Robert Nesta MarleyOM (6 February 1945 – 11 May 1981) was a Jamaican singer, songwriter, and guitarist. Considered one of the pioneers ofreggae, he fused elements of reggae,ska, androcksteady, and was renowned for his distinctive vocal and songwriting style.[2][3] Marley increased the visibility ofJamaican music worldwide and became a global figure in popular culture.[4][5] He became known as aRastafarian icon, and he infused his music with a sense of spirituality.[6] Marley is also considered a global symbol of Jamaican music,culture and identity and was controversial in his outspoken support for democratic social reforms.[7][8] Marley also supported the legalisation ofcannabis and advocated forpan-Africanism.[9]
Born inNine Mile, Jamaica, Marley began his career in 1963, after forming the group Teenagers withPeter Tosh andBunny Wailer, which becamethe Wailers. In 1965, they released their debut studio album,The Wailing Wailers, which included the single "One Love", a reworking of "People Get Ready". It was popular worldwide and established the group as a rising figure in reggae.[10] The Wailers released 11 more studio albums, and after signing toIsland Records, changed their name to Bob Marley and the Wailers. While initially employing louder instrumentation and singing, they began engaging in rhythmic-based song construction in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which coincided with Marley's conversion to Rastafari. Around this time, Marley relocated to London, and the group embodied their musical shift with the release of the albumThe Best of The Wailers (1971).[11]
Bob Marley and the Wailers began to gain international attention after signing to Island and touring in support of the albumsCatch a Fire andBurnin' (both 1973). Following their disbandment a year later, Marley carried on under the band's name.[12] The albumNatty Dread (1974) received positive reviews. In 1975, following the global popularity ofEric Clapton's version of Marley's "I Shot the Sheriff",[13] Marley had his international breakthrough with his first hit outside Jamaica, a live version of "No Woman, No Cry", from theLive! album.[14] This was followed by his breakthrough album in the United States,Rastaman Vibration (1976), which reached the Top 50 of the Billboard Soul Charts.[15] A few months later, Marley survivedan assassination attempt at his home in Jamaica, which was believed to be politically motivated.[16] He permanently relocated to London, where he recorded the albumExodus, which incorporated elements ofblues,soul, andBritish rock and had commercial and critical success. In 1977, Marley was diagnosed withacral lentiginous melanoma; he died in May 1981, shortly after baptism into theEthiopian Orthodox Church. Fans around the world expressed their grief, and he received astate funeral in Jamaica.
The residence on a farm inNine Mile, Jamaica, where Marley was born on 6 February 1945, is now a tourist attraction.
Marley was born on 6 February 1945 at the farm of his maternal grandfather inNine Mile,Saint Ann Parish,Colony of Jamaica, to Norval Sinclair Marley andCedella Malcolm.[22] Norval was awhite Jamaican of Welsh ancestry born inClarendon Parish. His cousins claimed that theMarley surname hadSyrian-Jewish origins, however this is speculative and not conclusive, and was refuted by Marley's biographer.[23][24][25][26] Norval went by the moniker "Captain", despite only having been aprivate in theBritish Army.[27] At the time of his marriage to Cedella Malcolm, anAfro-Jamaican then 18 years old, Norval was supervising a subdivision of land for war veteran housing, and he was about 64 years old at the time of Bob Marley's birth.[25][27][28]
Norval, who provided little financial support for his wife and child and rarely saw them,[25] died when Marley was 12 years old. Some sources state that Marley's birth name was Nesta Robert Marley, with a story that when Marley was still a boy, a Jamaican passport official reversed his first and middle names because Nesta sounded like a girl's name.[29][30] Marley's maternal grandfather, Omariah, known as aMyal, was an early musical influence on Marley.[25] Marley began to play music with Neville Livingston, later known asBunny Wailer, while at Stepney Primary and Junior High School in Nine Mile, where they were childhood friends.[31][32][33]
