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Bisayan languages

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Language family of the Philippines

Not to be confused withBrunei Bisaya language.

Bisayan
Bisayâ Binisayâ Visayan
Geographic distribution	Visayas, most parts ofMindanao,Mimaropa in thePhilippines,Sabah inMalaysia,North Kalimantan inIndonesia andimmigrant communities
Ethnicity	Visayans
Linguistic classification	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Central Philippine Bisayan
Proto-language	Proto-Bisayan
Subdivisions	Asi Cebuan Central Bisayan West Bisayan South Bisayan
Language codes
Glottolog	`bisa1268`
Geographic extent of Bisayan languages based onEthnologue and theNational Statistics Office 2000 Census of Population and Housing Cebuan Cebuano Central Bisayan Waray Baybayanon Kabalian Hiligaynon Capiznon Romblomanon Bantayanon Porohanon Masbateño Southern Sorsogon Northern Sorsogon West Bisayan Cuyonon Caluyanon Aklanon Karay-a Inonhan Ratagnon Asi Asi South Bisayan Surigaonon Butuanon Tausug Other legend Widespread/L2 use ofCebuano Widespread/L2 use ofHiligaynon

TheBisayan languages orVisayan languages^[1] are a subgroup of theAustronesian languages spoken in thePhilippines. They are most closely related toTagalog and theBikol languages, all of which are part of theCentral Philippine languages. Most Bisayan languages are spoken in the wholeVisayas section of the country, but they are also spoken in the southern part of theBicol Region (particularly inMasbate andSorsogon where several dialects ofWaray are spoken), islands south ofLuzon, such as those that make upRomblon, most of the areas ofMindanao and the province ofSulu located southwest of Mindanao. Some residents ofMetro Manila also speak one of the Bisayan languages.

Over 30 languages constitute the Bisayan language family. The Bisayan language with the most speakers isCebuano, spoken by 20 million people as a native language inCentral Visayas, parts ofEastern Visayas, and most ofMindanao. Two other well-known and widespread Bisayan languages areHiligaynon (Ilonggo), spoken by 9 million in most ofWestern Visayas andSoccsksargen; andWaray-Waray, spoken by 6 million inEastern Visayas region. Prior to colonization, the script and calligraphy of most of the Visayan peoples was thebadlit, closely related to the Tagalogbaybayin.

Nomenclature

[edit]

Native speakers of most Bisayan languages, especiallyCebuano,Hiligaynon andWaray, not only refer to their language by their local name, but also byBisaya orBinisaya, meaningBisayan language. This is misleading or may lead to confusion as different languages may be calledBisaya by their respective speakers despite their languages beingmutually unintelligible.

However, languages that are classified within the Bisayan language family but spoken natively in places outside of theVisayas do not use the self-referenceBisaya orBinisaya. To speakers ofCuyonon,Surigaonon,Butuanon andTausug, the termVisayan usually refers to either Cebuano or Hiligaynon.

There have been no proven accounts to verify the origins ofBisaya. However, there is an ethnic group inMalaysia andBrunei who call themselveswith the same name. However, theseethnic groups in the Philippines must not be confused with those inBorneo.

Evidence

[edit]

David Zorc lists the following innovations as features defining the Bisayan languages as a group (Zorc 1977:241).^[2] Tausug is noted to have diverged early from the group and may have avoided some sound changes that affected the others.

*lC, *Cl > *Cl (where C is any consonant not *h, *q, or *l)
*qC, *Cq > *Cq (MOST) *qC, *Cq > *qC (Tausug, and mostBikol languages)

Reflexes of PCPh and PPh
	*qaldaw	*qalsəm	*qitlug	*baqguh
Tagalic	*qaːdaw (Tag: ˈʔaː.raw)	*qaːsəm (Tag: ˈʔaː.sim)	*qitlug (Tag: ʔit.ˈlog)	*baːguh (Tag: ˈbaː.go)
Bikol	*qaldaw (Naga: ˈʔal.daw)	*qalsəm (Naga: ˈʔal.som)	*qitlug (Iriga: ʔit.ˈlog)	*baqguh (Naga: ˈbaʔ.go)
Bisayan	*qadlaw (ALL: ˈʔad.law)	*qasləm (Kin: ˈʔas.ləm,Ceb: ˈʔas.lum)	*qitlug (MOST: ˈʔit.log)	*bagquh (Ceb: ˈbag.ʔo)

Internal classification

[edit]

David Zorc gives the following internal classification for the Bisayan languages (Zorc 1977:32).^[2] The five primary branches are South, Cebuan, Central, Banton, and West. However, Zorc notes that the Bisayan language family is more like adialect continuum rather than a set of readily distinguishable languages.

