlier Shawnee settlers. In 1825 they were removed permanently when the U.S. government enacted thetreaty with the Shawnee in 1825.[5] This treaty, whose first signatory wasWilliam Clark of theLewis and Clark Expedition fame, required that the Shawnee move to what is now known asShawnee Mission, Kansas, on land that had previously belonged to theOsage tribes. One of theCherokeeTrail of Tears routes passed through Sedgewickville, while another passed through Glennon and Zalma.
The region west of Cape Girardeau was organized as a county in 1851 and was named Bollinger County in honor ofGeorge Frederick Bollinger. The county seat was Dallas, renamed Marble Hill in 1865. In the next county to the west,Madison County, the settlement ofFredericktown was also named after Bollinger.
According to theU.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 621 square miles (1,610 km2), of which 618 square miles (1,600 km2) is land and 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2) (0.5%) is water.[6] The county's terrain ranges from theMississippi Deltaflatlands in the south to theOzark Hills in the north.
U.S. Decennial Census[7] 1790-1960[8] 1900-1990[9] 1990-2000[10] 2010-2020[1]
As of thecensus[12] of 2000,[needs update] there were 12,029 people, 4,576 households, and 3,464 families residing in the county. Thepopulation density was 19 people per square mile (7.3 people/km2). There were 5,522 housing units at an average density of 9 units per square mile (3.5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.79%White, 0.72%Native American, 0.22%Asian, 0.21%Black orAfrican American, 0.13% fromother races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Approximately 0.57% of the population wereHispanic orLatino of any race.
There were 4,576 households, out of which 34.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.80% weremarried couples living together, 8.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.30% were non-families. 21.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.00.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.80 males.
The median income for a household in the county was $36,744, and the median income for a family was $42,948. Males had a median income of $26,078 versus $17,588 for females. Theper capita income for the county was $16,387. About 10.90% of families and 13.80% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 17.40% of those age 65 or over.
According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010), Bollinger County is part of theBible Belt, with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Bollinger County who adhere to a religion areSouthern Baptists (42.43%),Roman Catholics (25.19%), andUnited Methodists (10.46%).
Like manyrural areas, thestandard of living in Bollinger County is significantly lower than many other places. In 2008, thecost of living index in Bollinger County was low (76.0) compared to the U.S. average of 100. Theunemployment rate in Bollinger County is also lower than the state and national levels. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the October 2008 unemployment rate in the United States was 6.7 percent whereas in Missouri it was 6.5 percent. According to economic research compiled by theFederal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the October 2008 unemployment rate in Bollinger County was 5.6 percent.[15]
The most common industries providing employment in Bollinger County consist ofmanufacturing (25.5%),educational, health and social services (14.7%),construction (12.3%), andretail trade (10.8%) while other kinds of industries account for the rest (36.7%). The most common industries for males in Bollinger County are construction (20%),agriculture,forestry,fishing and/orhunting (8%),truck transportation (5%), transportation equipment (5%), metal and metal products (4%), repair and maintenance (4%), and paper (4%). The most common occupations for males in the county included driving/sales workers and truck drivers (9%), other production occupations including supervisors (8%), electrical equipment mechanics and other installation, maintenance and repair occupations including supervisors (6%), vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers and repairers (6%), metal and plastic workers (6%), carpenters (5%), and hand-laborers and material movers (5%). For females, the most common industries are health care (16%), educational services (9%), apparel (8%), accommodation and food services (6%), finance and insurance (4%), public administration (4%), and metal and metal products (4%). The most common occupations for females includes other production occupations including supervisors (9%), textile, apparel and furnishings workers (8%), secretaries and administrative assistants (6%), other sales and related workers including supervisors (4%), building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (4%), other office and administrative support workers including supervisors (3%), and retail sales workers not including cashiers (3%).
A majority of employees in Bollinger County (78%) receive a private wage or salary, 10% work in public or government jobs, 11% is self-employed while another 1% performs some sort of unpaid family work. A majority of workers in the county (76%) drive their own cars to work, 16% carpools, 5% works at home, 2% walks, 1% takes a bus or trolley bus, and less than 1 percent rides to work on a motorcycle or uses some other form of transportation.
Like it is in many rural areas, agriculture and farming plays a critical role in the economy of Bollinger County. The average size of a farm in the county is 250 acres (1 km2). The average value of agricultural products sold per farm was $21,451 while the average total farm production expenses per farm was $19,413. The average market value of all machinery and equipment per farm was $36,801 and 31.69% of land in farms consisted of harvested croplands. In the county, 93.65% of all farms were operated by a family or one individual. The average age of the principal farm owner in the county was 56 years old. The average number of cattle and calves per 100 acres (0.40 km2) of all land in farms in the county was 14.10 while 0.61% of all cattle and cows were used for milking. There were 33 acres (130,000 m2) of land in orchards in Bollinger County. The most common crops are soybeans for beans with 20,279 acres (82 km2) harvested, corn for grain with 10,057 acres (41 km2) harvested, and all wheat for grain with 2,857 acres (12 km2) harvested.[citation needed]
As of 2007,[citation needed] 70.7% of residents 25 years of age and older in Bollinger County had ahigh school diploma or higher as their highest educational attainment while 6.9% had abachelor's degree or higher.
