TheBoko Haram insurgency began in July 2009,[89][90] when themilitantIslamist andjihadistrebel groupBoko Haram started an armedrebellion against thegovernment of Nigeria.[25][91] The conflict is taking place within the context of long-standing issues ofreligious violence betweenNigeria'sMuslim andChristian communities, and theinsurgents' ultimate aim is to establish anIslamic state in the region.[90]
Boko Haram's initialuprising failed, and its leaderMohammed Yusuf was killed by the Nigerian government.[92] He began the group in the year 2002, with a view of opposing western education with his followers.[93] The movement consequently fractured into autonomous groups and started an insurgency, though rebel commanderAbubakar Shekau managed to achieve a kind of primacy among the insurgents. Though challenged by internal rivals, such as Abu Usmatul al-Ansari'sSalafist conservative faction and theAnsaru faction, Shekau became the insurgency'sde facto leader and mostly kept the different Boko Haram factions from fighting each other, instead focusing on overthrowing the Nigerian government.[94] Supported by other jihadist organizations includingal-Qaeda andal-Shabaab, Shekau's tactics were marked by extreme brutality and explicit targeting ofcivilians.[93]
After years of fighting, the insurgents became increasingly aggressive and began to seize large areas in northeastern Nigeria. The violence escalated dramatically in 2014 with 10,849 deaths, while Boko Haram drastically expanded its territories.[95][96][97][98] At the same time, the insurgency spread to neighboringCameroon,Chad,Mali, andNiger, thus becoming a major regional conflict inSub-Saharan Africa.[23][25][99] Meanwhile, Shekau attempted to improve his international standing among jihadists by tacitly aligning with theIslamic State in March 2015, with Boko Haram becoming the "Islamic State's West Africa Province" (ISWAP).[23]
The insurgents were driven back during the2015 West African offensive by a Nigeria-led coalition of African and Western countries, forcing the Islamists to retreat intoSambisa Forest and bases atLake Chad.[citation needed] Discontent about various issues consequently grew among Boko Haram. Dissidents among the movement allied themselves with IS' central command and challenged Shekau's leadership, resulting in a violent split of the insurgents. Since then, Shekau and his group are generally referred to as "Boko Haram", whereas the dissidents continued to operate asISWAP underAbu Musab al-Barnawi. The two factions consequently fought against each other while waging insurgencies against the local governments. After a period of reversals, Boko Haram and ISWAP launched new offensives in 2018 and 2019, again growing in strength.[100]
When Boko Haram's insurgency was at its peak in the mid-2010s, it was the world's deadliestterrorist organization in terms of the number of people it killed.[101][102][103] In a bid to ensure dialog between government and the deadly sect, thePresident Jonathan administration set up a committee to grant an amnesty to Boko Haram.[104][105] Some details of the amnesty includes granting ofpardons to Boko Haram fighters and also listening to differentethnic groups under the sect with a bid to ending violence. This amnesty was rejected by the sect in an audio broadcast that was sent by its leader on the grounds that they are fighting to create an Islamic state in Nigeria's predominantly Muslim north and that it is the government that is committing atrocities against Muslims.[106]
In May 2021, ISWAPattacked and overran Boko Haram militants in the Sambisa Forest and the leader of Boko Haram Shekau was killed during the fighting, reportedly using a suicide vest.[107] In August,Abu Musab al-Barnawi, the leading commander of ISWAP, was killed.[108] After Shekau's death masses of Boko Haram militants surrendered while others defected to ISWAP. According to the Nigerian Defence Forces, as of April 5, 2022, a total of 51,114 rebels and families, consisting of 11,398 men, 15,381 women, and 24,335 children, have surrendered. This number has risen to over 100,000 in July 2023.[109] A commander of the Joint Task Force expressed optimism that the Boko Haram crisis would end very soon, while advising the troops not to rest or give the terrorists a chance to recuperate, reorganise and start carrying out attacks, saying, "We are almost there, so let's maintain the momentum."[110]
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Britain amalgamated both the Northern and Southern protectorate in 1914, about a decade after the defeat of theSokoto Caliphate and other Islamic states by the British which were to constitute much ofNorthern Nigeria. Sir Frederick Lugard assumed office as governor of both protectorates in 1912. The aftermath of theFirst World War saw Germany loseits colonies, one of which was Cameroon, to French, Belgian and British mandates. Cameroon was divided inFrench andBritish parts, the latter of which was further subdivided intosouthern andnorthern parts. Following aplebiscite in 1961, theSouthern Cameroons elected to rejoin French Cameroon, while theNorthern Cameroons opted to join Nigeria, a move which added to Nigeria's already large Northern Muslim population.[111] The territory made up much of what is now Northeastern Nigeria, and a large part of the areas affected by the insurgency.
Religious conflict in Nigeria datesas far back as 1953, and in the case of the town ofTafawa Balewa, to 1948.[112] TheIgbo massacre of 1966 in the North that followed thecounter-coup of the same year had as a dual cause theIgbo officers' coup and pre-existing (sectarian) tensions between the Igbos and the local Muslims. This was a major factor in theBiafran secession and theresulting civil war.
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a major Islamic uprising led byMaitatsine (Mohammed Marwa) and his followers,Yan Tatsine that led to several thousand deaths. After Maitatsine's death in 1980, the movement continued some five years more.
In the same decade the erstwhile military ruler of Nigeria, GeneralIbrahim Babangida enrolled Nigeria in theOrganisation of the Islamic Conference. This was a move which aggravated religious tensions in the country, particularly among the Christian community.[113] In response, some in the Muslim community pointed out thatcertain other African member states have smaller proportions of Muslims, as well as Nigeria's diplomatic relations with theHoly See.
Since the return of democracy toNigeria in 1999,Sharia has been instituted as a main body of civil and criminal law in 9 Muslim-majority and in some parts of 3 Muslim-pluralitystates, when then-Zamfara State governorAhmad Rufai Sani[115] began the push for the institution of Sharia at the state level of government. This was followed by controversy as to the would-be legal status of the non-Muslims in the Sharia system. A spate of Muslim-Christian riots soon emerged.