The South Bisayan languages are considered to have diverged first, followed by Cebuan and then the rest of the three branches. Also, in the Visayas section, the province ofRomblon has the most linguistic diversity, as languages from three primary Bisayan branches are spoken there:Romblomanon from Central Bisayan,Inunhan from Western Bisayan andBanton (which has an independent Bisayan branch).

Notably,Baybayanon andPorohanon haveWarayan substrata, indicating a more widespread distribution of Waray before Cebuano speakers started to expand considerably starting from the mid-1800s.^[3]

A total of 36 varieties are listed below. Individual languages are marked byitalics.

Bisayan
- 1.South (spoken on the northeastern coast ofMindanao)
  - Butuan-Tausug
    - Tausug
    - Butuanon
  - Surigao
    - Surigaonon
    - Tandaganon
- 2.Cebuan (spoken inCebu,Bohol,Siquijor,Eastern Negros, westernLeyte and northern, southeastern and northwestern parts ofMindanao)
  - Cebuan
    - Cebuano
      - Boholano
- 3.Central (spoken across most of the Visayan region)
  - Warayan (spoken in easternLeyte,Biliran andSamar)
    - Waray
    - Baybayanon
    - Kabalian
    - Southern Sorsogon (Gubat)
  - Peripheral
    - Hiligaynon (Ilonggo) (spoken in easternPanay andGuimaras,Western Negros and south-centralMindanao)
    - Capiznon
    - Bantayanon
    - Porohanon
    - Masbate-Sorsogon
      - Masbateño
      - Central Sorsogon (Masbate)
  - Romblon (also the name of theprovince)
    - Romblomanon
- 4.Asi (spoken in northwesternRomblon Province)
  - - Asi
- 5.West
  - Aklan (spoken in northwesternPanay)
    - Aklanon/Inakeanon
    - Malaynon
  - Karayan
    - Karay-a (spoken in western and inlandPanay)
  - North-Central (spoken onTablas Island and the southern tip ofMindoro)
    - Inonhan (language related to Karayan)
  - Kuyan (spoken in the archipelagos west ofPanay andRomblon as well as the southern tip ofMindoro)
    - Ratagnon
    - Cuyonon
  - Caluyanon
    - Caluyanon

The auxiliary language ofEskayan is grammatically Bisayan, but has essentially no Bisayan (or Philippine) vocabulary.

Magahat andKarolanos, both spoken in Negros, are unclassified within Bisayan.^[4]

Names and locations

[edit]

Zorc (1977: 14–15) lists the following names and locations of Bisayan languages. The recently documented languagesKarolanos,Magahat, andKabalian are not listed in Zorc (1977).

