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Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB) is an intergovernmental scientific program, launched in 1971 byUNESCO, that aims to establish a scientific basis for the 'improvement of relationships' between people and their environments.[1]
MAB engages with theinternational development agenda, especially theSustainable Development Goals and thePost 2015 Development Agenda. The MAB programme provides a platform for cooperation in research and development. As of July 2024[update], 759 sites across 136 countries, including 22 transboundary sites, have been included in theWorld Network of Biosphere Reserves.[2] The reserves cover more than 5% of the world’s surface and are home to over 260 million people.[3][4]
Biosphere reserves are areas comprising terrestrial, marine and coastal ecosystems.[3] Its biosphere reserves are nominated by national governments and remain under the sovereign jurisdiction of the states where they are located. Their status is internationally recognized. Biosphere reserves are 'Science for Sustainability support sites'.
Biosphere reserves have three zones:[1][5]
The first biosphere reserves were designated in 1976 in several countries including the US, UK, Uruguay, Thailand, Iran and Poland.[1][7]
In 1996, theIUCN and MAB published a guideline for how to assess UNESCO biosphere reserves in theIUCN classification system. The IUCN distinguishes between the biosphere core area, buffer zones, transition zones, and each individual biosphere reserve. Biosphere core zones were in IUCN category I; either Ia (strict nature reserve) or Ib (wilderness area). Biosphere buffer zones would fall into categories IV, V or VI, and transition zones would be categorized as either V or VI, if possible.[8] In the 2020s, the zones are categorized as follows: core (category I-IV), buffer (category V-VI), transition (uncategorized).[9]
Participating countries establish MAB National Committees that define and implement each country's activities. MAB currently operates through 158 national committees established among the 195 member states and nine associate member states of UNESCO.
The agenda of the MAB programme is defined by its main governing body, the International Coordinating Council. The MAB Council consists of 34 member states elected by UNESCO's General Conference. The council elects a chair and five vice-chairs from each of UNESCO's geopolitical regions, one of which functions as a rapporteur. These constitute the MAB Bureau.
The MAB Secretariat is based at UNESCO's Division of Ecological and Earth Sciences, at UNESCO's headquarters in Paris.[10] It works with field offices at national and regional levels. MAB is funded by UNESCO and mobilizes funds in trust granted by Member States, bilateral and multilateral sources, and extra-budgetary funds provided by countries, the private sector and private institutions.
The first World Congress of Biosphere Reserves was held in Minsk, Belarus in 1983;[11] the congress created an 'Action Plan for Biosphere Reserves' which was adopted the following year.
The second World Congress was held in Seville, Spain in March 1995.[11]
The third World Congress was held in Madrid, Spain from February 4–9, 2008.[12]
The fourth World Congress ofBiosphere Reserves took place inLima,Peru, from March 14–17, 2016.[13]
The fifth World Congress is due to be held in Hangzhou, China from September 22–27 2025.[14]
The World Network of Biosphere Reserves are as follows:
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