In the primarily Islamic northern states of Nigeria, a variety of Muslim groups and populations exist, who favour the nationwide introduction ofSharia Law.[116] The demands of these populations have been at least partially upheld by the Nigerian Federal Government in 12 states, firstly in Zamfara State in 1999. The implementation has been widely attributed as being due to the insistence ofZamfara State governorAhmad Rufai Sani.[115]
The death sentences ofAmina Lawal andSafiya Hussaini attracted international attention to what many saw as the harsh regime of these laws. These sentences were later overturned;[117] the first execution was carried out in 2002.[117]
Twelve out of Nigeria's thirty-six states haveSunni Islam as the dominant religion. In 1999, those states chose to have Sharia courts as well as customary courts.[118] A Sharia court may treat blasphemy as deserving of several punishments up to, and including, execution.[119][120] In many predominantly Muslim states,conversion from Islam to another religion is illegal and often acapital offence.[121]
According to a Nigerian study ondemographics andreligion,Muslims make up 50.5% of the population. Muslims mainly live in the north of the country; the majority of Nigerian Muslims areSunnis.Christians are the second-largest religious group and make up 48.2% of the population. They predominate in the central and southern parts of the country.[122]
For reasons of avoiding political controversy, questions of religion were forgone in the 2006 Nigeriancensus.[123][124]
Boko Haram conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its existence.[125] That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves.[126] Prior to that the government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the organisation, including that of a military officer.[126]
Boko Haram's initialuprising failed, and its leaderMohammed Yusuf was killed by the Nigerian government.[92] He began the group in the year 2002, with a view of opposing western education with his followers.[93] He was arrested at his parent inlaws' house by the Nigerian Military and subsequently handed over to the Nigerian police.[93] He was survived by four wives and 12 children one of which was Abu Musab al-Barnawi who in the year 2016 wanted to lead the group.[93] The movement consequently fractured into autonomous groups and started an insurgency, though rebel commanderAbubakar Shekau managed to achieve a kind of primacy among the insurgents. Though challenged by internal rivals, such as Abu Usmatul al-Ansari'sSalafist conservative faction and theAnsaru faction, Shekau became the insurgency'sde facto leader and mostly kept the different Boko Haram factions from fighting each other, instead focusing on overthrowing the Nigerian government.[94] Supported by other jihadist organizations includingal-Qaeda andal-Shabaab, Shekau's tactics were marked by extreme brutality and explicit targeting ofcivilians.[93]
When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested inBauchi, sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces in Bauchi,Maiduguri in Borno State,Potiskum in Yobe State andWudil in Kano State – which led to the deaths of an estimated 700 people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram fighters reportedly "used fuel-laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station.[91] The group's founder and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was also killed during this time while still in police custody.[127][128][129] After Yusuf's killing,Abubakar Shekau became the leader and held this position in January 2015.[130]
Nearly six months after the killing of Yusuf, the group carried out its first terrorist attack in Borno in January, killing four people.[131] During the following few years, the violence escalated in terms of both frequency and intensity. On 7 September, aprison break in Bauchi freed more than 700 Boko Haram militants, replenishing their force. On 24 December, Boko Haramused four bombs to kill 32 people in Jos, Plateau State. On the same day, they killed six people in attacks against churches in Maiduguri.
On 29 May, a few hours afterGoodluck Jonathan was sworn in aspresident,several bombings purportedly by Boko Haram killed 15 and injured 55. On 16 June, Boko Haram claimed responsibility for theAbuja police headquarters bombing, the first knownsuicide attack in Nigeria. Two months later theUnited Nations building in Abuja was bombed, signifying the first time that Boko Haram attacked an international organisation. On 4 November, it carried outattacks in Damaturu in Yobe and in Maiduguri, killing over a hundred people, and on 22 and 23 Decemberclashing with security forces, resulting in at least 68 deaths. On25 December, Boko Haram attacked several churches with bombings and shootings.
15 June marked the start of a Federal Government-sanctioned military effort to counter the growing threat of Boko Haram's insurgency. With 21 Armoured Brigade (21 Bde) of theNigerian Army as its nucleus, Joint Task Force Operation Restore Order (JTF ORO 1) marked the start of the Army's lengthycounter-insurgency (COIN) campaign against Boko Haram. The campaign has gone through several phases and has greatly escalated in scale, capacity, components and stakeholders, since that time.[132] Results, however, have sometimes been mixed and the Army has been criticised for being too kinetic in its COIN.[citation needed]
In January in Nigeria, Boko HaramattackedMubi,Yola andGombi – all inAdamawa State – in addition to Maiduguri andKano. During the same month,Abubakar Shekau, a former deputy to Yusuf, appeared in a video posted onYouTube. According toReuters, Shekau took control of the group after Yusuf's death in 2009.[133] Authorities had previously believed that Shekau died during the 2009 uprising.[134] By early 2012, the group was responsible for over 900 deaths.[135] On 8 March, a smallSpecial Boat Service team and the Nigerian Armyattempted to rescue twohostages, Briton Chris McManus and Italian Franco Lamolinara, being held inSokoto, by members of the Boko Haram terrorist organisation loyal toal-Qaeda. Both hostages were killed by their captors before or during the rescue attempt. All the hostage takers were reportedly killed.[136] On 8 April, at least 38 peoplewere killed by a suicide car bomber inKaduna. On 24 June, about 40 inmates escaped during a prison break in Damaturu. On 17 June, at least 12 peoplewere killed by three bombings of churches inKaduna State. On 7 August, 19 peoplewere killed in a mass shooting inKogi State. On 1–2 November, at least 25 menwere killed at theFederal Polytechnic, Mubi. On 25 December, six peoplewere killed in Potiskum and another six in Maiduguri. On 28 December, fifteen people were killed in a village in northeastern Nigeria.
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In May, Nigerian government forces launched an offensive in the Borno region in an attempt to dislodge Boko Haram fighters after astate of emergency was called on 14 May. The state of emergency – which was still in force in May 2014 – applied to the states of Borno, Yobe, and Adamawa in northeastern Nigeria.[137] The offensive had initial success, but the Boko Haram rebels were able to regain their strength.
On 8 February, gunmen killed at least ninepolio vaccinators in Kano.[138] On 18 March, a suicide car bomberrammeda bus in Kano, killing over 20 people. On 16 and 17 April,dozens of civilians were killed during a battle inBaga, Borno, between Boko Haram and the Nigerian Army. On 6 July, Boko Harammassacred 42 students in Yobe,[139] bringing the school year to an early end in the state. On 5 August, Boko Haram launched dual attacks on Bama and Malam Fatori, leaving 35 dead.[140] On 11 August, Boko Haramkilled 44 people in amass shooting at amosque inKonduga, Borno.[141] On 6 October, the Nigerian Army wona battle against Boko Haram inDamboa, Borno. On 2 November in Borno, gunmen attacked a convoy returning from a wedding, killing over 30 people.
On 15 April, Boko Haram terroristsabducted about 276 teenage female pupils from asecondary school inChibok in Borno.[142] The abduction was widely attributed to Boko Haram.[143] It was reported that the group had taken the girls to neighbouring Cameroon and Chad where they were to besold into marriages at a price below adollar each. The abduction of another eight girls was reported later. These kidnappings raised public protests, with some protesters holding placards bearing theTwitter tag #BringBackOurGirls, which had caught international attention.[144]The Guardian reported that the BritishRoyal Air Force conductedOperation Turus in Nigeria in April in response to the Chibok kidnapping. A source involved with the operation toldThe Observer that "The girls were located in the first few weeks of the RAF mission", and that "We [RAF] offered to rescue them, but the Nigerian government declined", this was because it viewed any action to be taken as a "national issue", and for it to be resolved by Nigerian intelligence and security services, the source added that the girls were then tracked by the aircraft as they were dispersed into progressively smaller groups over the following months.[145] Several countries pledged support to the Nigerian government and to help their military withintelligence gathering on the whereabouts of the girls and the operational camps of Boko Haram.