Subgroup	Language	Other names	Location(s)
Banton	Banton		Banton Island,Romblon
Banton	Sibale	Banton	Sibale (Maestre de Campo) Island,Romblon
Banton	Odionganon	Corcuera Island dialect	Odiongan area,Tablas Island,Romblon
Western	Alcantaranon		Alcantara,Tablas Island,Romblon
Western	Dispoholnon		San Andres (Despujols),Tablas Island
Western	Looknon	Inunhan	Look andSanta Fe,Tablas Island
Western	Datagnon	Ratagnun, Latagnun	Ilin Island andMagsaysay, Occidental Mindoro
Western	Santa Teresa		Barrio Santa Teresa ofMagsaysay, Occidental Mindoro
Western	Bulalakawnon		Bulalacao (San Pedro), southernOriental Mindoro
Western	Semirara		Semirara Island Group
Western	Cuyonon	Cuyuno	Cuyo Island, exceptAgutaya; coastal area aroundPuerto Princesa, Palawan;Culion andBusuanga Islands
Western	Aklanon	Akeanon, Aklano, Aklan	Aklan and northernCapiz,Panay Island
Western	Pandan		Pandan area, Antique, including theBuruanga,Aklan area ofPanay
Western	Kinaray-a	Antiqueño, Hinaray-a, Sulud, Panayano	most ofAntique,Panay Island; most inland areas ofIloilo andCapiz; southernGuimaras Island off ofIloilo
Western	Gimaras		Guimaras Island, Iloilo
Central	Romblomanon	Niromblon, Sibuyanon	Romblon andSibuyan Island;San Agustin area,Tablas Island
Central	Bantayan		Bantayan Island
Central	Capiznon		Capiz and northeasternIloilo, Panay Island
Central	Hiligaynon	Ilonggo	most ofIloilo,Panay Island; westernGuimaras andNegros Occidental
Central	Kawayan		Cauayan, Negros Occidental
Central	Masbate	Masbate	Masbate andTicao Island
Central	Camotes		Camotes Island, between Cebu and Leyte
Central	Northern Samar	Samareño, Waray-Waray	northern Samar
Central	Samar-Leyte	Samareño, Waray-Waray, Sinamar	centralSamar; northern half ofLeyte
Central	Waray	Samareño, Waray-Waray, Binisayâ	southernSamar Island,Eastern Samar
Central	Sorsogon	Sorsogonon, Bikol	northernSorsogon,Bikol
Central	Gubat	Sorsogonon	southernSorsogon, Bikol (includingGubat)
Cebuan	Cebuano	Sugbuanon, Sugbuhanon, Cebuan, Sebuano	Cebu Island;Negros Oriental;eastern Visayas and the coastal areas of northern and easternMindanao
Cebuan	Boholano	Bol-anon	Bohol Island
Cebuan	Leyte	Kanâ, Leyteño	central westernLeyte; immigrants toDinagat Island
Southern	Butuanon		Butuan,Agusan del Norte area
Southern	Surigaonon	Jaun Bisayâ	Surigao del Norte
Southern	Jaun-Jaun	Siargaonon	Siargao Island,Surigao del Norte
Southern	Kantilan		Cantilan andMadrid,Surigao del Sur
Southern	Naturalis		Tandag andTago,Surigao del Sur
Southern	Tausug	Moro, Taw Sug	Jolo Island; southern and westernPalawan

Comparisons

[edit]

The following comparisons are from data gathered by Zorc (1997).

Personal-noun case markers

[edit]

Subgroup	Variety	Singular			Plural
Subgroup	Variety	NOM	ERG	OBL	NOM	ERG	OBL
Banton	Banton	si	ni	kang	sa	na	kaná
Banton	Sibale	si	ni	kang	sína	nína	kína
Banton	Odionganon	si	ni	kang	sa	na	kaná
Western, Inonhan	Alcantaranon
Western, Inonhan	Dispoholnon	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Inonhan	Looknon	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon	Datagnon	si	ni	ki	sánda	nánda	kanánda
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon	Santa Teresa	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Inonhan	Bulalakawnon	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon	Semirara	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Kuyan	Cuyonon	si	ni	ki	sanda	nanda	kanda
Western	Aklanon	si	ni	kay	sánda(y)	nánda(y)	kánda(y)
Western, Kinaray-a	Pandan	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Kinaray-a	Kinaray-a	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Western, Kinaray-a	Gimaras
Central	Romblomanon	si	ni	kay	siná	niná	kiná
Central, Peripheral	Bantayan
Central, Peripheral	Capiznon	si	ni	kay	sánday	nánday	kánday
Central, Peripheral	Hiligaynon	si	ni	kay	silá ni	níla ni	sa íla ni
Central, Peripheral	Kawayan
Central, Peripheral	Masbate	si	ni	kan	sinda	ninda	kanda
Central, Peripheral	Camotes
Central, Warayan, Waray	Northern Samar	si	ni	kan	sirá	nirá	kánda
Central, Warayan, Waray	Samar-Leyte	si	ni	kan	sirá	níra	kánda
Central, Warayan, Waray	Waray	hi	ni	kan	hirá	níra	kánda
Central, Peripheral	Sorsogon (Central Sorsoganon)	si	ni	kan	sirá	nirá	kánda
Central, Warayan	Gubat (South Sorsoganon)	si	ni	kan	sirá	nirá	kánda
Cebuan	Cebuano	si	ni	kang	silá si siláng	níla ni níang	sa íla ni, sa ílang
Cebuan	Boholano	si	ni	kang	síla	níla	kaníla
Cebuan	Leyte				silang	nilang	sa ilang
Southern, Butuan-Tausug	Butuanon	si	ni	kang	sinda	ninda	kanda
Southern, Surigaonon	Surigaonon	si	ni	kay	síla	níla	kaníla
Southern, Surigaonon	Jaun-Jaun	si	ni	kan	síla si	níla ni	díla ni
Southern, Surigaonon	Kantilan
Southern, Tandaganon	Naturalis
Southern, Butuan-Tausug	Tausug	hi	hi	kan	hinda	hinda	kanda