At age 12, Marley left Nine Mile with his mother and moved to theTrenchtown section ofKingston. Marley's mother and Thadeus Livingston, Bunny Wailer's father, had a daughter together named Claudette Pearl,[34] who was a younger sister to both Bob and Bunny. With Marley and Livingston living together in the same house in Trenchtown, their musical explorations deepened to include the new ska music and the latest R&B from United States radio stations whose broadcasts reached Jamaica.[35] Marley formed a vocal group with Bunny Wailer andPeter Tosh. The line-up was known variously as the Teenagers, the Wailing Rudeboys, the Wailing Wailers, and finally just the Wailers.Joe Higgs, who was part of the successful vocal actHiggs and Wilson, lived nearby and encouraged Marley.[36] Marley and the others did not play any instruments at this time and were more interested in being a vocal harmony group. Higgs helped them develop their vocal harmonies and began teaching Marley guitar.[37][38] Marley's mother later married Edward Booker, acivil servant from the United States, giving Marley two half-brothers: Richard and Anthony.[39][40]
Marley's flat at 34Ridgmount Gardens in London, where he lived in 1972
In February 1962, Marley recorded four songs, "Judge Not", "One Cup of Coffee", "Do You Still Love Me?" and "Terror", atFederal Studios for local music producerLeslie Kong.[41] Three of the songs were released onBeverley's with "One Cup of Coffee" being released under the pseudonym Bobby Martell.[42] In 1963, Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer,Peter Tosh,Junior Braithwaite,Beverley Kelso, andCherry Smith were called the Teenagers. They later changed the name to the Wailing Rudeboys, then to the Wailing Wailers, at which point they were discovered by record producerCoxsone Dodd, and finally to the Wailers. Their single "Simmer Down" for the Coxsone label became a Jamaican No. 1 in February 1964 selling an estimated 70,000 copies.[43] The Wailers, now regularly recording for Studio One, found themselves working with established Jamaican musicians such asErnest Ranglin (arranger "It Hurts To Be Alone"),[44] the keyboardistJackie Mittoo and saxophonistRoland Alphonso. By 1966, Braithwaite, Kelso, and Smith had left the Wailers, leaving the core trio of Bob Marley, Bunny Wailer, andPeter Tosh.[45]
In 1966, Marley marriedRita Anderson, and moved near his mother's residence inWilmington, Delaware, in the United States for a short time, during which he worked as aDuPont lab assistant, and on the assembly line and as a fork lift operator at aChryslerplant in nearbyNewark, under the alias Donald Marley.[46][47] Though raisedCatholic, Marley became interested inRastafari beliefs in the 1960s, when away from his mother's influence.[48] After returning to Jamaica, Marley formally converted to Rastafari and began to growdreadlocks. After a financial disagreement with Dodd, Marley and his band teamed up withLee "Scratch" Perry and his studio band,the Upsetters. Although the alliance lasted less than a year, they recorded what many consider the Wailers' finest work. Marley and Perry split after a dispute regarding the assignment of recording rights, but they would continue to work together.[49]
1969 brought another change to Jamaican popular music, where the beat slowed down even further. The new beat was a slow, steady, ticking rhythm that was first heard on theMaytals song "Do the Reggay". Marley approached producerLeslie Kong, who was regarded as one of the major developers of thereggae sound. For the recordings, Kong combined the Wailers with his studio musicians calledBeverley's All-Stars, which consisted of bassistsLloyd Parks andJackie Jackson, drummerPaul Douglas, keyboardistsGladstone Anderson andWinston Wright, and guitarists Rad Bryan,Lynn Taitt, andHux Brown.[50] As David Moskowitz writes, "The tracks recorded in this session illustrated the Wailers' earliest efforts in the new reggae style. Gone are theska trumpets and saxophones of the earlier songs, with instrumental breaks now being played by the electric guitar." The songs recorded would be released as the albumThe Best of The Wailers, including tracks "Soul Shakedown Party", "Stop That Train", "Caution", "Go Tell it on the Mountain", "Soon Come", "Can't You See", "Soul Captives", "Cheer Up", "Back Out", and "Do It Twice".[50]
