| Bohemian Grove | |
|---|---|
 The Owl Shrine covered in moss, standing among trees behind a stage at one edge of a man-made pond, Bohemian Grove | |
 Interactive map of Bohemian Grove | |
| Location | 20601 Bohemian Avenue Monte Rio, California, United States |
| Coordinates | 38°28′05″N123°00′10″W / 38.46809°N 123.00267°W /38.46809; -123.00267 |
| Elevation | 991 feet (302 m) |
| Land | 2,700 acres (1,100 ha) |
| Annual attendance | about 2,500 |
| Operated by | Bohemian Club |
| Established | 1878 (1878) |
TheBohemian Grove is a restricted 2,700-acre (1,100-hectare) campground inMonte Rio, California. Founded in 1878, it belongs to a privategentlemen's club known as theBohemian Club. In mid-July each year, the Bohemian Grove hosts a more than two-week encampment of some of the most prominent men in the world.[1][2]
The tradition of a summer encampment was established six years after the Bohemian Club was formed in 1872.[2]Henry "Harry" Edwards, a stage actor and founding member, announced that he was relocating toNew York City to further his career. On June 29, 1878, somewhat fewer than 100 Bohemians gathered in theRedwoods inMarin County nearTaylorville (present-daySamuel P. Taylor State Park) for an evening sendoff party in Edwards' honor.[3] Freely flowing liquor and someJapanese lanterns put a glow on the festivities, and club members retired at a late hour to the modest comfort of blankets laid on the dense mat of Redwood needles. This festive gathering was repeated the next year without Edwards, and became the club's yearly encampment.[4]
By 1882, the members of the Club camped together at various locations in both Marin andSonoma counties, including the present-dayMuir Woods and a redwood grove that once stood nearDuncans Mills, several miles down theRussian River from the current location. From 1893, Bohemians rented the current location, and in 1899 purchased it from Melvin Cyrus Meeker, who had developed a successfullogging operation in the area.[2] Gradually over the next decades, members of the Club purchased land surrounding the original location, expanding it to the perimeter of the basin in which it resides.[2]
Writer and journalistWilliam Henry Irwin said of the Grove,
You come upon it suddenly. One step and its glory is over you. There is no perspective; you cannot get far enough away from one of the trees to see it as a whole. There they stand, a world of height above you, their pinnacles hidden by their topmost fringes of branches or lost in the sky.[5]
Not long after the club's establishment by newspaper journalists, it was commandeered by prominent San Francisco-based businessmen, who provided the financial resources necessary to acquire further land and facilities at the Grove. However, they still retained the "bohemians"—the artists and musicians—who continued to entertain international members and guests.[2]
The Grove is particularly famous for aManhattan Project planning meeting that took place there in September 1942, which subsequently led to theatomic bomb. Those attending this meeting includedErnest Lawrence,J. Robert Oppenheimer, theS-1 Executive Committee heads, such as the presidents ofHarvard,Yale, andPrinceton, along with representatives ofStandard Oil andGeneral Electric as well as various military officials. At the time, Oppenheimer was not an S-1 member, although Lawrence and Oppenheimer hosted the meeting.[6] Grove members take particular pride in this event and often relate the story to new attendees.[2]
Former U.S. presidentHerbert Hoover was inducted into the Old Guard on March 4, 1953; he had joined the club exactly 40 years prior, which is the requirement for the status.[7] Redwood branches from the Grove were flown to theWaldorf Astoria Hotel inNew York City, where they were used to decorate a banquet room for the celebration. In his acceptance speech, Hoover compared the honor of the "Old Guard" status to his frequent role as veteran counselor to later presidents.[8]
Other behavior at the campground has led to numerous claims and even some parody in popular culture. One example was PresidentRichard Nixon's comments from a May 13, 1971, tape recording talking about upper-class San Franciscans: "The Bohemian Grove, which I attend from time to time—it is the mostfaggy goddamned thing you could ever imagine, with that San Francisco crowd."[9][10][11][12][13]
In 2019, theSonoma County Board of Supervisors informed the club that after that year, the county would no longer provide law enforcement security.[14]
Despite the high levels of security always present, there have been numerous high-profile successful infiltrations of the Bohemian Grove:
TheBohemian Club is a private club; only active members and their guests may visit. Guests have been known to include politicians and notable figures from other countries.[2] Particularly during the midsummer encampment, the number of guests is strictly limited due to the small size of the facilities.
The Bohemian Club's all-male membership includes artists and musicians, as well as many prominent business leaders,government officials, formerU.S. presidents, senior media executives, and people of power.[21][22] Members may invite guests to the Grove. Guests may be invited to the Grove for either the "Spring Jinks" in June or the main July encampment. Bohemian Club members can schedule private day-use events at the Grove any time it is not being used for Club-wide purposes, and they are allowed at these times to bring spouses, family, and friends, although female and minor guests must be off the property by 9 or 10 pm.[23]
After 40 years of membership, the men earn "Old Guard" status, giving them reserved seating at the Grove's daily talks, as well as other perks.