Common-name case markers

[edit]

Subgroup	Variety	NOM			ERG			OBL
		Indefinite	Definite		Indefinite	Definite
			Past	Nonpast		Past	Nonpast	Future
Banton	Banton	-y	kag		it	ittong		sa
Banton	Sibale	-y	kag		it	itkag		sa
Banton	Odionganon	-y	kag		it	ittong		sa
Western, Inonhan	Alcantaranon		ang		it	tang		sa
Western, Inonhan	Dispoholnon		ang		it	kang		sa
Western, Inonhan	Looknon		ang		it	tang		sa
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon	Datagnon		ang		#	ang		sa
Western, Kuyan, Ratagnon	Santa Teresa		ang			kang		sa
Western, Inonhan	Bulalakawnon		ang		it	tang		sa
Western, Kuyan, Caluyanon	Semirara		ang			kang		sa
Western, Kuyan	Cuyonon		ang		i	i-ang		sa
Western	Aklanon	-y	ro~do		it	ku		sa
Western, Kinaray-a	Pandan		ang		it	kang		sa
Western, Kinaray-a	Kinaray-a		ang		ti	kang		sa
Western, Kinaray-a	Gimaras		ang		ti	kang		sa
Central	Romblomanon		ang		ning	nang		sa
Central, Peripheral	Bantayan		ang		sing	sang		sa
Central, Peripheral	Capiznon		ang		sing	sang		sa
Central, Peripheral	Hiligaynon		ang		sing	sang		sa
Central, Peripheral	Kawayan		ang		sing	sang		sa
Central, Peripheral	Masbate		an		sin	san		sa
Central, Peripheral	Camotes	in	an		sin	san		sa
Central, Warayan, Waray	Northern Samar	in	an		si(n)	sa(n)		sa
Central, Warayan, Waray	Samar-Leyte	in	an	it	sin	san	sit	sa
Central, Warayan, Waray	Waray	in	an	it	hin	han	hit	ha
Central, Peripheral	Sorsogon (Central Sorsoganon)		an		sin	san		sa
Central, Warayan	Gubat (South Sorsoganon)		an		sin	san		sa
Cebuan	Cebuano	-y	ang		ug	sa		sa
Cebuan	Boholano		ang		ug	sa		sa
Cebuan	Leyte		ang		ug	sa		sa
Southern, Butuan-Tausug	Butuanon		ang			hong		sa
Southern, Surigaonon	Surigaonon		ang			nang		sa
Southern, Surigaonon	Jaun-Jaun		an			nan		sa
Southern, Surigaonon	Kantilan		ang			nang		sa
Southern, Tandaganon	Naturalis		ang			nang		sa
Southern, Butuan-Tausug	Tausug	in			sin			ha

Reconstruction

[edit]

Proto-Bisayan
Reconstruction of	Bisayan languages
Reconstructed ancestors	Proto-Austronesian Proto-Malayo-Polynesian Proto-Philippine

David Zorc's reconstruction of Proto-Bisayan had 15consonants and 4vowels (Zorc 1977:201).^[2] Vowel length, primary stress (penultimate and ultimate), and secondary stress (pre-penultimate) are also reconstructed by Zorc.

