48°52′N2°15′E / 48.86°N 2.25°E /48.86; 2.25
TheBois de Boulogne (French pronunciation:[bwɑd(ə)bulɔɲ], "Boulogne woodland") is a large public park that is the western half of the16th arrondissement of Paris, near the suburb ofBoulogne-Billancourt andNeuilly-sur-Seine. The land was ceded to the city of Paris by the EmperorNapoleon III to be turned into a public park in 1852.[1]
It is the second-largest park in Paris, slightly smaller than theBois de Vincennes on the eastern side of the city. It covers an area of 845 hectares (2088 acres),[2] which is about two and a half times the area ofCentral Park inNew York, slightly larger thanPhoenix Park inDublin,[3] and slightly smaller thanRichmond Park inLondon.
Within the boundaries of the Bois de Boulogne are anEnglish landscape garden with several lakes and a cascade; two smaller botanical and landscape gardens, theChâteau de Bagatelle and the Pré-Catelan; a zoo and amusement park in theJardin d'Acclimatation;GoodPlanet Foundation's Domaine de Longchamp dedicated to ecology and humanism, theJardin des Serres d'Auteuil, a complex of greenhouses holding a hundred thousand plants; two tracks forhorse racing, theHippodrome de Longchamp and theAuteuil Hippodrome;Stade Roland Garros where theFrench Open tennis tournament is held each year, theLouis Vuitton Foundation art museum and cultural center,[4] and other attractions.
The Bois de Boulogne is a remnant of the ancientoak forest of Rouvray, which included the present-day forests of Montmorency, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Chaville, and Meudon.[5]Dagobert I hunted bears, deer, and other game in the forest. His grandson,Childeric II, gave the forest to the monks of theAbbey of Saint-Denis, who founded several monastic communities there.Philip Augustus (1180–1223) bought back the main part of the forest from the monks to create a royal hunting reserve. In 1256,Isabelle de France, sister ofSaint-Louis, founded theLongchamp Abbey at the site of the present hippodrome.[6]
The Bois received its present name from a chapel, Notre Dame de Boulogne la Petite, which was built in the forest at the command ofPhilip IV of France (1268–1314). In 1308, Philip made a pilgrimage to Boulogne-sur-Mer, on the French coast, to see a statue of theVirgin Mary which was reputed to inspire miracles. He decided to build a church with a copy of the statue in a village in the forest not far from Paris, in order to attract pilgrims. The chapel was built after Philip's death between 1319 and 1330, in what is nowBoulogne-Billancourt.[7]
During theHundred Years' War, the forest became a sanctuary for robbers and sometimes a battleground. In 1416–17, the soldiers ofJohn the Fearless, the Duke of Burgundy, burned part of the forest in their successful campaign to capture Paris. UnderLouis XI, the trees were replanted, and two roads were opened through the forest.
In 1526, KingFrancis I of France began a royal residence, theChâteau de Madrid, in the forest in what is now Neuilly and used it for hunting and festivities. It took its name from a similar palace in Madrid, where Francis had been held prisoner for several months. The Château was rarely used by later monarchs, fell into ruins in the 18th century, and was demolished after theFrench Revolution.
Despite its royal status, the forest remained dangerous for travellers; the scientist and travellerPierre Belon was murdered by thieves in the Bois de Boulogne in 1564.[8]
During the reigns ofHenry II andHenry III, the forest was enclosed within a wall with eight gates.Henry IV planted 15,000mulberry trees, with the hope of beginning a local silk industry. When Henry annulled his marriage toMarguerite de Valois, she went to live in theChâteau de la Muette, on the edge of the forest.[9]
In the early 18th century, wealthy and important women often retired to the convent of the Abbey of Longchamp, located where the hippodrome now stands. A famous opera singer of the period, Madmoiselle Le Maure, retired there in 1727 but continued to give recitals inside the Abbey, even duringHoly Week. These concerts drew large crowds and irritated the Archbishop of Paris, who closed the Abbey to the public.[6]
Louis XVI and his family used the forest as a hunting ground and pleasure garden. In 1777, his brother theComte d'Artois built a charming miniature palace, theChâteau de Bagatelle, in the Bois in just 64 days, on a wager from his sister-in-law,Marie Antoinette. Louis XVI also opened the walled park to the public for the first time.
On 21 November 1783,Pilâtre de Rozier and theMarquis d'Arlandes took off from the Château de la Muette in a hot air balloon made by theMontgolfier brothers. Previous flights had carried animals or had been tethered to the ground; this was the first manned free flight in history. The balloon rose to a height of 910 meters (3000 feet), was in the air for 25 minutes, and covered nine kilometers.[10]
Following the defeat ofNapoleon in 1814, 40,000 soldiers of the British and Russian armies camped in the forest. Thousands of trees were cut down to build shelters and for firewood.