The Club motto is "Weaving Spiders Come Not Here," which implies that outside concerns and business deals (networking) are to be left outside. When gathered in groups, Bohemians usually adhere to the injunction, although discussion of business often occurs between pairs of members.[2] Important political and business deals have been developed at the Grove.[23]
The main encampment area consists of 160 acres (65 ha) of old-growthredwood trees over 1,000 years old, some over 300 feet (91 m) tall.[24]
Sleeping quarters, or "camps", are also scattered throughout the grove. There were 118 as of 2007. These camps, which are frequentlypatrilineal, are the principal means through which high-level business and political contacts and friendships are formed.[2]
The preeminent camps are:[2][25]
The Grove features the following gathering places:
Camp valets are responsible for the operation of the individual camps. The head valets are akin to general managers at a resort, club, restaurant, or hotel. Service staff include female workers whose presence at the Grove is limited to daylight hours and central areas close to the main gate. Male workers may be housed at the Grove within the boundaries of the camp to which they are assigned or in peripheral service areas. High-status workers stay in small private quarters, but most are housed in rusticbunkhouses.[2]
The Bohemian Grove is protected by a sophisticated security team year-round. The Bohemian Club employs ex-military personnel to help secure the area. They use high-end security equipment, including thermal/night vision cameras, motion detectors, and vibration sensing alarm systems. The level of security is particularly heightened during the time periods that members are on-site. During these times, the local Sheriff's office,[28] California Highway Patrol, and, if warranted by the guest-list, the United States Secret Service help to secure the areas and roads surrounding the encampment.[1]
Although no woman has ever been given full membership in the Bohemian Club, the four female honorary members were hostessMargaret Bowman, poetIna Coolbrith (who served as librarian for the club), actressElizabeth Crocker Bowers, and writerSara Jane Lippincott.[29] Since Coolbrith's death in 1928, no other woman has been made a member. These honorary members and other female guests have been allowed into the Bohemian "City Club" building and as daytime guests of the Grove, but not to the upper floors of the City Club nor as guests to the main summer encampment at the Grove.[29] Annual "Ladies' Jinks" were held at the Club especially for spouses and invited guests.[29]
In 2019,Sonoma County Board of Supervisors member Lynda Hopkins, who was elected to the district encompassing the Grove, wrote an open letter criticizing the role the Bohemian Club had in making it difficult for women to get into politics, their lack of investment in the community despite members' personal wealth, and the anachronistic and hegemonic attitudes she felt described the Grove.[30]
The club's patron saint isJohn of Nepomuk, who, according to legend, died at the hands of a Bohemian monarch rather than disclose the confessional secrets of the queen. A large wood carving of St. John in cleric robes with his index finger over his lips stands at the shore of the lake in the Grove, symbolizing the secrecy kept by the Grove's attendees throughout its long history.[2]
Since the founding of the club, the Bohemian Grove's mascot has been anowl, symbolizing wisdom. A 30-foot (9 m) hollow owl statue made of concrete over steel supports stands at the head of the lake in the Grove. This statue was designed by sculptor and two-time club presidentHaig Patigian. It was constructed in the late 1920s.[31][32][33][34] Since 1929, the Owl Shrine has served as the backdrop of the yearlyCremation of Care ceremony.[2]
TheCremation of Care ceremony is a theatrical production in which some of the club's members participate as actors. It was first conducted in 1881. The production was devised byJames F. Bowman with George T. Bromley playing the High Priest.[35] It was originally set up within the plot of the serious "High Jinks" dramatic performance on the first weekend of the summer encampment, after which the spirit of "Care", slain by the Jinks hero, was solemnly cremated. The ceremony served as acatharsis for pent-up high spirits, and "to present symbolically the salvation of the trees by the club ..."[36] TheCremation of Care was separated from the other Grove Plays in 1913 and moved to the first night to become "an exorcising of the Demon to ensure the success of the ensuing two weeks."[37] The Grove Play was moved to the last weekend of the encampment.[29]
The ceremony takes place in front of the Owl Shrine. The moss- and lichen-covered statue simulates a natural rock formation, yet holds electrical and audio equipment within it. For many years, a recording of the voice of club memberWalter Cronkite was used as the voice of The Owl during the ceremony.[1]
Each year, aGrove Play is performed for one night during the final weekend of the summer encampment. The play is a large-scale musical theatrical production, written and composed by club members, involving some 300 people, including chorus, cast, stage crew and orchestra.[38] The first Grove Play was performed in 1902; for three years duringWorld War II (1943–45) the stage was dark. In 1975, an observer estimated that the Grove Play cost between $20,000 and $30,000, an amount that would be as high as $175,000 in today's dollars.[38]
