Bill Waller | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 56th Governor of Mississippi | |
| In office January 18, 1972 – January 20, 1976 | |
| Lieutenant | William F. Winter |
| Preceded by | John Bell Williams |
| Succeeded by | Cliff Finch |
| Personal details | |
| Born | William Lowe Waller (1926-10-21)October 21, 1926 |
| Died | November 30, 2011(2011-11-30) (aged 85) Jackson, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Resting place | Jessamine Cemetery Ridgeland, Mississippi, U.S. |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 5, includingBill |
| Education | Memphis State University (BS) University of Mississippi School of Law (LLB) |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Branch/service |  United States Army |
| Years of service | 1951–1953 |
| Rank | Sergeant |
| Battles/wars | Korean War |
William Lowe Waller Sr. (October 21, 1926 – November 30, 2011) was an American politician and attorney. ADemocrat, Waller served as the 56thgovernor of Mississippi from 1972 to 1976. Born nearOxford, Mississippi to a farming family, Waller went to law school and in 1950 established a law practice inJackson. Nine years later, he was elected District Attorney ofHinds County, Mississippi. Waller attempted to reform the position and provoked the ire of local law enforcement for aggressively prosecuting several cases. In 1964, he twice prosecutedByron De La Beckwith for the murder of civil rights activistMedgar Evers, with both trials resulting indeadlocked juries. In 1967, he launched an unsuccessful campaign for governor, finishing fifth in the Democratic primary.
Waller ran for governor again in 1971, denouncing state establishment leaders and winning in the primary and in the general election. Taking office in January 1972, he associated himself with theNew South governors, his moderate contemporaries in other Southern states. Though unsuccessful in reconciling racial differences within theMississippi Democratic Party, he brought blacks into state government and successfully shut down theState Sovereignty Commission. His tenure was also marked by his significant disagreement with theMississippi State Legislature. After leaving gubernatorial office in 1976, Waller returned to practicing law in Jackson. He ran for aU.S. Senate seat in 1978 and for governor again in 1987, losing both races. He released his memoirs in 2007 and died four years later.
Waller was born on October 21, 1926, nearOxford inLafayette County, Mississippi, to Percy A. Waller and Myrtle Gatewood.[1] He and his two siblings worked on their parents' 300 acres (1.2 km2) farm in their youth. The family was not affluent, but fared better than many of their neighbors during theGreat Depression. Waller's father was involved in local politics and a friend of politicianRoss Barnett, who later becamegovernor of the state.[2] He attended public schools in the Black Jack community ofPanola County before graduating from University High School in Oxford in 1944.[3] He earned abachelor's degree in business administration fromMemphis State University and abachelor of laws from theUniversity of Mississippi School of Law.[1]
In 1950, Waller established a legal practice inJackson, Mississippi.[2] He served in theUnited States Army as an intelligence officer during theKorean War,[4] attaining the rank of sergeant. He was offered a commission in the intelligence corps, but he declined, being discharged on November 30, 1953. He returned to Jackson to activeArmy Reserve duty and resumed his legal career.[5] He marriedCarroll Waller on November 11, 1950[6] and had four sons and a daughter with her.[7] One of his sons,Bill Waller Jr., later served as Chief Justice of theSupreme Court of Mississippi and made an unsuccessful bid for gubernatorial office in 2019.[8]
Waller was elected District Attorney of the Seventh Judicial District of Mississippi (Hinds County) in 1959 and was reelected in 1963.[3][9] He was sworn in on January 2, 1960.[10] At the time he took office, the district attorney in Hinds County was a part-time job with little expected of its incumbent. Many previous attorneys had used the office to promote their own private legal services. Waller attempted to reform the position, and provoked the ire of local law enforcement for aggressively prosecuting several cases, including a white man who had murdered a black man and a wealthy woman who had murdered her husband. Despite this, his legal practice expanded during his tenure with several newpartners. He also befriended Mississippi political columnistBill Minor.[11]
As the district attorney, Waller prosecutedByron De La Beckwith in the murder of civil rights advocateMedgar Evers in two trials in 1964, both of which resulted in mistrials due todeadlocked juries.[12] Waller did not approve of Evers' activism and did not view the trials as a means to denounceJim Crow racial segregation, but saw it as an opportunity to demonstrate that laws would be upheld in the state.[13] Most observers agreed Waller ably presented his case against Beckwith, establishing his rifle as the murder weapon and using witnesses to establish his presence in the vicinity of the killing on the night it had occurred. Though worried that it might backfire among the white jury members, Waller also attempted to establish a motive for the murder by getting Beckwith to testify to his support for white supremacy and staunch opposition to racial integration.[14] Fears among white Mississippians that Waller was a "liberal" for trying De Le Beckwith led his firm to lose clients.[15] Numerous observers speculated that the trials would damage his political prospects, withThe New York Times writing in February 1964 that "He may have put his career on the block by his tireless prosecution of the case".[16] Despite this, he won some national acclaim for convincing several white jurors to vote for conviction and ingratiated himself to Mississippi's black population.[17] Beckwith was later convicted after a third trial in 1994.[3]
