Theblue bonnet was a type of softwoollen hat that for several hundred years was the customary working wear of Scottish labourers and farmers. Although a particularly broad and flat form was associated with theScottish Lowlands, where it was sometimes called thescone cap,[1] the bonnet was also worn in parts ofNorthern England and became widely adopted in theHighlands.
In later years it came to be associated withHighland dress, and in the 19th century gave rise to other headgear such as the more elaborateBalmoral bonnet, thetam o' shanter, and (with the addition of a wire cage) the militaryfeather bonnet.
The characteristic blue bonnet was knitted in one piece from a thick wool, dyed withwoad, andfelted to produce a water resistant finish. Strings were often sewn around the inner edge, allowing a close fit around the brow, whilst the top was worn pulled into a broad circle. The typical Lowland man's bonnet was large and worn flat, overhanging at the front and back and sometimes ornamented with a small tuft or redworsted "cherry",[2] while in the Highlands the fashion was for a smaller, plain bonnet, sometimes peaked at the front.[3]
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The bonnet's construction made it an extremely practical piece of clothing in Scotland's damp, cool climate. The flat shape formed an effective brim against the weather, could be pulled down ("scrugged") in various directions for additional cover, pulled over the ears for warmth, or folded and put in a pocket.[4] It could also be removed and used as a pocket or bag in its own right. The felted wool helped protect the wearer against rain, and could be easily wrung dry.
A substantial hand-knitting industry is believed to have developed in Scotland by the late 15th century. Bonnetmakers produced broad, flat knitted caps in imitation of thevelvet caps popular amongst the upper classes of the time.[5] Dyed with blue or greyvegetable dyes, they became popular with the peasantry and by the end of the 16th century—as noted byFynes Moryson—the bonnet had been adopted nearly universally by men throughout the Lowlands, although it did not become widely worn in the Highlands until the following century.[6] By 1700,Martin Martin described Highlanders as mainly wearing thick woollen bonnets of blue or grey.
It was the bonnet's blue colour, as well as, perhaps, its Lowland and peasant origins, that influenced its adoption as a badge of theCovenanters,[7] who used blue to distinguish themselves from their Royalist opponents and their redcockades and ribbons.
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During the 18th century the bonnet was, to outsiders, the most readily identifiable Scottish piece of clothing in the popular imagination.Tartan would occupy this role in the following century. Despite its earlier association with the Covenanters, adorned with a white cockade the blue bonnet was also adopted as an emblem ofJacobitism.[8] Its political symbolism became overt: one night in December 1748, over two years after the failure of the1745 Jacobite rising, someone scaled theEdinburgh Parliament House and dressed the lion in theScottish royal arms in a white wig, blue bonnet, and large white cockade.[9] The association was reinforced by later nostalgic Jacobite songs, such as "Blue Bonnets Over the Border", set down (and possibly written) bySir Walter Scott, who himself affected to wear a bonnet in later life, dressing very much like "an oldBorder baron", according toJames Hogg.[10]
The blue bonnet remained everyday wear for Lowland farmers until the end of the 18th century, but its use was gradually discontinued under the influence of fashion and increasingly industrialised clothing manufacture. A minister of a lowland parish ofAngus, noting the increase in the use of imported cloth and clothing in his lifetime, wrote "in 1760 there were only two hats in the parish: in 1790 few bonnets are worn; the bonnet-maker trade in the next parish is given up".[11] An 1825 dictionary described the bonnet as "formerly worn by the more antiquated peasantry".[1] By the middle of the century the characteristic broad, flat Lowlander's bonnet, usually worn with clothing of homespunhodden grey and perhaps a woollen, black and white checkeredmaud, was said to have disappeared or survived only in the "degenerate form of a small roundKilmarnock bonnet worn pretty generally by ploughmen, carters and boys of the humbler ranks".[2]
Reflecting theVictorian fascination with (and militarisation of) Highland dress, the smaller Kilmarnock or Balmoral bonnet, further elaborated with ribbons, a diced border, and atoorie, was incorporated into British military uniform during the 19th century. The informal version of the Balmoral, also adorned with a toorie, is often known as the Tam o' shanter, after aRobert Burns poem whose central character wears a "gude blue bonnet", though the more modern "tam" may be made of a wide range of materials. Like the EnglishMonmouth cap, the true knitted blue bonnet is still made in small quantities for historical and military re-enactment groups.
In Scotland the term "bonnet-laird", or "bannet-laird", was sometimes used to refer to ayeoman, who themselves farmed land of which they owned thefreehold.[12] The name combined the Scottish title oflaird, the holder of an established estate, with the blue bonnet of the typical Scottish farmer. Walter Scott gave a slightly differing definition of the term, stating that it signified "a petty proprietor", or member of the low-ranking gentry, who adopted "the dress, along with the habits, of a yeoman".[13]
Owing to the flower's resemblance to the cap, the wildflowerSuccisa pratensis was often called the "blue bonnet" in Scotland. By extension the name was also applied to the garden flowerCentaurea montana.
Theblue tit was also called the "blue bonnet" or "blue bannet"[14] in parts of Scotland, with the equivalent name "blue cap" being used in northern England.[15]