Between 1968 and 1972, Bob and Rita Marley,Peter Tosh and Bunny Wailer re-cut some old tracks withJAD Records inKingston andLondon in an attempt to commercialise the Wailers' sound. Bunny later asserted that those songs "should never be released on an album... they were just demos for record companies to listen to". In 1968, Bob and Rita visited songwriterJimmy Norman at his apartment in the Bronx. Norman had written the extended lyrics for "Time Is on My Side" (recorded byIrma Thomas andthe Rolling Stones) and had also written forJohnny Nash andJimi Hendrix.[51] A three-day jam session with Norman and others, including Norman's co-writer Al Pyfrom, resulted in a 24-minute tape of Marley performing several of his own and Norman-Pyfrom's compositions. According to reggae archivistRoger Steffens, this tape is rare in that it was influenced by pop rather than reggae, as part of an effort to break Marley into the US charts.[51] According to an article inThe New York Times, Marley experimented on the tape with various sounds, adopting adoo-wop style on "Stay With Me" and "the slow love song style of 1960s artists" on "Splish for My Splash".[51] He lived in Ridgmount Gardens,Bloomsbury, during 1972.[52]
1972–1974: Move to Island Records
In 1972, Bob Marley signed withCBS Records in London and embarked on a UK tour with soul singerJohnny Nash.[53] While in London the Wailers asked their road manager Brent Clarke to introduce them toChris Blackwell, who had licensed some of their Coxsone releases for hisIsland Records. The Wailers intended to discuss the royalties associated with these releases; instead, the meeting resulted in the offer of an advance of £4,000 (approx. £26,000 today) to record an album.[54] SinceJimmy Cliff, Island's top reggae star, had recently left the label, Blackwell was primed for a replacement. In Marley, Blackwell recognised the elements needed to snare the rock audience: "I was dealing with rock music, which was really rebel music. I felt that would really be the way to break Jamaican music. But you needed someone who could be that image. When Bob walked in, he really was that image."[55] The Wailers returned to Jamaica to record at Harry J's in Kingston, which resulted in the albumCatch a Fire.
Primarily recorded on an eight-track,Catch a Fire marked the first time a reggae band had access to a state-of-the-art studio and were accorded the same care as their rock 'n' roll peers.[55] Blackwell desired to create "more of a drifting, hypnotic-type feel than a reggae rhythm",[56] and restructured Marley's mixes and arrangements. Marley travelled to London to supervise Blackwell's overdubbing of the album atIsland Studios, which included tempering the mix from the bass-heavy sound of Jamaican music and omitting two tracks.[55]
The Wailers' first album for Island,Catch a Fire, was released worldwide in April 1973, packaged like a rock record with a uniqueZippo lighter lift-top. Initially selling 14,000 units, it received a positive critical reception.[55] It was followed later that year by the albumBurnin', which included the song "I Shot the Sheriff".Eric Clapton was given the album by his guitaristGeorge Terry in the hope that he would enjoy it.[57] Clapton was impressed and chose to record acover version of "I Shot the Sheriff", which became his first US hit since "Layla" two years earlier and reached number 1 on theBillboard Hot 100 on 14 September 1974.[58] Many Jamaicans were not keen on the new reggae sound onCatch a Fire, but the Trenchtown style ofBurnin found fans across both reggae and rock audiences.[55] The Wailers disbanded in 1974, with each of the three main members pursuing a solo career. During this period, Blackwell gifted his Kingston residence and company headquarters at 56 Hope Road (then known as Island House) to Marley. Housing Tuff Gong Studios, the property became not only Marley's office but also his home.[55]
On 3 December 1976, two days before "Smile Jamaica", a free concert organised by Jamaican Prime MinisterMichael Manley in an attempt to ease tension between two warring political groups, Bob Marley, Rita, and manager Don Taylor were wounded in an assault by unknown gunmen inside Marley's home. Taylor and Rita sustained serious injuries but later made full recoveries. Marley sustained minor wounds in the chest and arm.[59] The attempt on his life was believed to have been politically motivated, as many felt that Smile Jamaica was actually a support rally for Manley. Nonetheless, the concert proceeded, and an injured Marley performed as scheduled, two days after the attempt. The members of the groupZap Pow played as Bob Marley's backup band before a festival crowd of 80,000 while members of The Wailers were still missing or in hiding.[60][61]