On 13–14 May, Boko Haramambushed Nigerian soldiers who were searching for the kidnapped girls.
On 20 May, two bombs in the city ofJos, Plateau State, Nigeria,were detonated, killing at least 118 people and injuring more than 56 others. The bombs exploded 30 minutes apart, one at a local marketplace at approximately 3:00 and the second in a parking lot next to a hospital at approximately 3:30, where rescuers responding to the first accident were killed.[146] Though no group or individual has claimed responsibility, the attacks have been attributed to Boko Haram.[147]
First responders were unable to reach the scenes of the accidents, as "thousands of people were fleeing the scene in the opposite direction". The bombs had been positioned to kill as many people as possible, regardless of religion, which differed from previous attacks in which non-Muslims were targeted. The bombers were reported to have used a "back-to-back blast" tactic, in which an initial bomb explodes at a central location, and another explodes a short time later with intent to kill people working to rescuing the wounded.[148]
In 2014, Boko Haram militants increased their attacks on cities and towns in northern Nigeria and captured part of the country's northeast. These attacks included bombings in Maiduguri inJanuary,July and November.[citation needed]
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The increasing intensity of the insurgency prompted the Nigerian government to launch an offensive, and with the help of Chad, Niger, and Cameroon, they recaptured many areas that were formerly under the control of Boko Haram.[149][150]
In late 2014, Boko Haram seized control ofBama, Borno, according to the town's residents.[151] In December, it was reported that "people too elderly to flee Gwoza Local Government Area were being rounded up and taken to two schools where the militants opened fire on them." Over 50 elderly people in Bama were killed.[152] A "gory" video was released of insurgents shooting over a hundred civilians in a school dormitory in the town of Bama.[153]
Between 3 and 7 January, Boko Haram attacked the town ofBaga andkilled up to 2,000 people,[154] perhaps the largestmassacre by Boko Haram.[155]
On 10 January, 19 people were killed ina suicide bombing at a market in Maiduguri.[156] The city is at the heart of the Boko Haram insurgency.[157] On 12 January, Boko Haramcarried out an unsuccessful attack on a CameroonianArmy base.
On 23 January, a coalition of military forces from Nigeria, Chad, Cameroon, and Niger began acounter-insurgencycampaign against Boko Haram.[158] In the early hours of 25 January, Boko Haram launched a major assault on the city.[159] On 26 January, CNN reported that the attack on Maiduguri by "hundreds of gunmen" had been repelled, but the nearby town ofMonguno was captured by Boko Haram.[160] The Nigerian Army said they repelled another attack on Maiduguri on 31 January.[161]
On 4 February, theChad Army killed over 200 Boko Haram militants.[162] On 4 and 5 February, Boko Haram carried outa massacre in Fotokol, Far North Region, Cameroon, killing 81 civilians, 13 Chadian soldiers and 6 Cameroonian soldiers.[163] On 6 February, Boko Haramattacked Bosso and Diffa in Niger. On 15 February, asuicide bombing occurred in Damaturu. On 17 February, the Nigerian military retook Monguno in a coordinated air and ground assault.[164] On 22 February, a suicide bombing occurred in Potiskum. On 24 February, suicide bombings occurred in Potiskum and Kano. On 2 March, the Nigerian Armed Forces defeated Boko Haram in theBattle of Konduga.
On 7 March, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to theIslamic State (IS) via an audio message posted on the organisation's Twitter account.[68][165][166] Nigerian Army spokesperson Sami Usman Kukasheka said the pledge was a sign of weakness and that Shekau was like a "drowning man".[149] That same day,five suicide bomb blasts left 54 dead and 143 wounded.[167] On 12 March, ISIL's spokesmanAbu Mohammad al-Adnani released an audiotape in which he welcomed the pledge of allegiance, and described it as an expansion of the group's caliphate toWest Africa.[52]
Following its declaration of loyalty to ISIL, Boko Haram was designated as the group's "West Africa Province" (Islamic State West Africa Province, or ISWAP) while Shekau was appointed as its firstvali (governor). Furthermore, ISIL started to support Boko Haram, but also began to interfere in its internal matters. For example, ISIL's central leadership attempted to reduce Boko Haram's brutality toward civilians and internal critics, as Shekau's ideology was "too extreme even for the Islamic State".[67]
On 24 March, residents ofDamasak, Borno, said that Boko Haram had taken more than 400 women and children from the town as they fled from coalition forces whoretook the area andfound amass grave of Boko Haram victims.[168] On 27 March, the Nigerian army capturedGwoza, which was believed to be the location of Boko Haram headquarters.[169] On election day, 28 March, Boko Haram extremists killed 41 people, including a legislator, to discourage hundreds from voting.[170]
In March, Boko Haram lost control of the Borno towns ofBama[171] andGwoza (believed to be their headquarters)[169] to the Nigerian Army. The Nigerian authorities said that they had taken back 11 of the 14 districts previously controlled by Boko Haram.[171] In April, four Boko Haram camps in theSambisa Forest were overrun by the Nigerian military who freed nearly 300 females.[172] Boko Haram forces were believed to have retreated to theMandara Mountains, along theCameroon–Nigeria border.[173] On 16 March, the Nigerian Army said that it had recaptured Bama.[174] On 27 March, the day before theNigerian presidential election, theNigerian Army announced that it had recaptured the town of Gwoza from Boko Haram.[169]
By April, the Nigerian military was reported to have retaken most of the areas previously controlled by Boko Haram in Northeastern Nigeria, except forSambisa Forest in Borno.[175]
In May, the Nigerian military announced that they had released about 700 women from camps in Sambisa Forest.[176][177]
On 12 July, two female suicide bombers wearing burqaskilled 13 people in Fotokol. In response, the governor of Cameroon's Far Northbanned the Islamic veil andburqa.
In August, it was reported that over a thousand deaths had occurred since the inauguration of the new administration.[178]
On 10 October, suicide bombersattacked a market andrefugee camp in Baga Sola,Lac, Chad.
On 28 October, it was announced that Nigerian troops had rescued 338 people from Boko Haram near the group's Sambisa Forest stronghold. Of those rescued, 192 were children and 138 were women.[179]
In December,Muhammadu Buhari, the President of Nigeria, claimed that Boko Haram was "technically defeated"[101] and it was reported that 1,000 women had been rescued from Boko Haram in January 2016.[180][181] On 5 December, four female suicide bombersattacked a market on the Chadian side of Lake Chad. On 28 December, female suicide bombers killed over 55 people inMadagali in Adamawa and Maiduguri.[182][183]
In early October 2015, theUnited States military deployed 300 troops to Cameroon, with the approval of theCameroonian government, with the primary mission of providingintelligence support to local forces and conductingreconnaissance flights.[1][2]
The troops also oversaw a program to transfer American military vehicles to theCameroonian Army to aid in their fight against Islamist militants.[184]
As of May 2016, U.S. personnel were involved indrone operations fromGaroua, Far North Region, Cameroon, to help provide intelligence in the region to assist local forces. There were additional drone operations based out of Niger.[185] U.S. Army soldiers in Cameroon are also providing IED awareness training to the country's infantry forces.[186]
On 25 January, four Boko Haram suicide bomberskilled over 30 people in Bodo, Far North, Cameroon.[187]
On 30 January, at least 86 peoplewere killed by Boko Haram inDalori, Borno. On 9 February, two young female suicide bomberskilled at least 60 people at aninternally displaced persons' camp inDikwa, Borno. On 16 March, two female suicide bomberskilled 22 people on the outskirts of Maiduguri.