School districts including sections of the county, no matter how slight, even if the relevant schools and/or administration buildings in another county:[16]
Although it is not as prevalent in Bollinger County as it is in moreurban areas, the county is not immune fromcrime. As reported by the Bollinger County Sheriff's Department, there were nomurders, sixrapes, norobberies, 44assaults, 54burglaries, 84thefts, and threeauto thefts reported in the county in 2004–2005.
While Missouri has the notorious reputation as the state with the mostmethamphetamine lab busts in the United States, the number of lab incidents in Bollinger County is significantly lower and basically nonexistent when compared to the regional and statewide average. According to the Missouri State Highway Patrol, there were no methamphetamine lab busts reported in Bollinger County in 2008.[19]
Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cool to cold winters and long, hot summers. Due to its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Not having either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the coldArctic and the hot and humidGulf of Mexico. In the southern part of the state, particularly in theBootheel, the climate borders on a humid subtropical climate. Therefore, Bollinger County, which is located above the Bootheel, can be said to have more of a humid continental climate sometimes influenced by a humid subtropical climate. Average temperatures in Bollinger County range from 22 °F (−6 °C) in January to 89 °F (32 °C) in July. According to Weather.com, some weather facts about Bollinger County include the following:
On average, the warmest month in Bollinger County is July.
The highest recorded temperature in Bollinger County was 108 °F (42 °C) in 1954.
January is the average coolest month in Bollinger County.
The lowest recorded temperature in Bollinger County was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1951.
The maximum average precipitation in Bollinger County occurs in March (4.91 inches).
The historical area-adjustedtornado activity in Bollinger County is near the Missouri state average but is 1.7 times above the U.S. national average. During the1925 Tri-State Tornado, Bollinger County was only mildly impacted compared to many other locations, although 32 children were injured in two separate schools, no fatalities were reported in the County.[20] Tornadoes in the county have caused one fatality and 24 injuries recorded between 1950 and 2004. OnApril 27, 2002, an F3 tornado with maximum wind speeds of 158-206 mph killed a teenage boy in between Hahn and Marble Hill and injured 16 people and caused $4 million in damages.
All of Bollinger County is a part of Missouri's 145th District in theMissouri House of Representatives and is currently represented by Rick Francis (R-Perryville). Francis was reelected to a third term in 2020.
Missouri House of Representatives – District 145 – Bollinger County (2020)
All of Bollinger County is a part of Missouri's 27th District in theMissouri Senate and is currently represented by Holly Thompson Rehder (R-Sikeston).
Missouri Senate – District 27 – Bollinger County (2020)
Bollinger County is a Republican stronghold at the presidential level. No Democratic nominee has won Bollinger County sinceJimmy Carter in1976. Since then, voters in the county have consistently backed Republican presidential nominees.
The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10. On the Democratic side, formerVice PresidentJoe Biden (D-Delaware) both won statewide and carried Bollinger County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeatPresidentDonald Trump in the general election.
Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2020)
The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15. BusinessmanDonald Trump (R-New York) narrowly won the state overall and carried a plurality of the vote in Bollinger County. He went on to win the presidency.
Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2016)
The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Bollinger County supported formerU.S. SenatorRick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to formerGovernorMitt Romney (R-Massachusetts). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Santorum. IncumbentPresidentBarack Obama easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.
In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, withSenatorJohn McCain (R-Arizona) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination. However, formerGovernorMike Huckabee (R-Arkansas) won a plurality in Bollinger County.
Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2008)
Then-SenatorHillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Bollinger County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri,Barack Obama (D-Illinois), also aSenator at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.
Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2008)
A part of Missouri's River Heritage Region, Bollinger County has several historical points of interest:
TheBollinger County Museum of Natural History, located in Marble Hill, houses a growing collection of natural history specimens and Native American artifacts from Missouri and other artifacts from around the world.[23] The museum is home to "the Missouri dinosaur"
The Massey Log House, built in 1869, located in Marble Hill
The Alma Fisher One-Room School in Marble Hill
The Cat Ranch Art Guild,[24] a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the arts in the county, is located in Marble Hill. It was started in memory of Tom Runnels, a local artist, sculptor and writer who died of brain cancer on September 3, 2000. The Guild's name is taken from Tom and his wife Saundra Runnels's property, which is called The Cat Ranch.
St. John's Catholic Church in Leopold has one of the oldest pipe organs west of the Mississippi River.[25]
^Making the journey fromNorth Carolina with Bollinger were his brothers John, Daniel, and Mathias Bollinger and two nephews, Mann Henry Bollinger and William Bollinger. Several friends also joined the expedition including brothers George and Peter Grount (Grounds) along with Peter's young son Daniel Grount, brothers Peter and Conrad Statler, Joseph Neyswanger, Peter Crytes, Jacob Cotner, John and Isaac Miller, Frederick Limbaugh, Leonard Welker and Frederick Slinkard. Also with him family of Johannes Caspar Shell; Michael, Caspar and Benjamin Shell.