From 1815 until theFrench Second Republic, the Bois was largely empty, an assortment of bleak ruined meadows and tree stumps where the British and Russians had camped and dismal stagnant ponds.[11]
The Bois de Boulogne was the idea ofNapoleon III, shortly after he staged a coup d'état and elevated himself from the President of the French Republic to Emperor of the French in 1852. When Napoleon III became Emperor, Paris had only four public parks - theTuileries Gardens, theLuxembourg Garden, thePalais-Royal, and theJardin des Plantes - all in the center of the city. There were no public parks in the rapidly growing east and west of the city. During his exile in London, he had been particularly impressed byHyde Park, by its lakes and streams and its popularity with Londoners of all social classes. Therefore, he decided to build two large public parks on the eastern and western edges of the city where both the rich and ordinary people could enjoy themselves.[12]
These parks became an important part of the plan for the reconstruction of Paris drawn up by Napoleon III and his new Prefect of the Seine, BaronGeorges-Eugène Haussmann. The Haussmann plan called for improving the city's traffic circulation by building new boulevards; improving the city's health by building a new water distribution system and sewers; and creating green spaces and recreation for Paris' rapidly growing population. In 1852, Napoleon donated the land for the Bois de Boulogne and for the Bois de Vincennes, which both belonged officially to him. Additional land in the plain of Longchamp, the site of the Château de Madrid, the Château de Bagatelle, and its gardens were purchased and attached to the proposed park, so it could extend all the way to the Seine. Construction was funded out of the state budget, supplemented by selling building lots along the north end of the Bois, inNeuilly.[13]
Napoleon III was personally involved in planning the new parks. He insisted that the Bois de Boulogne should have a stream and lakes, like Hyde Park in London. "We must have a stream here, as in Hyde Park," he observed while driving through the Bois, "to give life to this arid promenade".[14]
The first plan for the Bois de Boulogne was drawn up by the architectJacques Hittorff, who, under KingLouis Philippe I, had designed thePlace de la Concorde, and the landscape architect Louis-Sulpice Varé, who had designedFrench landscape gardens at several famous châteaux. Their plan called for long straight alleys in patterns crisscrossing the park, and, as the Emperor had asked, lakes and a long stream similar to the Serpentine in Hyde Park.
Varé bungled the assignment. He failed to take into account the difference in elevation between the beginning of the stream and the end; if his plan had been followed, the upper part of the stream would have been empty, and the lower portion flooded. When Haussmann saw the partially finished stream, he saw the problem immediately and had the elevations measured. He dismissed the unfortunate Varé and Hittorff, and designed the solution himself; an upper lake and a lower lake, divided by an elevated road, which serves as a dam, and a cascade which allows the water to flow between the lakes. This is the design still seen today.[15]
In 1853, Haussmann hired an experienced engineer from the corps of Bridges and Highways,Jean-Charles Adolphe Alphand, whom he had worked with in his previous assignment in Bordeaux, and made him the head of a new Service of Promenades and Plantations, in charge of all the parks in Paris. Alphand was charged to make a new plan for the Bois de Boulogne. Alphand's plan was radically different from the Hittorff-Varé plan. While it still had two long straight boulevards, the Allée Reine Marguerite and the Avenue Longchamp, all the other paths and alleys curved and meandered. The flat Bois de Boulogne was to be turned into an undulating landscape of lakes, hills, islands, groves, lawns, and grassy slopes, not a reproduction of but an idealization of nature. It became the prototype for the other city parks of Paris and then for city parks around the world.[16]
The building of the park was an enormous engineering project which lasted for five years. The upper and lower lakes were dug, and the earth piled into islands and hills. Rocks were brought from Fontainbleau and combined with concrete to make the cascade and an artificial grotto.
The pumps from the Seine could not provide enough water to fill the lakes and irrigate the park, so a new channel was created to bring the water of theOurcq River, from Monceau to the upper lake in the Bois, but this was not enough. An artesian well 586 meters deep was eventually dug in the plain of Passy which could produce 20,000 cubic meters of water a day. This well went into service in 1861.[17]
The water then had to be distributed around the park to water the lawns and gardens; the traditional system of horse-drawn wagons with large barrels of water would not be enough. A system of 66 kilometers of pipes was laid, with a faucet every 30 or 40 meters, a total of 1600 faucets.
