| Bohus Fortress | |
|---|---|
| Kungälv,Sweden | |
 Bohus Fortress | |
| Site information | |
| Controlled by | Sweden, previously byNorway,Kalmar Union andDenmark–Norway |
 | |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1308 |
| In use | 1308-1783 |
| Materials | Granite, brick, wood |
Bohus Fortress lies inKungälv,Bohuslän,Sweden, north east fromHisingen where theGöta river splits into two branches (20 km (12 mi) north ofGothenburg). It commands the surrounding area from a cliff 40 m (130 ft) high, with the river forming a natural moat around it.[1] The fortress used to be situated along the oldNorwegian–Swedish border.
The construction of Bohus Fortress (Norwegian:Båhus festning,Swedish:Bohus fästning) began in 1308 under KingHaakon V Magnuson,king of Norway from 1299 to 1319.[2][3] Håkon V also initiated construction ofNorwegian fortresses atAkershus andVardøhus as part of a broader defensive policy. At the timeBohuslän (Båhuslen) was Norwegian territory and served as the main Norwegian defence against Sweden,[4] along the coast as well as the strong point for the Bohuslän region from 1308 to 1658.
According to architectGuthorm Kavli:
By 1310, records show it was constructed, as normal for that period, out of granite and brick, perhaps under the guidance of Count Jacob ofHalland. By 1450, it included a continuous surrounding wall, 3 metres thick at the base, with a height which varied from 8.5 to 13.5 metres, varying with the terrain. It was approximately rectangular, with four rectangular corner towers. At the eastern end there was a brick tower, and in the centre of the west side a gate house and drawbridge. Along the inside of the surrounding wall buildings were located which among other things included the 'Kings hall', the castle commander's residence, the chapel, the guardroom, the barracks and the kitchen. The fortress had secure vaulted positions, partly cut into the mountain, and beyond that strong outer-works. At the time Båhus was Norway's strongest fortress. The approaches were very difficult and the area to be defended was small, only 250 x 150 metres, so it did not require a large defensive force.[5]
The fortress was attacked or besieged 14 times, but was never captured.[4] During theNorthern Seven Years' War, in 1563–1570, it was seriously damaged. This occurred in 1566, when Swedish forces successfully stormed the 'Red Tower' in the northeast of the fortress. Two men from the garrison volunteered to detonate the tower's magazine, causing a massive explosion (the "Bohus Bang") which killed hundreds of Swedish soldiers and thwarted the attack. As a reward the family of one of the volunteers received a piece of land which is still owned by his descendants.
The Norwegians rebuilt the fortress of stone and brick, and reinforced it substantially. The reconstruction immediately after the war was directed by Hans Paaske (Påske) from theNetherlands. On 1 January 1590James VI of Scotland and his wifeAnne of Denmark came to Bohus.[6] They gave Henrik Gyldenstierne, Captain of Bohus, a ring and a gold chain worth 3,000Danish dalers. Gyldenstierne gave James a firearm and a sword.[7]
In 1593–1604, similar to the construction then undertaken atAkershus inOslo, Bohus was upgraded to abastion fortress. A new outer fortification was raised. This construction was one of the early works ofHans van Steenwinckel, also from the Netherlands, who later became noted for hisDutchRenaissance style design in Denmark.
As Swedish invasions continuously threatened Norwegian Båhuslen during this time period, the improvement of the fortifications went on for years. For example, starting in the summer of 1651 and until the autumn of 1652, the Dutch engineer Isaac van Geelkerck supervised the construction of two corner towers along the south façade and a new ring wall that was constructed around thearsenal building.
Under the terms of theTreaty of Roskilde in 1658,Denmark–Norway ceded the Danish provinces ofScania,Blekinge andHalland (the latter was agreed to belong to Sweden for a period of 30 years after the Peace of Brömsebro, but was given to Sweden permanently in the treaty of Roskilde) and the Norwegian provincesTrøndelag andBohuslän (including the Bohus Fortress).[8]
After anunsuccessful attempt to recapture the fortress in 1676, a Norwegian army under the command ofUlrik Frederik Gyldenløve returned in June 1678 andbesieged it again. Some 850 defenders faced 16.000 attackers, who fired 20-30.000 iron gun shots, 2265 "bombs" with chemical and biological content, 384 explosive grenades, 384 "great stone boulders", 161 glowing fire shots, 79 sacks filled with grenades and 600 "great mortar rounds". Also a number of mines was exploded under the outer walls. After six weeks of constant battering, the fortress was saved by an approaching Swedish detachment. At this time, there was 400 survivors in the fortress, 300 dead, and 120 wounded "who had their arms and legs shot off". The fortress itself was almost completely ruined and the repairs went on for some 50–70 years, but with small financial support and only the most important work was done.
After Denmark–Norway ceded the territory which included Bohus Fortress,Fredriksten Fortress was constructed inFredrikshald on the newly established Norwegian-Swedish border.
Since the Bohus Fortress no longer lay on the border, it was of small use to Sweden,[8] which relied on the existingNew Älvsborg atGothenburg and the newCarlsten Fortress built atMarstrand.
Instead the fortress was used as a prison. The most noted prisoner was the radicalpietistThomas Leopold, who spent 42 years of his life behind bars, 32 of those at Bohus, for his alleged heresies. His stone-clad cell still exists in the castle.[8]
In the tower Fars Hatt, the original dungeon is still visible from above. A report from the 18th century states this as "a great depth, which has a floor of an iron net, upon which the delinquent has to walk and sleep. The floor accepts all their faeces, but then returns an unbearable stench, that soon makes the poor prisoner confess whatever crime he has committed". In those days, you were only put in prison until you confessed - then you got your immediate punishment: fine, shame, dismembering or death. Today the floor is more forgiving, but it still gives you a hint on what it might have been to sit "in the tower".
In the tower of Sven Hall, an old medieval dungeon has also been discovered, but it is hardly visible today. Probably it was no better than the one mentioned above, since evidence suggest that it was along the sewer exit from the fortress. Today it can be reached only by professionals, and is not visible except from the small daylight opening.
At the end of the 18th century, it was decided that the now unused fortress should be demolished. Demolition crews worked at the fortress for two months, after that the money allocated for the job had run out. Residents of the nearby town ofKungälv used the dressed stone from the fortress to build houses.[8] However, much of the fortress is still intact, including the large northern tower,Fars hatt ("Father's hat"). As of 2015[update], the fortress is a museum open to visitors during summer.[9]
57°51′42″N11°59′58″E / 57.86167°N 11.99944°E /57.86167; 11.99944