In March, Boko Haram was reported to have used islands inLake Chad as bases.[188]
As Boko Haram's power waned, Shekau's leadership was increasingly criticised among Boko Haram and ISIL's central command. These elements repeatedly attempted to convince Shekau to change his tactics or his extreme ideas (such as considering everyone an apostate who has not openly sided with him, including all Muslims). Shekau refused to budge, and openly disobeyed ISIL's "Caliph"Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in regard to various matters. ISIL and parts of Boko Haram eventually came to the conclusion that this was no longer tolerable, whereupon Shekau was removed from his position as vali of ISIL's West Africa Province in August.Abu Musab al-Barnawi, a son of Boko Haram founder Mohammed Yusuf was appointed as his successor. This event resulted in an open split among the Nigerian insurgents. Shekau refused to accept his dismissal, rallied a large number of supporters and violently opposed Barnawi and ISIL's central command. In turn, Barnawi and those who were loyal to him declared Shekau's groupKhawarij.[67] The two insurgent factions subsequently became fully separate organizations, with Shekau's followers re-adopting their old name "Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād" (outsiders refer to this faction as "Boko Haram"), whereas Barnawi's forces continued to operate as "Islamic State's West Africa Province" (ISWAP). The two groups are generally hostile and fight each other, though it is possible that they occasionally cooperate against their common enemies.[189]
On 31 August, Major General Lucky Irabor stated that the militants now only controlled a few villages and towns near Lake Chad and in Sambisa Forest. He further stated that the military expected recapturing the final strongholds of the group within weeks.[190]
On 24 December, President Muhammadu Buhari said that Boko Haram had been ousted from their last stronghold in the Sambisa Forest, effectively reducing Boko Haram to an insurgent force.[191][192][193] This victory left Boko Haram without any territorial holdings; however, Boko Haram still maintains an extensive ability to carry out attacks.[194]
On 7 January, a group of Boko Haram militants attacked a Nigerian Army base in Yobe, killing five soldiers. In response, the Nigerian Army launched retaliatory strikes and killed 15 militants.[195]
On 17 January, aNigerian Air Force jetmistakenly bombed anIDP camp near the Cameroonian border inRann, Borno, mistaking it for a Boko Haram encampment.[196][197][198] The airstrike left 115 people dead.[199]
On 22 March, at least six people were killed and 16 wounded when four female suicide bombersblew themselves up on the outskirts of Maiduguri city.[200]
On 22 March, the NigerianDepartment of State Services (DSS) announced that a suspected member of Boko Haram had been arrested in northeastern Yobe State. The suspect confessed details of a plot to attack the American and British embassies, and other western targets in Abuja. The DSS also later announced that between 25 and 26 March, five suspected members of Boko Haram had been arrested, thus thwarting the plot.[201]
On 2 April, the Nigerian military began what it said was its "final offensive" to retake Boko Haram's last strongholds.[202]
On 17 May, the Nigerian Army reported that it had arrested about 126 suspected Boko Haram terrorists at the Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) camp in Damboa, Borno.[203]
In September, Boko Haram militants kidnapped about 40 young adults, women and children and killed 18 in the town of Banki, 130 km southeast ofMaiduguri, Borno State, on the border of Nigeria and Cameroon.[204] Boko Haram was reported to have killed 380 people between April and September in the Lake Chad area.[204] About 57% of all schools in Borno state were closed due to the Boko Haram insurgency, affecting the education of about 3 million children.[205]
On 21 November, a suicide bomberkilled 50 people in a mosque in Mubi.
In December, fighters who were believed to belong to ISWAPattacked a patrol of US Army Special Forces and Nigerian soldiers in the Lake Chad Basin Region in Niger. The coalition troops managed to repel the assault without suffering any casualties.[206][207]
On 16 February, three suicide bomberskilled about 20 people in Konduga.
On 19 February, Boko Haramkidnapped 110 schoolgirls fromDapchi, Yobe.
By March, two main insurgent factions were still active, and continued to wage an insurgency campaign against the government: The followers of Abubakar Shekau (Boko Haram) operated mainly in southern Borno, while the faction of Abu Musab al-Barnawi (ISWAP) was mostly located aroundLake Chad.[55]
On 26 April, Boko Haram bombers killed at least four civilians in the outskirts of Maiduguri, the largest city in Borno. A subsequent gun battle and tear gas launched by security forces repelled the attackers, but left two officers wounded and several others injured.[208]
On 1 May, two suicide bomberskilled dozens of people in Mubi.
On 15 July, hundreds of Nigerian soldiers went missing after ISWAP forces led by Abu Musab al-Barnawi overran a Nigerian Army base in the northeastern part of Nigeria. Less than 100 Nigerian soldiers returned after the attack, the attack came 24 hours after ISIL ambushed a military convoy in neighbouring Borno. The attack on the base resulted in a battle that lasted over an hour, it is unknown if there were any casualties in the assault, a local pro-government militia said the military had sustained some casualties, this attack marks Boko Haram's first major gain since 2015.[209]
On 8 September, ISWAP fighters managed to capture the town of Gudumbali in central Borno, marking their first major gain in nearly two years.[210] The next day, ISIL's West Africa Province released a video showing footage from combat with theNigerian Army in the area.[211] In late December, ISWAP launched another offensive and captured Baga in northeastern Borno State.[189]
In November, fighting in and around Lake Chad intensified, beginning theChad Basin campaign, which lasted until February 2020. On 18 November, ISWAP fighters attacked a military base in Metele, Borno, killing at least 118 soldiers while at least 153 others were missing after the attack, the militants also seized tanks, armored vehicles, artillery, weapons, and ammunition.[212][213][214][215]
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Barnawi's ISWAP launched a major offensive in January, attacking several Nigerian military bases, including those at Magumeri and Gajiram. Insurgents also overran and destroyed the IDP town ofRann, displacing its inhabitants yet again. The destruction of Rann was initially attributed to ISWAP,[189][216] but Shekau's Boko Haram later claimed responsibility.[216]
Three Boko Haram suicide bomberskilled 30 people in Konduga, Borno, on 16 June. Boko Haramshot dead at least 65 people inNganzai, Borno, who were walking home from a funeral on 27 July.