Alphand also had to build a network of roads, paths, and trails to connect the sights of the park. The two long straight alleys from the old park were retained, and his workers built an additional 58 kilometers of roads paved with stones for carriages, 12 kilometers of sandy paths for horses, and 25 kilometers of dirt trails for walkers. As a result of Louis Napoléon's exile in London and his memories of Hyde Park, all the new roads and paths were curved and meandering.[17]
The planting of the park was the task of the new chief gardener and landscape architect of the Service of Promenades and Plantations,Jean-Pierre Barillet-Deschamps, who had also worked with Haussmann and Alphand in Bordeaux. His gardeners planted 420,000 trees, includinghornbeam,beech,linden,cedar,chestnut, andelm, and hardy exotic species, likeredwoods. They planted 270 hectares of lawns, with 150 kilograms of seed per hectare, and thousands of flowers. To make the forest more natural, they brought 50 deer to live in and around the Pré-Catelan.
The park was designed to be more than a collection of picturesque landscapes; it was meant as a place for amusement and recreation, with sports fields, bandstands, cafes, shooting galleries, riding stables, boating on the lakes, and other attractions. In 1855,Gabriel Davioud, a graduate ofEcole des Beaux-Arts, was named the chief architect of the new Service of Promenades and Plantations. He was commissioned to design 24 pavilions and chalets, plus cafes, gatehouses, boating docks, and kiosks. He designed the gatehouses where the guardians of the park lived to look like rustic cottages. He had a real Swiss chalet built out of wood in Switzerland and transported to Paris, where it was reassembled on an island in the lake and became a restaurant. He built another restaurant next to the park's most picturesque feature, the Grand Cascade. He designed artificial grottoes made of rocks and concrete, and bridges and balustrades made of concrete painted to look like wood. He also designed all the architectural details of the park, from cone-shaped shelters designed to protect horseback riders from the rain to the park benches and direction signs.[18]
At the south end of the park, in the Plain of Longchamp, Davioud restored the ruined windmill which was the surviving vestige of the Abbey of Longchamp, and, working with the Jockey Club of Paris, constructed the grandstands of the Hippodrome of Longchamp, which opened in 1857.
At the northern end of the park, between the Sablons gate and Neuilly, a 20-hectare section of the park was given to the Societé Imperiale zoologique d'Acclimatation, to create a small zoo and botanical garden, with an aviary of rare birds and exotic plants and animals from around the world.
In March 1855, an area in the center of the park, called the Pré-Catelan, was leased to a concessionaire for a garden and amusement park. It was built on the site of a quarry where the gravel and sand for the park's roads and paths had been dug out. It included a large circular lawn surrounded by trees, grottos, rocks, paths, and flower beds. Davioud designed a buffet, a marionette theater, a photography pavilion, stables, a dairy, and other structures. The most original feature was the Théâtre des fleurs, an open-air theater in a setting of trees and flowers. Later, an ice skating rink and shooting gallery were added. The Pré-Catelan was popular for concerts and dances, but it had continual financial difficulties and eventually went bankrupt. The floral theater remained in business until the beginning of theFirst World War, in 1914.[19]
The garden-building team assembled by Haussmann of Alphand, Barrillet-Deschamps and Davioud went on to build TheBois de Vincennes,Parc MonceauParc Montsouris, and theParc des Buttes-Chaumont, using the experience and aesthetics they had developed in the Bois de Boulogne. They also rebuilt the Luxembourg gardens and the gardens of the Champs- Elysees, created smaller squares and parks throughout the center of Paris, and planted thousands of trees along the new boulevards that Haussmann had created. In the 17 years of Napoleon III's reign, they planted no less than 600,000 trees and created a total 1,835 hectares of green space in Paris, more than any other ruler of France before or since.[20] By 1867 theBaedeker Guide described it as "once a forest abounding with game, the resort of duellists and suicides and the haunt of bandits ... now a delightful park".[21]
During theFranco-Prussian War (1870–71), which led to the downfall of Napoleon III and the long siege of Paris, the park suffered some damage from German artillery bombardment, the restaurant of the Grand Cascade was turned into a field hospital, and many of the park's animals and wild fowl were eaten by the hungry population. In the years following, however, the park quickly recovered.