1976–1979: Relocation to England
Marley left Jamaica at the end of 1976, and after a month-long "recovery and writing" sojourn at the site of Chris Blackwell'sCompass Point Studios inNassau, Bahamas, arrived in England, where he spent two years in self-imposed exile. On four successive nights, from 1–4 June 1977, he played with the Wailers at theRainbow Theatre in London.[62] The concert highlights were recorded in the BBC documentaryBob Marley: Live at the Rainbow 1977.[63]
Whilst in England, Marley recorded the albumsExodus andKaya. In 1978, he recorded the video for the single, "Is This Love", from theKaya album at theKeskidee centre, a Black-led theatre and arts centre in London. Model,Naomi Campbell was one of the children who performed in the video.[64][65]Exodus stayed on the British album charts for 56 consecutive weeks. It included four UK hit singles: "Exodus", "Waiting in Vain", "Jamming", and "One Love" (which interpolatesCurtis Mayfield's hit, "People Get Ready"). During his time in London, Marley was arrested and convicted ofpossession of a small quantity ofcannabis.[66] In 1978, Marley returned to Jamaica and performed at another political concert, theOne Love Peace Concert, again in an effort to calm warring parties. Near the end of the performance, by Marley's request, Michael Manley (leader of then-rulingPeople's National Party) and his political rivalEdward Seaga (leader of the opposingJamaica Labour Party) joined each other on stage and shook hands.[67] Under the name Bob Marley and the Wailers, 11 albums were released, four live albums and seven studio albums. The releases includedBabylon by Bus, a double live album with 13 tracks, was released in 1978 and received critical acclaim. This album, and specifically the final track "Jamming", with the audience in a frenzy, captured the intensity of Marley's live performances.[68]
"Marley wasn't singing about how peace could come easily to the World but rather how hell on Earth comes too easily to too many. His songs were his memories; he had lived with the wretched, he had seen the downpressers and those whom they pressed down."
Survival, a defiant and politically charged album, was released in 1979. Tracks such as "Zimbabwe", "Africa Unite", "Wake Up and Live" and "Survival" reflected Marley's support for the struggles of Africans. His appearance at theAmandla Festival inBoston in July 1979 showed his strong opposition to South Africanapartheid, which he already had shown in his song "War" in 1976. In early 1980, Marley was invited to perform at a 17 April celebration ofZimbabwe's Independence Day.[70]
Uprising (1980) was Marley's final studio album and the last album that was released during his lifetime. It is one of his most religious productions, as it includes "Redemption Song" and "Forever Loving Jah".[71]Confrontation, released posthumously in 1983, contained unreleased material recorded during Marley's lifetime, including the hit "Buffalo Soldier" and new mixes of singles previously available only in Jamaica.[72]
Marley was a longtime member of theRastafari movement, whose culture was a key element in the development of reggae. He became an ardent proponent of Rastafari, taking its music out of the socially deprived areas of Jamaica and onto the international music scene.[73] As part of being a Rastafarian, Marley felt thatHaile Selassie I of Ethiopia was an incarnation of God or "Jah".[74] However, later in life, he ended up converting toEthiopian Orthodox Christianity and was baptised by ArchbishopAbuna Yesehaq in the presence of his wifeRita Marley and their children, with the name of Berhane Selassie, on 4 November 1980, shortly before his death.[75][76]