The first half of 2020 was relatively calm. On 6 January, Boko Harambombed a market in Gamboru, Borno, killing at least 38 people. On 9 February, they killed at least 30 people in Auno, Borno.[217] On 15 March they attacked a military post inToumour, injuring a soldier and during which 50 insurgents were killed.[218] On 23 March, they carried outmassacres against the Chadian and Nigerian armies. The Chadian Defense Minister,Mahamat Abali Salah, announced on 31 March the launch of "Operation Boma's Wrath", in response to Boko the 23 March massacres. The operation's target is to wipe out the Boko Haram remnants aroundLake Chad, the operation is named after the island where Boko Haram launched a seven-hour assault, that Chadian PresidentIdriss Déby said, was the worst the country's military had ever suffered. On 9 June, Boko Haramkilled 81 villagers in a mass shooting inGubio, Borno. On 13 June, Boko Haram killed at least 20 soldiers in Monguno and more than 40 civilians in Nganzai.[citation needed] On 29 July, the convoy of the Borno governor,Babagana Zulum was attacked by Boko Haram. Five people were killed in fighting, including three policemen. The governor was not hurt.[219] On 2 August, Boko Haram killed at least 18 people in agrenade attack on anIDP camp in Far North, Cameroon.[220][221][222] On 9 August, ISWAP killed six Frenchaid workers and two Nigerien civilians inKouré, Tillabéri Region, Niger.[223] On 19 August, Islamic State militants took hundreds of people hostage in Borno.[224]
September saw a rise in attacks. On 6 September, Boko Haram raided a village of Kurmari, where they killed four civilians in their sleep. They also raided two villages at outskirts of Maiduguri, six civilians were killed in this raid.[225] Nigerian military carried out an operation against Boko Haram in Hamdaga Makaranta town inGwoza local government area. Five insurgents were killed and seven hostages were rescued, several insurgents were wounded but managed to escape.[226] On 17 September, Boko Haram raided a village in Lake Chad region in Chad, several civilians were abducted.[227] On 18 September, Nigerian military carried out an air operation against Boko Haram in Kassa Kura in Maiduguri. Sixteen insurgents were killed, 38 were arrested, their ammunition was seized. Several insurgents escaped with wounds.[228] On 19 September,Chadian military attacked Boko Haram in the village of Barkalam near the border with Nigeria, 15 Boko Haram fighters were killed in the fighting, 12 hostages were rescued. Boko Haram and Chadian military later clashed at Bilabrim where five insurgents were killed and two Chadian soldiers were wounded. On 20 September, Boko Haram ambushed a military convoy, killing 3 soldiers at the place and fatally wounding Colonel Dahiru Bako.[229] On 25 September, Boko Haram ambushed a military convoy accompanying government officials near Monguno town, killing 15; Eight policemen, three soldiers, and four Civilian Joint Task Force members.[230] On 26 September,Babagana Zulum and his convoy were attacked by Boko Haram near Baga. Zulum was unhurt but 30 people were killed in the attack; twelve policemen, five soldiers, four members of a government-backed militia and nine civilians. Many others were injured.[231] On 27 September, Islamic State militants attacked a convoy in Borno, killing 18 people.[232] On 29 September,Babagana Zulum's convoy noticed a donkey on the road and shot at it. After the donkey exploded, insurgents whoplanted a bomb on it came out of hiding and fired at them. Several of Boko Haram insurgents were killed in following shootout, while no one from Zulum's convoy was injured or killed. Vehicles of the convoy sustained bullet damage.[233]
Violence resurged in November. On 1 November, Boko Haram raided Takulashi village near Chibok; they came from Sambisa Forest. Anti-jihadist militia from Chibok mobilised in two trucks and attempted to defend the village but were outnumbered by insurgents who managed to seize one of their trucks. Twelve people were killed and seven civilians abducted.[234] On 9 November,Nigerian military carried out two operations against Boko Haram. In village of Buni Gari 5 Boko Haram insurgents were killed and several others were injured. Nigerian military also rescued four hostages held by Boko Haram in another operation.[235] On 21 November, Boko Haram ambushed a Nigerian military convoy between Jagiran and Monguno. Six soldiers were killed and 26 were injured in an ambush, several soldiers also went missing.[236] On 22 November, Convoy belonging togovernor of Borno,Babagana Zulum was attacked while he was traveling to meet with government officials in Baga. Seven soldiers and two civilians were killed in this ambush, but the governor was unhurt. His appointment was cancelled.[236] On 26 November, Boko Haram staged an attack on mainly Christian village of Gabass in Far North, Cameroon. Three civilians were killed and one was kidnapped. Boko Haram also attacked village of Guidi also in Far North region where they set five homes ablaze.[237] On 28 November, Boko Harammassacred about 110 farmers in Koshebe, Borno.[233]
December saw a rash of kidnappings, as well as violence focused around Christmas. On 11 December, Boko Haramabducted more than 330 secondary school students in Kankara, Katsina State. On 12 December, around 70 Boko Haram militants attacked village ofToumour in Niger at around 17:45GMT. At least 27 people were killed, and several others are missing or wounded. During the attack between 800 and 1000 houses,[238] the central market and various vehicles were burnt down. According to a local elected official nearly 60% of the village was destroyed by the attack which lasted 3 hours.[239] On 24 December, Boko Haram attacked the Christian village of Pemi in Borno. The attackers burnt 10 homes and looted food supplies that were meant to be distributed to residents to celebrateChristmas; they also took medical supplies from the village. Security officials warned that an attack on a Christian holiday is likely, so many residents managed to escape the attack. Nevertheless 11 civilians were killed including a Christian priest.[240] Also on Christmas Boko Haram kidnapped around 40loggers in Wulgo forest; three loggers were killed while trying to escape. Loggers from the village of Shehuri in Borno went to the forest but they did not return on the evening as they usually do. Next day local anti-jihadist militia leader mobilised a search party which went deep into the forest and recovered three bodies.[241] On 26 December, Boko Haram raided villages of Shafa, Azare, and Tashan Alade in Borno. Ten people were killed during the raids, seven of them being civilians, two policemen, and oneCJTF militiaman. Houses, shops, churches and one police station were burnt down during the raids.[242] On 28 December, A landmine planted by Boko Haram in Larothe Gomani village[243] killed four Nigerian soldiers. On 29 December, Seven hunters were killed and nine other were injured after their vehicle hit alandmine planted by Boko Haram near the village of Kayamla. They were recruited by the government to help fight against the jihadist groups, when their vehicle hit a landmine they were pursuing Boko Haram insurgents.[243]
Violence was mostly restricted to the first half of 2021.