By the mid-1960s, Waller was disenchanted with Mississippi's political leaders' hardline efforts to resist desegregation.[17] In 1967, he ran for the office of governor in theDemocratic primary. Not backed by a significant campaign organization,[18] he was low on resources and confined to active campaigning on the weekends.[19] The contest was dominated by issues of race.[20] Waller attempted to straddle both sides of the issue, becoming the first Mississippian gubernatorial candidate to ever publicly condemn theKu Klux Klan while also criticizing civil rights activists and praising the work ofCitizens' Councils.[21] Largely ignored by the public in favor of other segregationist candidates, he placed fifth in the primary, earning 60,090 votes, only nine percent of the vote.[18][22]
In 1971, Waller mountedanother campaign for gubernatorial office, facingLieutenant GovernorCharles L. Sullivan,Jimmy Swan, and four others in the Democratic primary.[23] While Swan resorted to racist appeals and declared his opposition to integration,[24] Waller and Sullivan focused on other matters, though they both affirmed their support for "law and order" andsegregation academies, and opposeddesegregation busing. They also pledged to appoint blacks to state offices.[25][26] Waller stated that he was running against the "Capitol Street Gang", establishment industry leaders and lawyers in Jackson he said had acted as apolitical machine and captured control of state government, preventing Mississippi from economically developing.[27] He declared his support for raising teacher salaries and investing more funds in state highways.[28] He hiredDeloss Walker ofMemphis, Tennessee, as a campaign consultant, beginning a trend of gubernatorial candidates using out-of-state advertising agencies which lasted into the 1980s.[29]
The primary went into a runoff between Waller and Sullivan,[25] Waller garnered the endorsements of U.S. SenatorJames Eastland and former governor Barnett,[27] and relied on a network of Eastland supporters to organize grassroots backing for himself.[30] He attacked Sullivan as an "establishment" figure and won the runoff with 54 percent of the vote,[27] taking 389,952 votes to Sullivan's 329,236.[18] In the general election Waller faced two independents, civil rights activistCharles Evers (the brother of Medgar) and segregationist judgeTom P. Brady.[31] Evers was the other major candidate and, despite the fears of public observers, the campaign was largely devoid of racism and both him and Waller avoided negative tactics.[3] Waller won with 601,222 votes to Evers' 172,762 and Brady's 6,653.[18] He was inaugurated as Governor of Mississippi on January 18, 1972.[1]
As governor, Waller began hosting weekly press conferences.[32] He wasex officio a member ofMississippi State Sovereignty Commission and responsible for appointing several other of its members. The sovereignty commission was responsible for upholding segregation in the state, though by the time Waller took office it had little business to conduct. He delayed in naming his appointees to the body and sent a representative to its meetings in lieu of his attendance. In 1973 he vetoed the commission's funding bill, leading it to shut down in June before being formally abolished in 1977.[33] Despite some criticism in the press over costs, he directed the purchase of the state's first jet to serve as official transportation for state officials.[34] He undertook several trips to Europe, Asia, and South America to secure business deals for the state.[35]
Waller appointed several blacks to positions in state government and his staff,[36] the first time this had been done since theReconstruction era,[37] but most had no history of political activity.[32] His first black appointee was Jim Rundles as a special assistant. Rundles was known as a mild-mannered man who had refused to take part in civil rights demonstrations.[38] He also appointed the first black woman to a state board in Mississippi's history and integrated theMississippi Highway Patrol.[35] On the whole, his administration was overwhelmingly staffed by whites.[39] He created a Minority Advisory Committee[40] and an Office of Minority Business Enterprise.[35] In August 1972, he became the first Mississippi governor to visit the territory of theMississippi Band of Choctaw Indians when he spoke at the opening of the Choctaw Indian Fair.[41]
At the onset of his term, Waller and his family decided not to move into theMississippi Governor's Mansion, which had fallen into disrepair. Waller's wife led a campaign to restore the house, and the family eventually occupied it in May 1975.[35] Unlike his predecessors and successors, Waller refused to use convicts as servants in the mansion.[42] In 1972, he authorized thework release of Charles Wilson, one of the men convicted of murdering civil rights activistVernon Dahmer. Waller had served as legal counsel for the convicted murderer prior to his election, and his action drew scrutiny from blacks.[43][44] Waller responded to criticism by saying that Wilson, who made artificial limbs, was needed for his skills inLaurel, Mississippi, and by releasing Hal C. Zachary, a black college graduate who had murdered a segregationist, under the same program.[45] The following week, Waller declared that Medgar Evers Day would be celebrated on the tenth anniversary of the civil rights leader's death,[44] but then did not attended the formal ceremony marking the date.[38] Some observers saw this declaration as an attempt to deflect from the release authorization.[36]
By the time Waller took office, the position of governor in Mississippi had long been subordinated in policy matters to the legislature.[46] Waller announced large annual legislative proposals,[32] but made little effort to build relationships with legislative leaders, including Lieutenant GovernorWilliam F. Winter and Speaker of the House of RepresentativesJohn R. Junkin. Waller rarely informed Winter when he was leaving the state, meaning the latter often discovered that he was to be acting governor from newspaper stories.[47] Waller disregard Junkin's advice to leave most matters of public importance to the legislature, and came into frequent conflict with the body, vetoing 32 bills during his tenure.[48] His relationship with legislators was poor on an individual level, and he would seek support for his ideas from the public rather than them.[49] The legislature overrode some of his vetoes, the first time it had done so to a governor in 44 years.[50]
