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Birket Qarun Formation

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Geological formation in Egypt
Birket Qarun Formation
Stratigraphic range:Eocene
~41.2–33.9 Ma[1]
TypeSedimentary
UnderliesQasr el Sagha Formation
OverliesGehannam Formation
Thicknessup to 50 metres (160 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySandstone,claystone,shale,limestone
Location
RegionFaiyum Governorate
CountryEgypt

TheBirket Qarun Formation is an Eocene aged formation in Egypt. It is part of the famousWadi al Hitan.[2] Notable fossils include the ancient whalesBasilosaurus andDorudon as well as sireniansEotheroides andEosiren. It also contains the teeth of varioussharks andreptiles. The area was likely a mix of both marine and freshwater area with many freshwater deposits being found alongside a marine influence from theTethys Sea.[3] Fossils here also preserve a shallow marine nursery for the whaleDorudon and it seems that this area would have also been the site of active predation fromBasilosaurus as it attacked the newly bornDorudon calves.[4]

Paleobiota

[edit]

Molluscs

[edit]

Several supposed rizholiths and rizhomes have been re-interpreted as burrows made by burrowing bivalves.[5][6]

GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Amaea (Acrila)[7]niloaticaTemple MemberGebel GehannamShellsAWentletrap
Acanthocardia (Schedocardia)[7]gehannamensisTemple MemberGebel GehannamShellsACarditid
Carolia[7]placunoidesTemple MemberGebel GehannamShellsAScallop
Claibornicardia[7]pharaonumTemple MemberGaret GehannamShellsACarditid
Cubitostrea[7]multicostataTemple MemberGebel GehannamShellsAnOyster
Ostrea[7]reili, fraasi, roncanaTemple MemberGebel GehannamShellsAnOyster
Turritella (Torquesia)[7]pharaonicaTemple MemberGebel GehannamShellsATurritellidae

Actinopterygians

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Gymnarchus[8]sp.Umm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated remainsAMormyridae elephantfish
Hydrocynus[8]sp.Umm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated remainsAnAlestid
Qarmoutus[8]hitanensisUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated remainsAsea catfish
Mochokidae[8]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated remainsCatfish
Perciformes[8]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated remainsPerch
Polypterus[8]sp.Umm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated remainsABichir

Dipnomorphs

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Protopterus[8]elongusUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated tooth platesAProtopterid

Chondrichthyes

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Abdounia[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethARequiem shark
Aetobatus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAStingray
Alopias[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAThresher shark
Anoxypristis[9]mucrodens, sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethASawfish
Brachycarcharias[9]cf.twiggsensisTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethASand tiger shark
Burnhamia[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAMobulid
Carcharias[9]aff. twiggsensis, sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethASand shark
Carcharhinus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethARequiem shark
Chiloscyllium[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethACarpet shark
Coupatezia[9]wousteri,attiai, sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAStingray
Crassescyliorhinus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAScyliorhinid
Dasyatidae[9]IndeterminateTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethAWhiptail stingray
Eoplinthicus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAnEagle ray
Galeocerdo[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethATiger shark
Gymnura[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAStingray
Hemipristis[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAHemigaleid
Hexanchus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethASixgill shark
Himantura[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAStingray
Leptocharias[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAHemigaleid
Lophobatis[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAnEagle ray
Macrorhizodus[9]praecursorTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethALamnid
Megascyliorhinus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAScyliorhinid
Moerigaleus[10]vitreodonTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethAHemigaleid
Myliobatis[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAnEagle ray
Narcine[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethANumbfish
Nebrius[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethANurse shark
Neotrygon[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAWhiptail stingray
Negaprion[9]frequens,amekiensis, sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethALemon shark
Odontorhytis[9]aff. pappenheimiTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethIndet. elasmobranch
Otodus[9]sokoloviTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethAnOtodontid
Ouledia[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAStingray
Pastinachus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAWhiptail stingray
Physogaleus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethARequiem shark
Platyrhina[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAGuitarfish
Platyrhinoidis[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAGuitarfish
Propristis[9]schweinfurthi, lathami, sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethASawfish
Rhinoptera[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethACownose ray
Rhizoprionodon[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethASharpnose shark
Rhynchobatus[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAWedgefish
Squatina[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAnAngelshark
Stegostoma[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAZebra shark
Scyliorhinidae[9]IndeterminateTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethAScyliorhinid
Torpedo[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethATorpedinid
Triakidae[9]IndeterminateTemple MemberWadi HitanTeethAHoundshark
Triakis[9]sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanTeethAHoundshark

Crocodylomorphs

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Crocodyliformes[11]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunDPC 24618 and 21120Indeterminate Crocodrile material
Gavialoidea[11]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunDPC 24708 and 24343Indeterminate Crocodrile material
Sebecosuchia[11]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunDPC 20814Indeterminate Ziphosuchian material
Tomistoma[12]kerunenseTemple MemberBirket-el-QurunCGM 9350 - type (skull)ATomistomine

Testudines

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Cordichelys[13]antiqua, sp.Temple MemberWadi HitanA partial skull, mostly complete shell, and partial pelves; UMMP 97531, a mostly complete, well-preserved lower jawAPodocnemididae sideneck turtle
Dacquemys[14]paleomorphaTemple MemberDimehSMNS 12645APodocnemididae sideneck turtle

Squamates

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Amphisbaenia[15]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunMUVP 453, an isolated presacral vertebraIndeterminate legless squamate
Booid[16]"taxon A", "taxon B"Umm Rigl MemberBirket Qarun1 left maxilla (DPC 21241), 3 anterior trunk vertebrae (DPC 25605, 25643, and 25655), 17 mid-trunk vertebrae (DPC 25603, 25606, 25613, 25618, 25619, 25628, 25635, 25642, 25644 to 25646, 25649, 25660, 25670, 25671, 25684, and 25690), 4 posterior trunk vertebrae (DPC 25623, 25673, 25685, and 25686); 7 mid-trunk vertebrae (DPC 25610, 25614, 25615, 25629, 25639, 25651, and 25652), 5 posterior trunk vertebrae (DPC 25621, 25622, 25638, 25662, and 25672)Indeterminate boa material
Caenophidia[16]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket Qarun1 "badly eroded partial vertebra" (DPC 25679)Indeterminate snake material
Gigantophis[17]garstiniUmm Rigl MemberBirket Qarun1 "giant" mid-trunk vertebra (DPC 25616), 1 "large" juvenile mid-trunk vertebra (DPC 25641)A giant madtsoiid snake
Procerophis[15]sp.Umm Rigl MemberBirket QarunMUVP 454, an isolated mid- trunk vertebraIndeterminate legless squamate
Pterosphenus[17]schweinfurthiUmm Rigl MemberBirket Qarun5 anterior trunk vertebrae (DPC 21270, 21287, 24291, 25666, and 25667), 4 mid-trunk vertebrae (DPC 25607, 25630, 25668, and 25680)APalaeophiidae sea snake
Renenutet[16]enmerwer, sp.Umm Rigl MemberBirket Qarunholotype: GCM 83731, a mid-trunk vertebra; paratypes: DPC 25657, a mid-trunk vertebra, and DPC 25627, a posterior trunk vertebra; referred specimens: 7 mid-trunk vertebrae (DPC 25609, 25611, 25633, 25640, 25656, 25657, and 25687), 2 posterior trunk vertebrae (DPC 25602 and 25608); MUVP 455, mid-trunk vertebra (4.1 mm centrum length); MUVP 457, MUVP 458, MUVP 459, anterior caudal vertebrae (5.1 mm centrum length and 4.9 mm height of the neural arch and spine); MUVP 460, posterior caudal vertebra (2 mm centrum length).AColubroidea snake
Russellophiid[16]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket Qarun1 single mid-trunk vertebra (DPC 25663)Indeterminate snake material
Tropidophiid[16]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket Qarun1 anterior trunk vertebra (DPC 25650), 3 mid-trunk vertebrae (DPC 25634, 25654, and 25664), 2 caudal vertebrae (DPC 25674 and 25692)Indeterminate dwarf boa material
Serpentes[16]indeterminateUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunDPC 25620, 25661, 25665 (Pterosphenus orGigantophis?), 25677, 25678, 25689, 25691, 25693, and 2694, incomplete and/or strongly eroded vertebraeIndeterminate snake material
Varanus[18]sp.Umm Rigl MemberBirket QarunVertebrae: DPC 21355, one cervical, two trunk and two caudal; 21442, one caudal; 23257, two trunk and two caudal; 23258, four caudals; 23778, caudalAMonitor lizard