During the time that he was aRastafarian, Marley supported the legalisation ofcannabis or "ganja", whichRastafarians believe is an aid to meditation.[77] Marley began to use cannabis when he converted to the Rastafari faith fromCatholicism in 1966. Marley was arrested in 1968 after being caught with cannabis but continued to use marijuana in accordance with his religious beliefs. Of his marijuana usage, Marley said, "When you smoke herb, herb reveal yourself to you. All the wickedness you do, the herb reveal itself to yourself, your conscience, show up yourself clear, because herb make you meditate. Is only a natural thing and it grow like a tree."[78] Marley saw marijuana usage as a vital factor in religious growth and connection with Jah, and as a way to philosophise and become wiser.[79]
Marley was apan-Africanist and believed in the unity of African people worldwide. His beliefs were rooted in his Rastafari religious beliefs.[80] Marley was substantially inspired byMarcus Garvey and hadanti-imperialist and pan-Africanist themes in many of his songs, such as "Zimbabwe", "Exodus", "Survival", "Blackman Redemption", and "Redemption Song". The lattermost draws influence from a 1937 speech given by Marcus Garvey in Nova Scotia.[81] Marley held that independence of African countries from European domination was a victory for all those in the African diaspora. In the song "Africa Unite", he sang of a desire for all peoples of the African diaspora to come together and fight against "Babylon"; similarly, in the song "Zimbabwe", Marley marked the liberation of the whole continent of Africa, and evoked calls for unity between all Africans, both within and outside Africa.[82]
Family
Marley marriedAlfarita Constantia "Rita" Anderson in Kingston, Jamaica, on 10 February 1966.[83] He had many children: three were born to his wife Rita, and two additional children were adopted from Rita's previous relationships as his own, and they have the Marley name. The official Bob Marley website acknowledges 11 children. Those listed on the official site are as follows:[84]
Sharon, born 23 November 1964, daughter of Rita from a previous relationship, but then adopted by Marley after his marriage with Rita
Stephanie Marley, born 17 August 1974 to Rita and Owen "Ital Tacky" Stewart, a former Jamaicanfootball (soccer) player. Nonetheless, he adopted Stephanie as one of his own and entitled her to his estate.[85]
Other sites cited additional individuals who claim to be family members,[86] as noted below:
Makeda was born on 30 May 1981, after Marley's death, to Yvette Anderson, also known as Yvette Morris or Yvette Morris-Anderson and as Yvette Crichton after the surname of her husband.[87] Meredith Dixon's book lists her as Marley's child; she is not listed as such on the Bob Marley official website.
Various websites, for example,[88] also listed Imani Carole, born 22 May 1963, to Cheryl Murray; however, she does not appear on the official Bob Marley website.[87]
Aside from music, football (soccer) played a major role throughout Marley's life.[90] As well as playing the game, in parking lots, fields, and even inside recording studios, Marley followed the Brazilian clubSantos and its star playerPelé growing up,[90] and was also a supporter of English football clubTottenham Hotspur and Argentine midfielderOssie Ardiles, who played for the club for a decade beginning in 1978.[91] Marley surrounded himself with people from the sport, and in the 1970s, made the Jamaican international footballerAllan "Skill" Cole his tour manager.[90] Marley told a journalist, "If you want to get to know me, you will have to play football against me and the Wailers."[90]
Automobiles
Two of the cars that Marley owned wereBMWs, a1602 and then anBMW 2500. He purchased these because of the name. Marley said BMW stood for Bob Marley and the Wailers.[92]
Illness
In July 1977, Marley was diagnosed with a type ofskin cancer under the nail of his right big toe.[93] Contrary tourban legend, this lesion was not primarily caused by an injury during a football match that year but was instead a symptom of already-existing cancer.[94] Marley had to see two doctors before abiopsy was done, which confirmedacral lentiginous melanoma. Unlike othermelanomas, which usually appear on skin exposed to the sun, acral lentiginous melanoma occurs in places that are easy to miss, such as the soles of the feet, or under toenails. Although it is the most common melanoma in people with dark skin, it is not widely recognised and was not mentioned in the most popular medical textbook of the time.[95] Marley rejected his doctors' advice to have his toeamputated, which would have hindered his performing career, citing religious beliefs. Instead, the nail andnail bed were removed, and a skin graft was taken from his thigh to cover the area.[96][97] Despite his illness, Marley continued touring and was in the process of scheduling a 1980 world tour.[98]
