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| Black Power Revolution | |
|---|---|
| Part ofBlack Power | |
| Date | 1968–1970 |
| Location | |
| Methods | Demonstrations,Striking,Mutiny |
TheBlack Power Revolution, also known as theBlack Power Movement,1970 Revolution,Black Power Uprising or February Revolution, was a period of political unrest inTrinidad and Tobago as a result of a series of actions spearheaded byBlack power andleft-wing political groups in the country aiming to achieve radical socio-political changes.
Between 1968 and 1970, a movement gained strength in Trinidad and Tobago around the same time as thecivil rights movement in the United States. TheNational Joint Action Committee (NJAC) was formed out of the Guild of Undergraduates at theSt. Augustine campus of theUniversity of the West Indies (UWI). Under the leadership of Geddes Granger (laterMakandal Daaga), NJAC and the Black Power Movement appeared as a serious challenge to the authority ofPrime MinisterEric Williams.
This was coupled with a growing strike action on behalf of workers by thetrade union movement, led by George Weekes of theOilfields Workers' Trade Union, Clive Nunez of theTransport and Industrial Workers Union andBasdeo Panday, then a young trade unionlawyer and activist. The Black Power Revolution began with a 1970Carnival band named Pinetoppers whose presentation entitled "The Truth about Africa" included portrayals of "revolutionary heroes" includingFidel Castro,Kwame Ture andTubal Uriah Butler.
This was followed by a series of marches and protests. Williams countered with a broadcast entitledI am for Black Power. He introduced a 5% levy to fund unemployment reduction and later established the first locally owned commercial bank. However, this intervention had little impact on the protests.
It was mainly led by NJAC's duo of Makandal Daaga and Khafra Khambon in tandem with other various interests within the trade unions, and other social groups like Afro-Trinidadians and were noted to attract many disaffected members of the then rulingPeople's National Movement (PNM) under Eric Williams.A large turnout of the disaffected poor of the cities and towns, as well as those black youth of the disaffected communities were attracted to the uprising and were present in the movement, as well as youths and others from the St. Augustine campus of UWI.[citation needed]
On 6 April 1970 a protester, Basil Davis, was killed by the police. This was followed on 13 April by the resignation ofA. N. R. Robinson,Member of Parliament forTobago East. The death of this protester led to the movement gaining momentum. On 18 April sugar workers went on strike, and there was talk of a general strike. In response to this, Williams proclaimed aState of Emergency on 21 April and arrested 15 Black Power leaders. Responding in turn, a portion of the Trinidad Defense Force, led byRaffique Shah andRex Lassalle,mutinied and took hostages at the army barracks at Teteron. Through the action of theCoast Guard, led by Commander David Bloom and negotiations between the Government and the rebels, the mutiny was contained and the mutineers surrendered on 25 April.
Williams made three additional speeches in which he sought to identify himself with the aims of the Black Power movement. He re-shuffled his Cabinet and removed three Ministers (including two white members) and three senators. He also introduced thePublic Order Act, which reduced civil liberties in an effort to control protest marches. After public opposition, led by A. N. R. Robinson and his newly created "Action Committee of Democratic Citizens" (which later became theDemocratic Action Congress), the bill was withdrawn.Attorney GeneralKarl Hudson-Phillips offered to resign over the failure of the bill, but Williams refused his resignation.
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