TheBismarck Archipelago (German:Bismarck-Archipel,pronounced[ˈbɪsmaʁkˌaʁçiˈpeːl]) is a group of islands off the northeastern coast ofNew Guinea in the western Pacific Ocean and is part of theIslands Region ofPapua New Guinea. Its area is about 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi).
The passage of water between the islands of New Britain and New Ireland is calledSt. George's Channel afterSt. George's Channel in the British Isles between Wales and Ireland.
^Sigmond, J. P. and Zuiderbann, L. H. (1976)Dutch Discoveries of Australia, Rigby, Australia.ISBN0-7270-0800-5
^Spate, O. H. K. (1979)The Spanish Lake, Australian National University, Second Edition, 2004.ISBN1-920942-17-3
^Ward, Steven N.; Day, Simon (September 2003)."Ritter Island Volcano —Lateral Collapse and the Tsunami of 1888".Geophysical Journal International.154 (3). Blackwell Publishing: 891.Bibcode:2003GeoJI.154..891W.doi:10.1046/j.1365-246X.2003.02016.x.In the early morning of 1888 March 13, roughly 5 km3 [1.2 cu mi] of Ritter Island Volcano fell violently into the sea northeast of New Guinea. This event, the largest lateral collapse of an island volcano to be recorded in historical time, flung devastating tsunami tens of metres high on to adjacent shores. Several hundred kilometres away, observers on New Guinea chronicled 3-min period waves up to 8 m [26 ft] high, that lasted for as long as 3 h. These accounts represent the best available first-hand information on tsunami generated by a major volcano lateral collapse. In this article, we simulate the Ritter Island landslide as constrained by a 1985 sonar survey of its debris field and compare predicted tsunami with historical observations. The best agreement occurs for landslides travelling at 40 m/s [130 ft/s], but velocities up to 80 m/s [260 ft/s] cannot be excluded. The Ritter Island debris dropped little more than 800 m [2,600 ft] vertically and moved slowly compared with landslides that descend into deeper water. Basal friction block models predict that slides with shorter falls should attain lower peak velocities and that 40+ m/s [130 ft/s] is perfectly compatible with the geometry and runout extent of the Ritter Island landslide. The consensus between theory and observation for the Ritter Island waves increases our confidence in the existence of mega-tsunami produced by oceanic volcano collapses two to three orders of magnitude larger in scale.
Firth, Stewart (1983).New Guinea Under the Germans. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press.ISBN0-522-84220-8.
Howe, K. R., Robert C. Kiste, Brij V. Lal, eds. (1994).Tides of History: The Pacific Islands in the Twentieth Century. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.ISBN0-8248-1597-1.
King, Davidet al. (1982).Papua New Guinea Atlas: A Nation in Transition. Bathurst, Australia: R. Brown and the University of Papua New Guinea.ISBN0-909197-14-8.
Moore, Clive (2003).New Guinea: Crossing Boundaries and History. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.ISBN0-8248-2485-7.
Ryan, Peter, ed. (1972).Encyclopedia of Papua New Guinea. 3 volumes; Vol I: A – K, maps, black and white illustrations, xv + 588pp. Vol II: l – Z, maps, black and white illustrations, 589–1231pp. Vol III: Index, folding colour map in rear pocket, map, colour illustration, v + 83pp. Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press.ISBN978-0-522-84025-4.
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