January saw a rash of attacks. On 3 January,Multinational Joint Task Force carried a sweep aroundKolofata, during the fighting three Boko Haram insurgents were killed and two were captured.[244] Operation Tuka Takaibango was announced by Nigeria's military in early January.[245] On 4 January, at around 4 am three members of a local vigilance committee were shot dead by Boko Haram in Mayo Moskota area. A civilian was killed by Boko Haram in Kolofata area the same morning.[244] On 6 January, Boko Haram infiltrated in the town ofGeidam, Yobe. Insurgents were sighted at outskirts of Geidam at 1 pm. A rumour about insurgents spread through town soon and it caused regular activities to be disrupted for an hour and a half, after nothing happened people continued with their regular activities. Boko Haram insurgents gathered at strategic locations such as Geidam market with a coordinated plan at 5:30 pm, soon after they positioned at those locations they attacked the town. The insurgents abducted the District Head, injured several civilians and stole food and medical supplies. Police of the district later found two bodies in a burnt vehicle who they believe are members of Boko Haram.[245] On 7 January, Operation Tuka Takaibango was officially launched.[245] On 8 January, Boko Haram attacked village of Mozogo in Cameroon, many civilians tried to escape into a nearby forest. Afemale suicide bomber detonated herself during the attack, killing at least 14 civilians eight of those being children.[246][247] On 9 January, At least 28 Boko Haram insurgents were killed during clashes with Nigerian Army inGujba, while several other insurgents escaped, one Nigerian soldier was killed and one was injured, according to military spokesman of Nigeria.[248] On 11 January, ISWAP ambushed Nigerian military convoy in Gazagana village, killing 13 and injuring several others.[249] On 13 January, an ISWAP suicide bomber killed six Nigerian soldiers as they conducted a raid in the village of Talala, Borno.[250] On 14 January, ISWAP militants attacked Garin Gada village in Yobe, killing at least two civilians, whilst also raiding and looting food from the village.[251] On 17 January, seven IEDs were activated against a Nigerian Army convoy of APCs and other vehicles, escorted by a foot patrol in Gorgi, Borno. Over 30 soldiers were killed. Three vehicles were destroyed, and an armored vehicle, weapons and ammunition were seized.[252] On 18 January, ISIS operatives exchanged fire and activated several IEDs against Nigerian soldiers in Matari, about 50 km west of Maiduguri, the capital of Borno State. At least 20 soldiers were killed. Two ATVs were destroyed. In addition, two ATVs, an APC, weapons and ammunition were seized.[252] On 22 January, IS operatives ambushed and firedmachine guns at a Nigerian Army patrol in Borno. Seven soldiers were killed and others were wounded. In addition, an ATV, weapons and ammunition were seized.[253] On 31 January, two attacks took place in northern Nigeria. One in the village of Chabal, leaving two policemen dead and two abducted. The second attack occurred in Dikwa, resulting in the deaths of 2 soldiers and leaving two female police officers abducted.[254][255]
February saw increased action with government forces. On 5 February, it was reported that Nigerian troops backed by jets overran several camps of Boko Haram in theTimbuktu triangle, including the Dole camp. They also liberated Talala, which was seized in 2013 by militants and became their second largest camp, right behind the Lake Chad region. Besides Talala they also liberated Buk, Gorgi and overran camps in Kidari, Argude, Takwala, Chowalta and Galdekore. Two high-profile ISWAP commanders, Modu Sulum and Ameer Modu Borzogo, fled along with some fighters during intense fighting but several other commanders and fighters have been killed and many abducted hostages were rescued.[256] On 5 February, ISWAP operatives ambushed Nigerian soldiers in the Goniri region, near theNiger-Nigeria border. The two sides exchanged fire. Six soldiers were killed and a few others were wounded. The other soldiers fled. ISIS operatives seized vehicles, weapons and ammunition.[257] On 7 February, 'bandits' raided two villages in northwest Nigeria's Kaduna State, leading to the deaths of 19 people, according to the Nigerian government.[258] On 8 February, ISWAP operatives attacked a Nigerian Army checkpoint in Monguno, about 70 km from the Nigeria-Chad-Cameroon tri-border area. There was an exchange of fire. Three soldiers were killed and several others were wounded. ISIS operatives seized vehicles, weapons and ammunition.[257] On 9 February, a group of Nigerian soldiers was attacked between Jakana and Mainok, about 30 km west of Maiduguri. There was an exchange of fire. Seven soldiers were killed. In addition, two Nigerian Army vehicles were destroyed. ISIS operatives seized weapons left at the site.[259] On February 9, a Nigerian Army checkpoint was attacked in Geidam, Yobe, about 30 km from the Nigeria-Niger border. The sides exchanged fire. Four soldiers were killed, three were taken prisoner and the rest fled. ISIS operatives seized weapons left at the site and set fire to a Nigerian army vehicle.[259] On 11 February, Nigerian soldiers were ambushed in the suburbs of Monguno. An IED was activated against the soldiers, followed by an exchange of fire. Three soldiers were killed and several others were wounded. The rest fled. ISWAP operatives seized an ATV and weapons.[259] On 12 February, a force of a militia supporting the Nigerian Army was attacked in the village of Gur, about 150 km south of Maiduguri in northeastern Nigeria. There was an exchange of fire. Four militia fighters were killed. The ISWAP operatives set fire to four vehicles and houses belonging to the fighters.[259] On 15 February, a Nigerian Army compound was attacked inMarte, Borno, about 40 km east of the Nigeria-Cameroon border, in northeastern Nigeria. Ten soldiers were killed in the exchange of fire and several others were wounded. The other soldiers fled. ISIS operatives set fire to the compound, two tanks and a Nigerian army vehicle. They also seized three vehicles, weapons and ammunition.[259]
The second half of February was similarly violent. On 16 February, a group of Nigerian soldiers was attacked in a village in Borno. There was an exchange of fire. Four soldiers were killed and several others were wounded. The other soldiers fled. ISIS operatives seized weapons and ammunition.[259] Four policemen and seven civilians were killed during an ISWAP attack on the village of Bayamari village in Yobe.[260] An attack was carried out against the headquarters of a militia supporting the Nigerian Army in Gubio, Borno. There was an exchange of fire. Three soldiers were killed and several others were wounded. The other soldiers fled. ISIS operatives seized weapons and ammunition and set fire to vehicles.[261] On 17 February, a Nigerian Army convoy was ambushed and targeted by gunfire in the Karito region, near Lake Chad. Three soldiers were killed and several others were wounded in the exchange of fire. ISWAP operatives seized weapons and ammunition, and set fire to three vehicles.[261] On 19 February, an attack was carried out against a Nigerian Army camp inDikwa, about 50 km from the Nigeria-Cameroon border in Borno State. A total of 15 soldiers were killed in the exchange of fire and several others were wounded. The remaining soldiers fled, and ISWAP operatives seized four vehicles, weapons and ammunition. ISIS operatives set fire to the camp and to other vehicles. The camp taken over by ISWAP operatives is one of the largest Nigerian Army camps and that many residents left the area in the wake of the attack.[261] On 21 February, Boko Haram militants beheaded five people in an IDP camp in Borno.[262] On 23 February, Boko Haram militants stormed Maiduguri,killing at 10 people, firing rocket-propelled grenades in the city. This is the first attack of its kind there in years.[263] On 25 February, Gunmen on motorcycles stormed into several villages in Igabi and Chikun districts of Kaduna State, leaving at least 18 people dead.[264] On 26 February, a midnight attack on a secondary school in Zamfara resulted in at least279 schoolgirls being kidnapped.[265] On 28 February, ISWAP ambushed the convoy of the Commandant of Nigeria's counterinsurgency operation, Farouq Yahaya, killing at least two soldiers.[266]