In 1978, the Bohemian Club was charged with discrimination by theCalifornia Department of Fair Employment and Housing over its refusal to hire female employees. In January 1981, an administrative law judge issued a decision supporting the practices of the club, noting that club members at the Grove "urinate in the open without even the use of rudimentary toilet facilities" and that the presence of females would alter club members' behavior.[39] However, the judge's decision was overruled by the State Fair Employment and Housing Commission, which on October 17, 1981, ordered the club to begin recruiting and hiring women as employees.[40]
The Bohemian Club then filed a petition in California Superior Court, which ruled in favor of the club, finding "the male gender [to be] a bona fide occupational qualification."[41] It was revealed that the trial judge had previously participated in club activities, yet the request that he be disqualified was denied.[42] The Fair Employment and Housing Commission appealed to the California Court of Appeal which reversed the lower court's decision, holding that the Bohemian Club's private status did not shield it from the "same rules which govern all California employers."[43] TheSupreme Court of California denied review in 1987, effectively forcing the club to begin hiring female workers during the summer encampment at the Grove in Monte Rio.[44] This ruling became quoted as a legal precedent and was discussed during the 1995–96 floor debate surrounding California Senate Bill SB 2110, a proposed law concerning whether tax-exempt organizations (including fraternal clubs) should be exempt from theUnruh Civil Rights Act.[45]
Outside the central camp area, which is the site of the old-growth grove, but within the 2,712 acres (1,098 ha) owned by the Bohemian Club, logging activities have been underway since 1984. Approximately 11,000,000 board feet (26,000 m3) of lumber equivalents were removed from the surrounding redwood and Douglas fir forest from 1984 to 2007.[46] The club's forester, Edward Tunheim, resigned his post in 2006 over club pressure to increase logging. Tunheim was concerned that excessive logging would encourage more brushy undergrowth and thus increase the fire danger.[47]
In 2007, the Bohemian Club board filed an application for a nonindustrial logging permit available to landowners with less than 2,500 acres (1,000 ha) of timberland, which would allow them to steadily increase their logging in the second-growth stands from 800,000 board feet (1,900 m3) per year to 1,700,000 board feet (4,000 m3) over the course of the 50-year permit.[46] The board had been advised by Tom Bonnicksen, a retired forestry professor, that they should conductgroup selection logging to reduce the risk of fire burning through the dense second-growth stands, damaging the old-growth forest the Club wants to protect.[48]
The Club stated that an expansion of logging activities was needed to prevent fires, and that money made from the sale of the lumber would be used to stabilize access roads and to clear fire-promoting species such astanoaks and underbrush.[49] TheCalifornia Department of Fish and Wildlife instead recommendedsingle-tree logging to preserve the habitats ofmurrelets andspotted owls in senescent trees. Philip Rundel, aUniversity of California, Berkeley professor of biology, said that redwoods are not very flammable and "This is clearly a logging project, not a project to reduce fire hazard".[46] Reed F. Noss, a professor at theUniversity of California, Davis, has written that fires within redwood forests do not need to be prevented, that young redwoods are adapted to regenerate well in the destruction left behind by the fires typical of the climate.[50]
After controversy raised by opponents of the harvesting plan, the Club moved to establish their qualification for the permit by offering 163 acres (66 ha) to theRocky Mountain Elk Foundation inMissoula, Montana, for a conservation easement. A further 56.75 acres (22.97 ha) were written off as not being available for commercial logging, bringing the total to 2,316 acres (937 ha) and thereby qualifying for the permit. Opponents and their lawyers interpreted the relevant law as counting all timberland and not just the portion subject to the logging permit. They stated that if the total of timberland is counted, 2,535.75 acres (1,026.18 ha) are owned by the Club, so the permit should not be granted.[46]
On March 10, 2011, Judge René A. Chouteau rejected the Non-Industrial Timber Management Plan (NTMP) that theCalifornia Department of Forestry and Fire Protection had approved. The suit, brought by theSierra Club and the Bohemian Redwood Rescue Club, sought to have the NTMP annulled. The ruling called on the Bohemian Club to draft a new NTMP offering alternatives to its proposed rate of logging. At present the Bohemian Club is not allowed to log any of its property.[51]
In June 2023, a group of former workers sued Bohemian Grove allegingwage theft and unfair labor practices.[52] The club was dismissed from the lawsuit in January 2024 after a judge ruled it did not fit the legal definition of an employer.[53] In May 2024, another lawsuit was filed.[54]
