Bill Monroe | |
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 Monroe promotional photo, 1952 | |
| Background information | |
| Born | William Smith Monroe (1911-09-13)September 13, 1911 Rosine, Kentucky, U.S. |
| Origin | Kentucky, U.S. |
| Died | September 9, 1996(1996-09-09) (aged 84) Springfield, Tennessee, U.S. |
| Genres | |
| Instrument(s) | Mandolin, guitar |
| Years active | 1927–1996 |
| Labels | |
William Smith Monroe (/mənˈroʊ/mən-ROH; September 13, 1911[2] – September 9, 1996)[3] was an Americanmandolinist, singer, and songwriter who created thebluegrass music genre. For this reason, he is often called the "Father of Bluegrass".[4]
The genre takes its name from his band, theBlue Grass Boys, who named their group for thebluegrass of Monroe's home state ofKentucky. He described the genre as "Scottishbagpipes and ole-time fiddlin'. It's Methodist and Holiness and Baptist. It's blues andjazz, and it has a high lonesome sound."[5]
Monroe was born onhis family's farm nearRosine, Kentucky, the youngest of eight children of James Buchanan "Buck" and Malissa (Vandiver) Monroe. His mother and her brother,James Pendleton "Pen" Vandiver, were both musically talented, and Monroe and his family grew up playing and singing at home.[2]
Bill was ofScottish andEnglish heritage. Because his older brothers Birch andCharlie already played thefiddle andguitar, Bill was resigned to playing the less desirablemandolin.[2] He recalled that his brothers insisted that he remove four of the mandolin's eight strings so he would not play too loudly.[citation needed]
Monroe's mother died when he was ten, and his father died six years later.[2] Eventually, his brothers and sisters moved away, leaving Monroe to bounce between uncles and aunts until finally settling in with his disabled uncle Pendleton Vandiver, whom he often accompanied when Vandiver played the fiddle at dances. This experience inspired one of Monroe's most famous compositions, "Uncle Pen", recorded in 1950,[2] and the 1972 albumBill Monroe's Uncle Pen. On that album, Monroe recorded a number of traditional fiddle tunes he had often heard performed by Vandiver. Vandiver has been credited with giving Monroe "a repertoire of tunes that sank into Bill's aurally trained memory and a sense of rhythm that seeped into his bones."[6]
Also significant in Monroe's musical life wasArnold Shultz, an influentialfiddler and guitarist who introduced Monroe to theblues.[7][8] In an interview with Ralph Rinzler, Monroe described the fiddling of Shultz as being infused with more blues than a white fiddler, although he would play common songs such as "Sally Goodin".[9]
In 1929, Monroe moved toIndiana to work at an oil refinery with his brothersBirch and Charlie.[2] Together with a friend, Larry Moore, they formed the "Monroe Brothers", to play at local dances and house parties.[citation needed]
Birch and Moore soon left the group, and Bill and Charlie carried on as a duo, eventually winning spots performing live on radio stations, first in Indiana and then, sponsored by Texas Crystals, on several radio broadcasts inShenandoah, Iowa,Nebraska,South Carolina andNorth Carolina from 1934 to 1936.[2]RCA Victor signed the Monroe Brothers to a recording contract in 1936.[2] They scored an immediate hit single with the gospel song "What Would You Give in Exchange For Your Soul?" and ultimately recorded 60 tracks for Victor'sBluebird label between 1936 and 1938.[10]
After the Monroe Brothers disbanded in 1938, Bill Monroe formed The Kentuckians inLittle Rock, Arkansas, but the group only lasted for three months.[2] Monroe then left Little Rock forAtlanta, Georgia, to form the first edition of the Blue Grass Boys,[2] with singer/guitaristCleo Davis, fiddler Art Wooten, and bassistAmos Garren.
In October 1939, Monroe successfully auditioned for a regular spot on theGrand Ole Opry, impressing Opry founderGeorge D. Hay with his energetic performance ofJimmie Rodgers's "Mule Skinner Blues".[2] Monroe recorded that song, along with seven others, at his first solo recording session for RCA Victor in 1940; by this time, the Blue Grass Boys consisted of singer/guitaristClyde Moody, fiddler Tommy Magness, and bassist Bill Wesbrooks.[11]
While the fast tempos and instrumental virtuosity characteristic of bluegrass music are apparent even on these early tracks, Monroe was still experimenting with the sound of his group. He seldom sang lead vocals on his Victor recordings, often preferring to contribute high tenor harmonies as he had in the Monroe Brothers. A 1945 session forColumbia Records featured anaccordion, soon dropped from the band. Most importantly, Monroe addedbanjo playerDavid "Stringbean" Akeman to the Blue Grass Boys in 1942.[2] Akeman played the instrument in a relatively primitive style and was rarely featured in instrumental solos. Monroe's pre-1946 recordings represent a transitional style between thestring-band tradition from which he came and the musical innovation to follow.
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Key developments occurred in Monroe's music with the addition ofLester Flatt andEarl Scruggs to the Blue Grass Boys in December 1945.[2] Flatt played a solid rhythm guitar style that would help to set the course for bluegrass timing. Scruggs played the banjo with a distinctive three-finger picking style that immediately caused a sensation among Opry audiences. Flatt and Scruggs joined a highly accomplished group that included fiddler Howdy Forrester and bassist Joe Forrester and would soon include fiddlerChubby Wise and bassist Howard Watts, who often performed under the name "Cedric Rainwater".
