Black Canadians migrated north in the 18th and 19th centuries from the United States, many of them through theUnderground Railroad, into Southwestern Ontario,Toronto, andOwen Sound.Black Canadians fought in theWar of 1812 andRebellions of 1837–1838 for the British. Some returned to the United States during theAmerican Civil War orReconstruction era.

Formerly enslaved African Americans immigrated to British North America, now Canada, following theAct Against Slavery of 1793 that stipulated that enslaved people would become immediately free upon entering Canada.^[1] It also made it illegal to import enslaved people and children of enslaved peoples were free when they reached the age of 25.^[2]

Word had spread through the United States that there were free black soldiers who served in theWar of 1812 from British North America, which resulted in more African American immigrants.^[1]Loyalists who settled inUpper Canada after 1812 brought some enslaved black people to what is now Ontario. They settled along theDetroit,Niagara, and theSt. Lawrence Rivers.^[2]

John Beverley Robinson, Attorney General, issued an order that freed all black residents in Upper Canada in 1819. In 1833,slavery was abolished throughout theBritish Empire, which freed almost one million people.^[2]

Beginning inPhiladelphia in the early 19th century, theUnderground Railroad was a network of people who wanted to help enslaved people attain freedom from slavery. They operated secretly to guidefreedom seekers into theNorthern United States (free states) or further north into what is now Canada.^[1] Freedom seekers were helped on their journey north by other enslaved people, free black people,Quakers, and otherabolitionists.Jermain Wesley Loguen found freedom in what is now Ontario. He lived inHamilton andSt. Catharines from 1837 to 1841, and then he settled inSyracuse, New York, where he operated an Underground Railroad station in Syracuse.^[1]

There was not a major influx of black people into Canada until the passage of theFugitive Slave Act of 1850 in the United States. The law made it easier for slave catchers to apprehend African Americans, and freedom seekers planned to settle in what is now Ontario.^[1] Some slave catchers came into Canada to earn a reward for capturing enslaved people and re-enslaving them. An enslaver attempted to take his former bondsman, Joseph Alexander, from Chatham. Black community members and Alexander talked to his former enslaver, and the crowd refused to allow him to be taken. The enslaver left Chatham without Alexander, who lived free.^[1]See alsoChatham Vigilance Committee.

During theAmerican Revolutionary War,Black Loyalists and other freedom seekers escaped to Canada. They settled in Toronto, Owen Sound, and in Southwestern Ontario, includingLondon,Chatham,Amherstburg,Oro, Ontario, andWindsor.^[3] They also settled inSandwich (now part of Windsor),Niagara Falls,Hamilton,Buxton,Brantford, andOakville.^[1] Some people fled to Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.^[1]

TheWilberforce Settlement was founded in 1830 nearLucan by African Americans fromCincinnati. They came to Canada because ofBlack Codes that established legal means to treat black people differently than white people. By 1836, poor management had caused the settlement to break down.^[3]

Josiah Henson came to Canada with his wife and four children and founded theDawn settlement in a rural area nearDresden in 1841. Settlers worked cooperatively to help one another, benefiting from one another's skills. They farmed and operated grist and saw mills and businesses, like rope manufacturing and brick making. The British American Institute was a traditional and vocational school. TheElgin settlement was settled atBuxton near Chatham byRev. William King, who had been a slaveholder, and 15 of his former enslaved people in 1849. He was a Presbyterian minister who settled in southern Ontario. The Buxton settlement became known for its school. There were 2,000 residents by the 1860s.^[3] Another all-Black community in Ontario wasQueen's Bush.^[1]

African Canadians established farms, worked, and formed businesses, including blacksmith shops, livery stables, carpentry businesses, grocery stores, boutiques, and pharmacies. They developed communities with schools, churches, newspapers, and benevolent societies.^[1]

Henry Bibb and his wife Mary startedThe Voice of the Fugitive in 1851 inWindsor. It was an abolitionist newspaper that reported on the activities of theUnderground Railroad.Mary Ann Shadd, the first black female publisher and newspaper owner in Canada, and her brotherIsaac Shadd foundedThe Provincial Freeman in 1853. It became a weekly newspaper out of Toronto in 1854, after which it was published in Chatham.^[3]

Black and white people founded theAnti-Slavery Society of Canada in Toronto in 1851. It sought to inform others about slavery and to help black freedom seekers.^[3]

Black Canadians volunteered and fought during theWar of 1812 to protect their new country and to ensure that they were not returned to slavery in the United States. For their service, Lieutenant Governor Sir Peregrine Maitland provided many black people with land grants in Oro Township in 1815. The land was not arable, so they did not stay on it. During theRebellions of 1837–1838, they served in separate "Colored Corps" units and fought to protect the rights of African Canadians and defend the government.^[3]

Almost 1,000 black Canadians served in theUnion Army during theAmerican Civil War (1861–1865). African Americans were declared free due to theEmancipation Proclamation, and slavery was officially abolished in the United States by theThirteenth Amendment to the Constitution in 1865. Some black people returned to the United States from Canada during theReconstruction era.^[3]

• The North Star: Finding Black Mecca documentary was filmed in Chatham, Dresden, and Buxton.

• Black Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area
• List of Underground Railroad sites § Ontario
• Indigenous Black Canadians

Media related toCanadians of Black African descent at Wikimedia Commons

• Black Canadian culture in Ontario

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
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