The albumUprising was released in May 1980. The band completed the European leg of theUprising Tour, playing its biggest concert to 100,000 people atSan Siro stadium inMilan, Italy. Marley's final outdoor concert was played on 6 July 1980 atDalymount Park inDublin, Ireland.[99] The tour continued in the United States, where Marley performed two shows atMadison Square Garden inNew York City.[100] On 21 September 1980, Marley collapsed while jogging inCentral Park and was taken to the hospital, where it was found that his cancer hadspread to his brain, lungs, and liver.[101] Marley's last concert took place two days later at the Stanley Theater (nowThe Benedum Center For The Performing Arts) inPittsburgh, Pennsylvania.[102] The only known photographs from the show were included inKevin Macdonald's 2012 documentary filmMarley.[103] Shortly after, Marley's health deteriorated as his cancer had spread throughout his body. The rest of the tour was cancelled, and Marley sought treatment at theJosef Issels' clinic inRottach-Egern,Bavaria, Germany, where he underwent analternative cancer treatment calledIssels treatment, partly based on avoidance of certain foods, fluids, and other substances.[104]
Death
After eight months of the alternative treatment failing to effectively treat his advancing cancer, Marley boarded a plane for his home in Jamaica.[105] During the flight, his vital functions worsened. The flight was diverted toMiami, Florida, where he was taken to Cedars of Lebanon Hospital (now theUniversity of Miami Hospital). He died there shortly afterwards on 11 May 1981, at the age of 36, due to the spread of cancer to his lungs and brain. Marley's final words to his sonZiggy were: "On your way up, take me up. On your way down, don't let me down."[106]
On 21 May 1981, Marley was given astate funeral in Jamaica that combined elements ofEthiopian Orthodoxy,[107][108] as well as Rastafari tradition.[109] He was buried in a chapel near his birthplace in Nine Mile; Marley's casket contained his red Gibson Les Paul guitar, a Bible opened atPsalm 23, and a stalk of cannabis placed there by his widowRita Marley.[110] Prime MinisterEdward Seaga delivered the final funeraleulogy to Marley, saying:
His voice was an omnipresent cry in our electronic world. His sharp features, majestic looks, and prancing style a vivid etching on the landscape of our minds. Bob Marley was never seen. He was an experience which left an indelible imprint with each encounter. Such a man cannot be erased from the mind. He is part of the collective consciousness of the nation.[69]: 58
A statue was inaugurated next to the national stadium on Arthur Wint Drive in Kingston to commemorate Marley.[120] In 2006, theNew York City Department of Education co-named a portion of Church Avenue from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street in theEast Flatbush section ofBrooklyn as "Bob Marley Boulevard".[121][122] In 2008, a statue of Marley was inaugurated inBanatski Sokolac, Serbia.[123]
Internationally, Marley's message continues to reverberate among variousindigenous communities. For instance, members of the Native AmericanHopi andHavasupai tribes revere his work.[69] There are also many tributes to Marley throughout India, including restaurants, hotels, and cultural festivals.[124][125] Marley evolved into a global symbol which has been endlessly merchandised through a variety of media. Despite this, authorDave Thompson lamented what he perceived to be the pacification of Marley that came with his commercialisation, stating:
Bob Marley ranks among both the most popular and the most misunderstood figures in modern culture ... That the machine has utterly emasculated Marley is beyond doubt. Gone from the public record is the ghetto kid who dreamed ofChe Guevara and theBlack Panthers, and pinned their posters up in the Wailers Soul Shack record store; who believed in freedom; and the fighting which it necessitated, and dressed the part on an early album sleeve; whose heroes wereJames Brown andMuhammad Ali; whose God wasRas Tafari and whose sacrament wasmarijuana. Instead, the Bob Marley who surveys his kingdom today is smiling benevolence, a shining sun, a waving palm tree, and a string of hits which tumble out of polite radio like candy from a gumball machine. Of course it has assured hisimmortality. But it has also demeaned him beyond recognition. Bob Marley was worth far more.[126]