Birds

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Eopelecanus[19]aegyptiacusTemple MemberGaret GehannamMUVP 505, a limb element (right tibiotarsus)An early species of pelican

Afrotheres

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GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Barytherium[20][21]graveTemple MemberBirket QarunPartial mandible and isolated teethA member ofBarytheriidae
Dilambdogale[22]gheerbrantiUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 66005 - holotype; referred material: DPC 23306E, 23307A, 23007H, 23736A, 23780C, 23784D, 23983C, 24001A, 24081B, 24103A and DPC 24108AATenrecomorph
Dimaitherium[23]patnaikiUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunHolotype: CGM 42206, partial left mandibleAHyracoidean
Eosiren[24]libyca, stromeriTemple MemberBirket Qarun; Wadi al HitanMultiple articulated & isolated remainsA member ofDugongidae
Eotheroides[24]clavigerum, sandersiTemple MemberBirket Qarun; Wadi al HitanMultiple articulated & isolated remainsA member ofDugongidae
Moeritherium[20][21][1]lyonsiTemple MemberBirket QarunPartial mandible and isolated teethA member ofMoeritheriidae

Marsupials

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Ghamidtherium[25]dimaiensisUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunGM 83699, a right dentary fragment including 2-3, and alveoli for M4 and one tooth anterior to M2A possibleDidelphimorphian

Rodents

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Kabirmys[26]qarunensisUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunIsolated teeth, partial mandibles, and an edentulous partial maxillaANementchamyidae rodent
Protophiomys[27]aegyptensis, attiaiUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 83695 - holotype; CGM 83690 ; referred material: DPC specimensAHystricognathi rodent
Shazurus[28]minutusUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 83701, a left Molar; referred 15 teethA member ofAnomalure

Bats

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GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Aegyptonycteris[29]knightaeUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 83740, fragment of right maxilla with M2 and M3; only known specimenA member ofAegyptonycteridae
Qarunycteris[30]moerisaeUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 83671, a tooth (right [upper] M2)A member ofRhinopomatidae
Witwatia[30]schlosseri,eremicusUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunGM 83668, left dentary with c1–m3; CGM 83669, left M1 or M2A member ofPhilisidae

Primates

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Afradapis[31]longicristatusUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 83690, partial left mandible preserving P4–M3 and masseteric fossaA member ofCaenopithecinae
Biretia[32]fayumensis,megalopsisUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 83658, mandible with m2 and m3; CGM 83661, partial mandible with m2 and m3AParapithecidae monkey
Karanisia[33]clarkiUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 40265, left mandible preserving M1 to M3A possible member ofLorisidae
Masradapis[34]tahaiUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunMandibular, maxillary fragments and isolated teethA member ofCaenopithecinae
Nosmips[35]aenigmaticusUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 66002 - holotypeA primate of uncertain affinites
Saharagalago[33]misrensisUmm Rigl MemberBirket QarunCGM 40266, a left M1A member ofGalagidae

Cetaceans

[edit]
GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Ancalecetus[36]simonsiTemple MemberWadi HitanCGM 42290, a partial skeletonABasilosauridae cetacean
Basilosaurus[37][38]isis,cetoidesAll MembersDimeh SW; Birket Qarun; Garet el Naqb; Birket-el-Qurun; Garet Gehannam; Wadi HitanMultiple articulated & isolated remainsABasilosauridae cetacean
Dorudon[38][39]atroxAll MembersEl Kenissa; Geziret el-Qarn; Qasr Qarun; Birket-el-Qurun; Wadi HitanMultiple articulated & isolated remainsABasilosauridae cetacean
Masracetus[40]markgrafiTemple MemberDimehSMNS 11414, a set of vertebrae (lumbar vertebrae); the associated skull is cataloged as SMNS 11413ABasilosauridae cetacean