**Proto-Bisayan Consonants**
		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	Voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Plosive	Voiced	b	d		ɡ
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Fricative			s			h
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

**Proto-Bisayan Vowels**
Height	Front	Central	Back
Close	i/i/		u/u/
Mid		ə/ə/
Open		a/a/

References

[edit]

^Adelaar, Alexander (2005). "The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar: a historical perspective". In Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (eds.).The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge. pp. 1–42., page 16.
^^a ^b ^cZorc, David Paul (1977).The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University.doi:10.15144/PL-C44.ISBN 0858831570.
^Lobel, Jason (2009).Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 914–917.
^Lobel, Jason William. 2013.Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping, and reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation. Manoa: University of Hawai'i at Manoa.

External links

[edit]

Wikivoyage has a travel guide forBisaya phrasebook.

"Bisayan" onEthnologue, (23rd ed., 2020).

Articles related to Bisayan languages

Bisayan languages

Asi

Cebuan

Cebuano
- Boholano
- Old Cebuano

Central

Romblomanon
Warayan	Baybayanon Kinabalian Waray South Sorsogon (Gubat)
Peripheral	Bantayanon Capiznon Hiligaynon Porohanon Masbateño North Sorsogon (Masbate)

West

Aklanon Caluyanon Kinaray-a Onhan
Kuyan	Cuyonon Ratagnon

South

Surigaonon
Butuan-Tausug	Butuanon Tausug

(unclassified)

See also:Visayan peoples

Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Kapampangan
Sambalic	Abellen Ambala Bolinao Botolan Mag-antsi Mag-indi Mariveleño Sambal

Greater Central
Philippine

Central Philippine

Bikol	Albay Bikol Central Bikol Isarog Agta Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Pandan Bikol Rinconada
Bisayan	Aklanon Asi Bantayanon Baybay Butuanon Caluyanon Capiznon Cebuano Boholano Old Cebuano † Cuyonon Hiligaynon Kabalian Karay-a Karolanos Magahat Masbateño Northern Sorsogon Onhan Porohanon Ratagnon Romblomanon Southern Sorsogon Sulod Surigaonon Tausug Waray
Mansakan	Davawenyo Kalagan Kamayo Mamanwa Mandaya Mansaka
Tagalic	Kasiguranin Tagalog Old Tagalog † Batangueño Filipino
(unclassified)	Ata †

Western Subanon

Northern Alta Southern Alta
Central Cordilleran	Balangao Bontoc Ifugao Isinai Itneg Kalinga Kankanaey Tuwali
Southern Cordilleran	Bugkalot Ibaloi Iwaak Kalanguya Karao Pangasinan

Northern Mindoro

Sangiric

Other branches

Ati Klata Umiray Dumaget
Manide–Alabat	Inagta Alabat Manide ?Katabangan †

Reconstructed

Proto-Philippine †

† indicatesextinct status
? indicates classification dispute

Languages of the Philippines

Official languages

Regional languages

Indigenous languages
(byregion)