The Bois de Boulogne became a popular meeting place and promenade route for Parisians of all classes. The alleys were filled with carriages, coaches, and horseback riders, and later with men and women on bicycles, and then with automobiles. Families having picnics filled the woods and lawns, and Parisians rowed boats on the lake, while the upper classes were entertained in the cafes. The restaurant of the Pavillon de la Grand Cascade became a popular spot for Parisian weddings. During the winter, when the lakes were frozen, they were crowded with ice skaters.[22]
The activities of Parisians in the Bois, particularly the long promenades in carriages around the lakes, were often portrayed in French literature and art in the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. Scenes set in the park appeared inNana byÉmile Zola and inL'Éducation sentimentale byGustave Flaubert.[20] In the last pages ofDu côté de chez Swann inÀ la recherche du temps perdu (1914),Marcel Proust minutely described a walk around the lakes taken as a child.[23] The life in the park was also the subject of the paintings of many artists, includingÉdouard Manet,Pierre-Auguste Renoir, andVincent van Gogh, andMary Cassatt.[24]
In 1860, Napoleon opened theJardin d'Acclimatation, a separate concession of 20 hectares at the north end of the park; it included a zoo and a botanical garden, as well as an amusement park. Between 1877 and 1912, it also served as the home of what was called an ethnological garden, a place where groups of the inhabitants of faraway countries were put on display for weeks at a time in reconstructed villages from their homelands. They were mostly Sub-Saharan Africans, North Africans, or South American Indians, and came mostly from the French colonies in Africa and South America, but also included natives of Lapland and Cossacks from Russia. These exhibitions were extremely popular and took place not only in Paris, but also in Germany, England, and at the Chicago Exposition in the United States; but they were also criticized at the time and later as being a kind of "human zoo". Twenty-two of these exhibits were held in the park in the last quarter of the 19th century. About ten more were held in the 20th century, with the last one taking place in 1931.
In 1905, a grand new restaurant in the classical style was built in the Pré-Catelan by architectGuillaume Tronchet. Like the cafe at the Grand Cascade, it became a popular promenade destination for the French upper classes.[25]
At the1900 Summer Olympics, the land hosted thecroquet andtug of war events.[26][27] During the1924 Summer Olympics, the equestrian events took place in theAuteuil Hippodrome.
The Bois de Boulogne hosted all rowing teams participating in theInter-Allied Games, held in Paris in 1919 following the end of World War One.[28]
The Bois de Boulogne was officially annexed by the city of Paris in 1929 and incorporated into the 16th arrondissement.
Soon afterWorld War II, the park began to come back to life. In 1945, it held its first motor race after the war: the Paris Cup. In 1953, a British group, Les Amis de la France, created the Shakespeare Garden on the site of the old floral theater in the Pré-Catelan.[25]
From 1952 until 1986, the Duke of Windsor, formerly KingEdward VIII, and his wife,Wallis Simpson, the Duchess of Windsor, lived in theVilla Windsor, a house in the Bois de Boulogne behind the garden of the Bagatelle. The house was (and still is) owned by the City of Paris and was leased to the couple. The Duke died in this house in 1972, and the Duchess died there in 1986. The lease was purchased byMohamed al-Fayed, the owner of the Ritz Hotel in Paris. The house was visited briefly byDiana, Princess of Wales and her companion,Dodi Fayed, on 31 August 1997, the day that they died in a traffic accident in the Alma tunnel.[29]
In the 21st century, Bois de Boulogne has become known as acrime hotspot.[30]
On weekends, the Bois de Boulogne is full of activities such as biking, jogging, boat rowing, horseback and pony rides, and remote control speed boats. Picnics are permitted in most parts of the park, but barbecues are not allowed.
The Bois de Boulogne hosts several races, like the 10 km (6.2 mi) of Boulogne and the Boulogne half marathon. Since its creation, the last part of the Paris marathon ends by crossing the Bois de Boulogne from 35 km (22 mi). Boulogne Wood is an important place of running in Paris.
The Bois holds a three-day weekend party in the month of July, with over 50 bands and singers, attended mostly by students who camp out overnight.
Though soliciting forprostitution is illegal in France, at night-time parts of the Bois de Boulogne are a popular rendezvous place for prostitutes, usually working in vans parked by the side of the road. The practice persists despite some French government efforts to eliminate this business from the park.[31]
Bois de Boulogne is home to manyred squirrels. They are protected by law in France, and dogs are required to be kept on leads in the park to ensure the safety of the squirrels.
The Bois de Boulogne contains two artificial lakes and eight artificial ponds, connected by three artificial streams. They receive their water from a canal drawn from Ourq River and from artesian wells inPassy. The water arrives in theLac Superieur (Upper Lake), built in 1852 and located near the Hippodrome de Auteil, then flows by gravity to theGrand Cascade and then to theLac Inferieur, orLower Lake.
Within the Bois de Boulogne, there are several separate botanical and floral gardens, and gardens of amusement.
There is a seven-hectarecampground in the Bois de Boulogne, Camping Indigo Paris, with five hundred and ten sites ("pitches") for travellers with tents, caravans and camping cars.[34] Reservations can be made in advance, online.[35] Mobile home rentals are also available by reservation.[36]
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