Footage of Marley's funeral features in the 1982 filmLand of Look Behind byAlan Greenberg. Marley is discussed in the 2007 action thrillerI Am Legend, where the protagonist named his daughter after him. Marley's music is also used in the film.[127][128]
Depictions in popular culture
Several film adaptations of Marley's life have been made. For instance, a feature-length documentary about his life,Rebel Music, won various awards at theGrammys. With contributions from Rita, The Wailers, and Marley's lovers and children, it also tells much of the story in his own words.[129] In February 2008, directorMartin Scorsese announced his intention to produce a documentary movie on Marley. The film was set to be released on 6 February 2010, on what would have been Marley's 65th birthday.[130] However, Scorsese dropped out due to scheduling problems. He was replaced byJonathan Demme,[131] who dropped out due to creative differences with producerSteve Bing during the beginning of editing.Kevin Macdonald replaced Demme,[132] and the film,Marley, was released on 20 April 2012.[133] In 2011, ex-girlfriend and filmmakerEsther Anderson, along withGian Godoy, made the documentaryBob Marley: The Making of a Legend, which premiered at theEdinburgh International Film Festival.[134]
^Lee, Bunny (23 August 2013)."Interview".Reggae Vibes (Interview). Interviewed by Peter I.Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved23 August 2013.
^Barrett, Aston "Family Man" (19 February 2013)."Interview".Pure Guitar. Archived fromthe original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved23 August 2013.
^ab"Soul".Billboard. Billboard Publications, Inc. 25 December 1976. p. 77.ISSN0006-2510.Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved2 September 2013.
^Observer (13 April 2006). "Ziggy Marley to adopt Judaism?".The Jamaica Observer.Of further interest, Ziggy's grandfather Norval, is also of Syrian-Jewish extraction... This was confirmed by Heather Marley, who is the daughter of Noel Marley, Norval's brother.
^Kenner, Rob (May 2006). "The Real Revolutionary".Vibe. Vol. 14, no. 5. Vibe Media Group. p. 118.ISSN1070-4701.
^Braithwaite, Junior (5 May 1985)."Interview".iration.com (Interview). Interviewed by Roger Steffens.Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved7 November 2013.
^"History".Bob Marley.Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved11 July 2014.
^Grant, Colin.The Natural Mystics: Marley, Tosh, and Wailer. p. 113.
^Bell, Thomas L.Sound, Society and the Geography of Popular Music. p. 100.
^Toynbee, Jason (2013).Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World. John Wiley & Sons. p. 88.ISBN978-0-7456-5737-0.Archived from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved14 December 2016.Rita has claimed that she was raped there [Bull Bay] by Bob in 1973 after he returned from London, and asked her to care for another child he was going to have by a woman there (Roper 2004). The formulation changes to 'almost raped' in her autobiography (Marley 2005: 113). But in any event, it seems clear that Bob behaved in an oppressive way towards her, always providing financial support for herself and the children it is true, yet frequently humiliating and bullying her.
^Scott, David Meerman (20 April 2012)."Bob Marley and me".Web Ink Now.Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved30 July 2015.Marley's last show was a critical aspect of the film and there was no video or photo record... except mine.
^Mooney, Jake (21 May 2006)."Drum Roll for a Sign With a Reggae Beat".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 18 January 2016. Retrieved11 October 2007.On 10 May, the City Council approved a plan to hang Bob Marley Boulevard signs beneath the Church Avenue ones along an eight-block section, from Remsen Avenue to East 98th Street.
^Singh, Sarina; Brown, Lindsay; Elliot, Mark; Harding, Paul; Hole, Abigail; Horton, Patrick (2009).Lonely Planet India. Oakland, CA: Lonely Planet. p. 1061.ISBN978-1-74179-151-8.Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved7 July 2011.
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