The second half of the year was relatively peaceful. On 1 March, ISWAP took over the town of Dikwa for several hours after forcing government forces out of the settlement. Whilst in Dikwa, the militants attacked a Nigerian Army base killing six soldiers. The returned the next day killing another two soldiers.[267] ISWAP took over the town of Bukarti, Yobe. IS militants also attacked a Nigerian Army convoy near Geidam, Yobe. The attack left two Nigerian soldiers dead.[267] On 6 March, Boko Haram invaded Rumirgo community of Askira Uba local government area of Borno, killing two civilians and a security personnel and stole atanker vehicle loaded with petrol.[268] On 25 April, 31 Nigerian soldierswere killed in Mainok, Borno.[citation needed] On 19 – 20 May, ISWAPattacked and overran Boko Haram militants in the Sambisa Forest, Borno, and eventually captured the forest. The leader of Boko Haram Abubakar Shekau was killed during the fighting, reportedly using a suicide vest. The remaining Boko Haram loyalists rallied under Sahalaba who declared that they were not yet defeated.[33][269]
On 24 June, theUnited Nations Development Program released a report saying that the insurgency in Nigeria, as of the end of 2020, had killed around 350,000 people, by direct and indirect means.[270][85] On 4 July, ISWAP named new commanders and governors, including personnel in charge oftaxation.[271] On 29 October it was reported that Nigeria's army it had killed the new leader of ISWAP, Malam Bako, in a military operation this month, two weeks after announcing the death of the group's former head Abu Musab al-Barnawi.[272] On 6 November, non-IS sources claimed that ISWAP had elected Sani Shuwaram as new leading commander.[273] On 13 November, Nigerian Army Brigadier General Dzarma Zirkusu and three other Nigerian soldiers were killed in an ISWAP attack onAskira town in Borno State.[274] On 30 December, theMultinational Joint Task Force (MTJF) announced that six troops from Nigeria and Niger were killed and 16 wounded by ISWAP militants during an operation in December 2021 inBorno State. In the same operation, 22 militants were killed and 17 captured.[275]
2022 saw gains for Nigerian forces, including capturing or killing several top leaders.
Spring saw Nigerian forces kill a succession of insurgent leaders. On 18 February it was reported that Nigerian aircraft eliminated some terrorist kingpins including ISWAP Commander Mallam Buba Danfulani during a raid on Boko Haram/ISWAP terrorist's strongholds around the Tumbuns area in Lake Chad and Sambisa Forests surroundings. Five other commanders by the names of: Musa Amir Jaish, Mahd Maluma, Abu-Ubaida, Abu-Hamza and Abu-Nura umarun Leni were also killed.[276] On 16 March the leader of Jamā’at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da’wah wa’l-Jihād, a Boko Haram splinter group, Alhaji Ari-Difinoma, surrendered to troops.[277][278] On March 20 the new leader of ISWAP,Sani Shuwaram, and other terrorists were killed in airstrikes.[279] On 9 April ISWAP commander Abubakar Dan-Buduma and other terrorists were killed in Operations by the MNJTF.[280] On May 14 it was reported that MNJTF airstrikes killed two prominent ISWAP leaders, Bako Gorgore and Aba-Ibrahim in Lake Chad. On May 15 it was reported that Boko Haram commander Abubakar Sarki and several terrorists were killed during a clash with the Nigerian army in the Sambisa Forest.[281] On May 23 Boko Haram fighters killed around 40 farmers.[282] On May 30 the MNJTF troops from Nigeria and Chad, alongside Operation HADIN KAI, stormed the general area of Tumbun Rago, Tumbun Dilla and Jamina settlements and succeeded in eliminating over 25 terrorists. The troops also recovered one AK-47 rifle, one anti-aircraft gun, and hundreds of assorted ammunition.[283]
In June, a group of hunters ambushed and killed a Boko Haram commander and his deputy while wounding several of their escaping fighters.[284] On 1 June a rivalry clash between ISWAP and the Jamā’at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da’wah wa’l-Jihād led to the killing of a commander by the name Ummate Ma, and scores of his fighters.[285] On 5 June members of theIslamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP) attackedSt Francis Xavier Catholic Church in Owo town in Ondo State, Nigeria, (located 345 kilometres (215 miles) east ofLagos) killing at least 50 parishioners and injuring a further 87 congregants.[286][287][288] On 7 June it was reported that the MNJTF said it killed 805 jihadis on Lake Chad's islands and neighboring areas between March 28 and June 4.
August saw further successes against insurgents. On 3 August it was reported that military airstrikes killed Boko Haram commander Alhaji Modu and 27 other terrorists on Mandara Mountain in Gwoza local government area of Borno State.[289] On 6 August Abdulkarim Faca-Faca, who was among the masterminds of the attack on President Muhammadu Buhari's advance convoy to Katsina, was killed along with eight of his gang members by air strikes.[290] On 10 August it was reported that bombardments by two Nigerian Air Force fighter jets had killed many terrorists, among them a terrorist leader, operating in Kaduna State, Alhaji Shanono. According to a military source, the terrorists were caught off guard during a battle between ISWAP and Boko Haram.[291] On 16 August the Chadian army said it killed ten Boko Haram terrorists during clashes around Bol in the Lake Chad area.[292] On 23 August troops of the Nigerian Air Force bombarded the enclave of an ISWAP leader, Fiya Ba Yuram, in the Sambisa forest. The airstrikes hit some specific targets in the Tunbuns and Sambisa, reportedly killing scores of terrorists hiding in the enclaves.[293] On 26 August it was reported that terrorists commander Uzaifa was killed in an air raid on criminal enclaves in Sambisa Forest and the Tumbuns in Borno State.[294] Between 30 and 31 August Nigerian fighter jets reportedly killed 49 Boko Haram fighters in separate camps.[295]
On 1 September 70 suspected Boko Haram members drowned in a river while trying to escape air bombardment in Sheruri village, Borno state.[296] On 5 September it was reported that Nigerian troops and aircraft killed 200 Boko Haram terrorists including five commanders by the names of Abou Hauwa, Amir Shettima, Akura Buri, Abou Zainab and Abou Idris.[297] On September 12 top Boko Haram commander and chief executioner, Bashir Bulabuduwaye, surrendered to the Nigerian army.[298] On November 23,dozens of soldiers were reportedly killed near Lake Chad.[299]
2023 was relatively quiet, seeing limited insurgent activity.