Bangsamoro	Iranun Pangutaran Sama Sama
Bicol Region	Albay Bikol Inagta Partido Manide Masbateño Mount Iraya Agta Mount Iriga Agta Northern Sorsogon Pandan Bikol Rinconada Bikol Southern Catanduanes Bikol Southern Sorsogon
Cagayan Valley	Arta Atta Bugkalot Central Cagayan Agta Dinapigue Agta Dupaningan Agta Gaddang Isinai Itawis Itbayat Kalanguya Karao Malaweg Nagtipunan Agta Paranan Agta Paranan Yogad
Calabarzon	Inagta Alabat Manide Hatang Kayi (Remontado) Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget
Caraga	Agusan Ata Manobo Butuanon Higaonon Kamayo Mamanwa
Central Luzon	Abellen Ambala Antsi Botolan Casiguran Dumagat Agta Indi Kasiguranin Mariveleño Northern Alta Southern Alta Umiray Dumaget
Central Visayas	Bantayanon Eskayan Karolanos Magahat Porohanon
Cordillera	Atta Balangao Bontoc Ga'dang Ibaloi Ifugao Isnag Itawis Itneg Iwaak Kalanguya Kalinga Kankanaey Malaweg Tuwali
Davao Region	Blaan Davaoeño Kalagan Klata Mandaya Mansaka Obo Sangir Sarangani Tagabawa
Eastern Visayas	Abaknon Baybay Kabalian
Ilocos Region	Bolinao
Metro Manila	Taglish
Mimaropa	Agutaynen Alangan Asi Batak Buhid Calamian Tagbanwa Central Tagbanwa Cuyonon Hanunoo Iraya Kagayanen Molbog Onhan Palawano Ratagnon Romblomanon Tadyawan Tawbuid
Northern Mindanao	Bukid Higaonon Ilianen Iranun Kamigin Matigsalug Subanen Western Bukidnon
Soccsksargen	Blaan Cotabato Manobo Ilianen Iranun Obo Tboli Teduray
Western Visayas	Ata Ati Caluyanon Capiznon Sulod
Zamboanga Peninsula	Sibuco-Vitali Sama Subanen

Immigrant languages

Sign languages

Filipino Sign Language

Historical languages

Languages of Malaysia

Main

Official	Malaysian English comparison with British English Arabic

Families

Natives &
Indigenous

Nationwide	Malay
Peninsular Malaysia	Batek Cheq Wong Duanoʼ Jah Hut Jahai Jakun Jedek Johor–Riau Malay Johor Malay Malacca Malay Selangor Malay Judeo-Malay² Kedah Malay Kelantan–Pattani Malay Kenaboi¹ Kensiu Kintaq Kristang Lanoh Mah Meri Minriq Mintil Negeri Sembilan Malay Mos Orang Kanaq Orang Seletar Pahang Malay Perak Malay Reman Malay Sabüm¹ Semai Semaq Beri Semelai Semnam Southern Thai Temiar Temoq² Temuan Terengganu Malay Wila'¹
East Malaysia	Abai Bahau Bajau Belait Berawan Biatah Bintulu Bonggi Bookan Bruneian/Kedayan Malay Brunei Bisaya Bukar–Sadong Bukitan Coastal Kadazan Daro-Matu Dumpas Dusun Eastern Kadazan Ganaʼ Iban Idaʼan Jagoi Jangkang Kajaman Kalabakan Kanowit Kayan Kelabit Kendayan Keningau Murut Kinabatangan Kiput Klias River Kadazan Kota Marudu Talantang Kuijau Lahanan Lelak¹ Lengilu¹ Lotud Lun Bawang Mainstream Kenyah Melanau Momogun Murik Kayan Narom Nunukan Tidung Okolod Paluan Papar Punan Bah-Biau Punan Batu² Penan Remun Saʼban Sabah Bisaya Sama Sarawak Malay Sebop Sekapan Selungai Murut Sembakung Seru¹ Serudung Sian Sungai Tagol Timugon Tombonuwo Tring Tringgus Tutoh Ukit² Umaʼ Lasan

Significant
minority

Chinese	Sino-Tibetan Yue Cantonese Malaysian Cantonese Hakka Min Eastern Min Fuqing Fuzhou Hainanese Pu–Xian Min Southern Min Hokkien Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien Penang Hokkien Chaoshan Min Teochew Mandarin Chinese Malaysian Mandarin
Indian	Dravidian Malayalam Tamil Malaysian Tamil Telugu Indo-European Gujarati Hindi Punjabi Urdu
Indonesian archipelago	Acehnese Banjar Madurese Bawean Buginese Javanese Kerinci Mandailing Minangkabau Rawa
Philippine	Philippine Iranun Maranao Molbog Suluk
Others	Cham

Creoles

Mixed & Others

Immigrants

Signs

Main	Malaysian Sign Language Manually Coded Malay
By states	Penang Sign Language Selangor Sign Language

¹ Extinct languages
² Nearly extinct languages

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