Plants

[edit]

IsolatedDicotyledon woods are know.[41] Unidentified large woody roots are know.[6]

GenusSpeciesMemberLocalityMaterialNotesImages
Avicennia?[6][41]marina?Middle Member
  • Minqar El-Hut
  • Sandouk El-Borneta
  • Wadi Hitan
Type-1 rhizolithsMangrove plant (Avicenniaceae)
Extant representatives of the genus
Cymodocea[24]sp.Temple MemberQasr Qarun
  • Foliar remains
  • Type-3 rhizoliths
A marine Angiosperm (Cymodoceaceae)
Extant representatives of the genus
Detarioxylon[42]aegyptiacumMiddle MemberBirket QarunWoodTerrestrial Angiosperm (Fabaceae)
Nypa?[41]fruticans?,

burtini?

Middle MemberWadi Hitan
  • Rhizome casts
  • Leaf impression
Mangrove Palm (Arecaceae)
Extant representatives of the genus
Rhizophora[6][41]sp.Middle Member
  • Minqar El-Hut
  • Sandouk El-Borneta
  • Wadi Hitan
Type-2 rhizolithsMangrove plant (Rhizophoraceae)
Extant representatives of the genus
Thalassodendron[24]sp.
  • Middle Member
  • Temple Member
  • Qasr Qarun
  • Wadi Hitan
  • Foliar remains
  • Type-3 rhizoliths
A marine Angiosperm (Cymodoceaceae)
Extant representatives of the genus

References

[edit]
  1. ^abSeiffert, Erik R.; Bown, Thomas M.; Clyde, William C.; Simons, Elwyn (2008), Fleagle, John G.; Gilbert, Christopher C. (eds.),"Geology, Paleoenvironment, and Age of Birket Qarun Locality 2 (BQ-2), Fayum Depression, Egypt",Elwyn Simons: A Search for Origins, New York, NY: Springer New York, pp. 71–86,doi:10.1007/978-0-387-73896-3_8,ISBN 978-0-387-73895-6, retrieved2024-09-16
  2. ^"Birket Qarun Formation".PBDB.org.
  3. ^Murray, Alison M.; Cook, Todd D.; Attia, Yousry S.; Chatrath, Prithijit; Simons, Elwyn L. (2010-05-18)."A freshwater ichthyofauna from the late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum, Egypt".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.30 (3):665–680.Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..665M.doi:10.1080/02724631003758060.ISSN 0272-4634.
  4. ^M. Fahlke, Julia (2012-11-15)."Bite marks revisited – evidence for middle-to-late Eocene Basilosaurus isis predation on Dorudon atrox (both Cetacea, Basilosauridae)".Palaeontologia Electronica.doi:10.26879/1441. Retrieved2024-09-16.
  5. ^Gee, Carole T.; Sander, P. Martin; Peters, Shanan E.; El-Hennawy, Mohamed Talaat; Antar, Mohammed Sameh M.; Zalmout, Iyad S.; Gingerich, Philip D. (2019-06-01)."Fossil burrow assemblage, not mangrove roots: reinterpretation of the main whale-bearing layer in the late Eocene of Wadi Al-Hitan, Egypt".Palaeobiodiversity and Palaeoenvironments.99 (2):143–158.Bibcode:2019PdPe...99..143G.doi:10.1007/s12549-018-0337-0.ISSN 1867-1608.
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  8. ^abcdefgMurray, Alison M.; Cook, Todd D.; Attia, Yousry S.; Chatrath, Prithijit; Simons, Elwyn L. (2010-05-18)."A freshwater ichthyofauna from the late Eocene Birket Qarun Formation, Fayum, Egypt".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.30 (3):665–680.Bibcode:2010JVPal..30..665M.doi:10.1080/02724631003758060.ISSN 0272-4634.
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  24. ^abcdZalmout, Iyad S.; Gingerich, Philip D. (2012)."Late Eocene sea cows (Mammalia, Sirenia) from Wadi al Hitan in the western desert of Fayum, Egypt".University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology.37 (1):1–158.
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