Waller proposed several reform measures which were opposed by older and more rural legislators.[49] He supported efforts to create public kindergartens and reenact a compulsory education law, but these measures all died in the Senate.[51] He appointed a blue ribbon committee to make recommendations on higher education, but the board of trustees of the University of Mississippi refused to cooperate with it or accept its criticisms of the university system.[52] He supported the legislature's creation of new schools atMississippi State University.[53] In February 1974, he vetoed a special appropriation bill for university libraries construction, arguing that the university system did not require additional capital outlays.[54] He also backed an unsuccessful bill to set limits on campaign spending.[55] The legislature ignored his proposals to redraft thestate constitution and permit gubernatorial succession.[32]
Waller endorsed the funding of a $600 million highway program, but the proposal had been devised during his predecessor's tenure[32] and declining government revenues led it to be later suspended.[56] He initially backed a reform of the state's tax structure and the raising of the oil and gasseverance tax, but later backed away from these efforts due to opposition from legislators and lobbyists.[57] He successfully secured funding for a new Mississippi Highway Patrol headquarters and enhancements to the state crime laboratory. He also convinced the legislature to remove tax collection responsibilities from the duties ofcounty sheriffs.[35]
Waller associated himself with theNew South governors, his moderate contemporaries in other Southern states, and distanced himself from Alabama's staunchly segregationist governor,George Wallace.[26] At the time he took office, theMississippi Democratic Party was split into two factions: the Regulars, composed of white segregationists, and the Loyalists, composed of black members of theMississippi Freedom Democratic Party and moderate whites.[23] In anticipation of the1972 Democratic National Convention, Waller encouraged the Regular and Loyalist factions to re-unify, fearing that the convention would exclude the Regulars otherwise.[58][59]
Waller initially rejected a meeting with Loyalist leaderAaron Henry to reach a compromise,[60] but later offered to give the Loyalists 40% representation in a mixed convention delegation. The offer was rebuffed[61] and the convention ultimately seated the Loyalist faction's own delegation. Negotiations between the two groups continued throughout Waller's tenure.[62] As part of this, Waller signed a law which permitted the Loyalist faction to choose between electing delegates in presidential primaries or nominating them at district conventions.[61] He supported former mayor and district attorneyMaurice Dantin in the1975 Mississippi gubernatorial election.[63] He was succeeded byCliff Finch on January 20, 1976.[64]
After leaving gubernatorial office, Waller returned to practicing law in Jackson.[64] Most of his clients were working-class people, and he handled many divorce and personal injury suits.[65] On March 10, 1978, he hosted a press conference in which he criticized Eastland for sharing his intent to seekreelection to the U.S. Senate, saying "I happen to believe a young man with some stamina and vigor is needed."[66] On March 20, Waller officially announced his own campaign for the Senate seat, declaring, "We need a 60 hour a week man in Washington, not a six hour a week man."[66] The following day Eastland withdrew his campaign. Angered by Waller's perceived betrayal, he recruited Dantin to run against him in the Democratic primary. Sullivan and Governor Finch also entered the race.[66] Dantin won the primary while Waller, viewed by many Democrats as ungrateful of Eastland's support for him in 1971, placed fourth.[67] Waller sought the Democratic nomination for governor again in 1987,[68] running on a platform of increased highway construction,program budgeting for state agencies, and the revival ofreferendums.[69] He finished third in the first primary.[70] He supported RepublicanKirk Fordice's gubernatorial reelection campaign in 1995[71] andHaley Barbour's reelection in 2007.[72] He was opposed to removing theConfederate battle flag canton from theflag of Mississippi.[73]
In 2007, Waller released an autobiography,Straight Ahead: Memoirs of a Mississippi Governor.[74] On November 29, 2011, Waller was admitted to the St. Dominic Hospital in Jackson. He died there the following day at the age of 85[75] and was buried in Jessamine Cemetery inRidgeland.[53]
JournalistHodding Carter III believed Waller's time in office was "inconsequential".[50] HistorianDavid Sansing opined that "Waller was elected at a crucial time in the state's history and his constructive leadership helped chart a new direction for Mississippi."[4] Minor wrote that "the greatest value of the Waller years" was in his creation of "harmony between blacks and whites in Mississippi's highly complex society".[50] Journalist Adam Nossiter reflected, "Waller was not too keen on the integrationist goals of the civil rights movement, but Jim Crow disturbed his ideals of justice and fair play. As a prosecutor, and later as the governor, he bulled through old restrictions. He came along at a moment when, because of intensive black voter registration, the politics of his convictions were plausible."[76]
| Party political offices | ||
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| Preceded by | Democratic nominee forGovernor of Mississippi 1971 | Succeeded by |
| Political offices | ||
| Preceded by | Governor ofMississippi January 18, 1972–January 20, 1976 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
