| Black jacobin | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Adult in Reserva Guainumbi, São Luis do Paraitinga, São Paulo, Brazil | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Clade: | Strisores |
| Order: | Apodiformes |
| Family: | Trochilidae |
| Genus: | Florisuga |
| Species: | F. fusca |
| Binomial name | |
| Florisuga fusca (Vieillot, 1817) | |
 | |
| Synonyms | |
Melanotrochilus fuscus (Vieillot, 1817) | |
Theblack jacobin (Florisuga fusca) is a species ofhummingbird in the familyTrochilidae. It is found inArgentina,Brazil,Paraguay, andUruguay.[3]
The black jacobin was traditionally placed in themonotypic genusMelanotrochilus, but voice, anatomy, and reproductive behavior place it inFlorisuga with thewhite-necked jacobin. The species is monotypic.[4][5][3]
The black jacobin is 12 to 13 cm (4.7 to 5.1 in) long. Males weigh about 9 g (0.32 oz) and females 8 g (0.28 oz). Adults of both sexes are mostly black, with a bronzy-olive lower back and uppertail- andwing-coverts. The flanks are white, the innerrectrices black, and the outer rectrices white with black tips. Juveniles are dark except for a wide cinnamon band on the center and sides of the throat and a white belly and outer rectrices.[5]
The black jacobin is found in southeastern Brazil, approximately fromBahia south throughRio Grande do Sul and into eastern Uruguay, and separately in southeastern Paraguay, northeastern Argentina, and adjoining Brazil. There are also scattered records from sites outside its primary range. It mostly inhabits woodlands, gardens, and coffee andcacao plantations with tall trees. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,400 m (4,600 ft).[5]
The black jacobin is migratory, but the pattern is not well understood. The trend is for southward movement for theaustral winter, though there are also winter records to the northwest in thecerrado biome of south-central Brazil.[5]
The black jacobin forages at all levels of its habitat. It feeds on nectar at the flowers of many native and introduced trees and shrubs and frombromeliads as well. The species is highly territorial and defends food sources againstconspecifics and other species. However, "congregations" of 50 or more have been documented in July feeding on patches ofDombeya wallichii, an introduced shrub. In addition to nectar, the black jacobin takes small insects on the wing and from leaves and spider webs.[5]
The black jacobin breeds between July and May, and two broods per year are common. Its nest is a cup made of fine plant fibers and cobweb, placed on the mid-rib of a large horizontal leaf, typically between 1 and 4 m (3.3 and 13 ft) up in a tree or shrub. The clutch size is two eggs. Females use a display flight to distract predators.[5]
| Songs and calls |
The black jacobin's song is "a series of high-pitched hissing notes above 10 kHz, 'szee..szee....szee..szee..szee....szee...'." Its calls include "a short 'tsik' or 'chik', and a short trill 'tr-r-r'."[5]
TheIUCN has assessed the black jacobin as being of Least Concern, though its population has not been quantified and its trend is not known.[1] It is common in Brazil and occurs in many protected areas. "Ready occupation of man-made habitats suggests that habitat loss is unlikely to be a problem."[5]