On 28 March it was reported that Boko Haram's chief bomb maker, Awana Gaidam, was killed by his own IED.[300]
On 18 September it was reported that a group of terrorists held peace talks with people from the Fankama village in Katsina state.[301]
Two attacks on 30 and 31 October in theGeidam district of theYobe State killed at least 37 people. The first attack was a shooting that killed 17. The second attack was executed with a land mine, which killed at least 20 people attending the burials of the victims of the shooting.[302]
On 1 November and 3 November, inOperation Hadarin Daji, the Nigerian air force carried out numerous airstrikes against Boko Haram hideouts, destroying two bases and killing several terrorists.[303]
In the beginning of 2024, theIslamic State announced the beginning of a campaign called "kill them wherever you find them". This campaign lasted from January 1 until January 10 and saw a rise of attacks claimed byISWAP on Nigerian territory.[304]
On February 3,Islamic State – West Africa Province killed 4 policemen at Nganzai Local Government Area of Borno State. A security spokesperson who witnessed the massacre commented on the event saying "Some of the police officers were also lucky to have survived the onslaught of the terror attack, but the unfortunate four officers paid the supreme price while on active duty". The terrorists left the area before the Nigerian military could arrive.[305]
On June 29, at least 32 people were killed in attacks thought to have been carried out by female suicide bombers in the northeast Nigerian town of Gwoza.[306][307]
On July 31, at least 19 people were killed in a suicide attack by Boko Haram at a market in Konduga, Borno State.[308] On August 22, Suspected Boko Haram gunmen killed 13 farmers in Shirore.[309]
Open Doors estimates that 4,118 Christians were killed for their faith in Nigeria in 2024, the highest number globally.[310]
On June 21, 2025, a suspected female suicide bomber killed at least 12 people and injured 30 others at a Friday night fish market inBorno state.[311]
On September 5, 2025, 63 people are killed, including sevensoldiers, and others are reported missing in attacks byBoko Haramjihadists in Darul Jamal,Borno State, Nigeria.[312]
In October 2025, Boko Haram seized the Nigerian border town of Kirawa in Borno State, burning the district head's palace, a military barracks and dozens of homes and forcing more than 5,000 people to flee intoneighbouring Cameroon. Residents described Kirawa as deserted and under insurgent control, an attack that followed recent overruns of army positions in the region and prompted calls for urgent military reinforcements.[313]
Between November 5 and 8, 2025, Boko Haram fighterslaunched a naval invasion againstISWAP bases across the various islands in Lake Chad. The attacks were led by Hassan Buduma and Mohd Hassan.[314] Clashes have left at least 4 Boko Haram attackers dead and 200 ISWAP members killed.[315]
The North was made up ofSahelian states distinguished by a deep-rooted Islamic tradition that had shaped their cultural and political identity for centuries. These were feudal and conservative, with rigid caste and class systems and large slave populations.[316] Furthermore, the North failed until 1936 to outlaw slavery.[317] Possibly due to geographical factors, many (but not necessarily all) southern tribes, particularly those on the coast, had made contact with Europeans – unlike the North, which was engaged mainly with the Arab world and not Europe. Due to the system ofindirect rule, the British were happy to pursue a limited course of engagement with the Emirs.[citation needed]
While traditionalist elites in the North remained wary of Western education,[318][319][320] their Southern counterparts frequently embraced it—often sending their sons overseas to study. In time, a considerable developmental and educational gap grew between the South and the North.[321] Even in 2014, Northern states still lagged behind in literacy, school attendance and educational achievement.[322]
Chris Kwaja, a Nigerian university lecturer and researcher, asserted in 2011 that "religious dimensions of the conflict have been misconstrued as the primary driver of violence when, in fact, disenfranchisement and inequality are the root causes". Nigeria, he pointed out, has laws giving regional political leaders the power to qualify people as 'indigenes' (original inhabitants) or not. It determines whether citizens can participate in politics, own land, obtain a job, or attend school. The system is abused widely to ensure political support and to exclude others. Muslims have often been denied indigene-ship certificates disproportionately.[323]
Nigerian opposition leader Buba Galadima said in 2012: "What is really a group engaged in class warfare is being portrayed in government propaganda as terrorists in order to win counter-terrorism assistance from the West."[324]
The conflict has seen numerous human rights abuses conducted by the Nigerian security forces, in an effort to control the violence,[325] as well as their encouragement of the formation of numerous vigilante groups (for example, theCivilian Joint Task Force).
Amnesty International accused the Nigerian government ofhuman rights abuses after 950 suspected Boko Harām militants died in detention facilities run by Nigeria's military Joint Task Force in the first half of 2013.[326] As of early 2016, according to Amnesty International, at least 8,000 detainees have died in detention facilities operated by the security services.[327] Furthermore, the Nigerian government has been accused of incompetence and supplying misinformation about events in more remote areas.
Boko Haram has kidnapped large numbers of children on several occasions. This has led to Boko Haram members physically, psychologically and sexually abusing them, using and selling them assex slaves and/or brides offorced marriages with their fighters.[328] – the most famous example being theChibok kidnapping in 2014. In addition to kidnapping child brides,Human Rights Watch has stated that Boko Haram uses child soldiers.[329] According to an anonymous source working on peace talks with the group, up to 40 percent of the fighters in the group are underage soldiers.[330] The group has forcibly converted non-Muslims to Islam,[331] and is also known to assign non-Kanuris on suicide missions.[332]
A major problem faced by local governments is the rehabilitation of captured or surrendered militants, as these are generally suspected by officials and civilians to still hold connections to the rebels and pose a security risk. As result, ex-rebels are often ostracized, which in turn increases the risk of them rejoining the insurgency. Cameroon has planned to construct rehab centers for Boko Haram fighters which are supposed to teach them useful skills to get jobs, and to de-radicalise them. However, as of February 2019, no such centers had been built due to a lack of funding.[333]
The insurgence can be seen in the context of other conflicts nearby, for example in the North of Mali. The Boko Harām leadership has international connections toAl-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb,Al-Shabaab, theMovement for Unity and Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO),Mokhtar Belmokhtar's factions, and other militant groups outside Nigeria.[334] In 2014,Nigerian President, Goodluck Jonathan even went so far as calling Boko Harām "al-Qaeda in West Africa".[335] By 2012, attacks by Nigerian Islamist militias on targets beyond Nigeria's borders were still limited,[336] and should not be confused with the activities of other groups (for example, the responsibility of AQIM for most attacks in Niger). Despite this, there were concerns that conflict could spread to Nigeria's neighbours, especially Cameroon, where it existed at a relatively low level until 2014, subsequently escalating considerably. It should also be noted there are combatants from neighboring Chad and Niger.[337] In 2015, Boko Haram swore allegiance toIS.[68]
On 17 May 2014, the presidents of Benin, Chad, Cameroon, Nigeria and Niger met for a summit in Paris and agreed to combat Boko Harām on a coordinated basis, sharing in particular surveillance and intelligence gathering. Goodluck Jonathan[338] andChadian counterpart,Idriss Deby[38] have both declared total war on Boko Harām. Western nations, including Britain, France, Israel, and the United States had also pledged support including technical expertise and training.[339][340]The New York Times reported in March 2015 that hundreds ofprivate military contractors from South Africa and other countries are playing a decisive role in Nigeria's military campaign, operating attack helicopters and armored personnel carriers and assisting in the planning of operations.[45]
Media related toBoko Haram insurgency at Wikimedia Commons
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