In retrospect, this line-up of the Blue Grass Boys has been dubbed the "Original Bluegrass Band", as the music finally included all the elements that characterize bluegrass music, including breakneck tempos, sophisticated vocal harmony arrangements, and impressive instrumental proficiency demonstrated in solos or "breaks" on the mandolin, banjo, and fiddle. By this time, Monroe had acquired the 1923 Gibson F5 model "Lloyd Loar" mandolin, which became his trademark instrument for the remainder of his career.[12]
The 28 songs recorded by this version of the Blue Grass Boys for Columbia Records in 1946 and 1947 soon became classics of the genre, including "Toy Heart", "Blue Grass Breakdown", "Molly and Tenbrooks", "Wicked Path of Sin", "My Rose of Old Kentucky", "Little Cabin Home on the Hill", and Monroe's most famous song "Blue Moon of Kentucky",[2] which was recorded byElvis Presley in 1954, appearing as the B-side of his first single forSun Records. Monroe gave his blessing to Presley'srock and roll cover of the song, originally a slowballad inwaltz time, and re-recorded it himself with a faster arrangement after Presley's version became a hit.[2] Several gospel-themed numbers are credited to the "Blue Grass Quartet", which featured four-part vocal arrangements accompanied solely by mandolin and guitar – Monroe's usual practice when performing "sacred" songs.
Both Flatt and Scruggs left Monroe's band in early 1948, soon forming their own group, theFoggy Mountain Boys. In 1949, after signing with Decca Records, Monroe entered what has been called the "golden age" of his career[13] with what many consider the classic "high lonesome" version of the Blue Grass Boys, featuring the lead vocals and rhythm guitar ofJimmy Martin, the banjo ofRudy Lyle (replacingDon Reno), and fiddlers such as Merle "Red" Taylor,Charlie Cline,Bobby Hicks, andVassar Clements.
This band recorded a number of bluegrass classics, including "My Little Georgia Rose", "On and On", "Memories of Mother and Dad", and "Uncle Pen", as well as instrumentals such as "Roanoke", "Big Mon", "Stoney Lonesome", "Get Up John", and the mandolin feature "Raw Hide".Carter Stanley joined the Blue Grass Boys as guitarist for a short time in 1951 during a period whenThe Stanley Brothers had temporarily disbanded.
On January 16, 1953, Monroe was critically injured in a two-car wreck.[2] He and "Bluegrass Boys" bass player,Bessie Lee Mauldin, were returning home from a fox hunt north ofNashville. On highway 31-W, near White House, their car was struck by a drunken driver. Monroe, who had suffered injuries to his back, left arm and nose, was rushed to General Hospital in Nashville. It took him almost four months to recover and resume touring.[2] In the meantimeCharlie Cline andJimmy Martin kept the band together.[14][page needed]
By the late 1950s, however, Monroe's commercial fortunes had begun to slip.[2] The rise of rock-and-roll and the development of the "Nashville sound" in mainstreamcountry music both represented threats to the viability of bluegrass. While still a mainstay on the Grand Ole Opry, Monroe found diminishing success on the singles charts, and struggled to keep his band together in the face of declining demand for live performances.
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Monroe's fortunes began to improve during theAmerican folk music revival of the early 1960s.
The word "bluegrass" first appeared around this time to describe the sound of Monroe and similar artists such as Flatt and Scruggs, the Stanley Brothers,Reno and Smiley,Jim and Jesse, and theOsborne Brothers. While Flatt and Scruggs immediately recognized the potential for a lucrative new audience in cities and on college campuses in the North, Monroe was slower to respond. Under the influence ofRalph Rinzler, a young musician and folklorist from New Jersey who briefly became Monroe's manager in 1963, Monroe gradually expanded his geographic reach beyond the traditional southern country music circuit.[2] Rinzler was also responsible for a lengthy profile and interview in the influential folk music magazineSing Out! that first publicly referred to Monroe as the "father" of bluegrass. Accordingly, at the first bluegrass festival organized by Carlton Haney atRoanoke, Virginia in 1965, Bill Monroe was the central figure.[2]
In 1964, before theGrateful Dead got together,Jerry Garcia caravanned across the country from California to tag along with Monroe.[15] He was playing in the band The Black Mountain Boys in Palo Alto with Sandy Rothman, and in May 1964, he visited Neil Rosenberg at Bean Blossom, playing the banjo and making tapes of Monroe's performances.
The growing national popularity of Monroe's music during the 1960s was also apparent in the increasingly diverse background of musicians recruited into his band. Non-southerners who served as Blue Grass Boys during this period included banjo playerBill Keith and singer/guitaristPeter Rowan from Massachusetts,[2] fiddler Gene Lowinger from New Jersey, banjo player Lamar Grier from Maryland, banjo player Steve Arkin from New York, and singer/guitaristRoland White and fiddlerRichard Greene from California.
Even after the folk revival faded in the mid-1960s, it left a loyal audience for bluegrass music. Bluegrass festivals became common, with fans often traveling long distances to see a number of different acts over several days of performances. In 1967, Monroe himself founded an annual bluegrass festival atBean Blossom in southern Indiana, a park he had purchased in 1951,[2] which routinely attracted a crowd of thousands; a double LP from the festival featuring Monroe, Jimmy Martin, Lester Flatt, and Jim and Jesse was released in 1973. The annualBill Monroe Bean Blossom Bluegrass Festival is now the world's oldest continuously running annual bluegrass festival.[16]
Monroe's compositions during his later period were largely instrumentals, including "Jerusalem Ridge", "Old Dangerfield" (originally spelled Daingerfield afterthe town in East Texas),[17] and "My Last Days on Earth"; he settled into a new role as a musical patriarch who continued to influence younger generations of musicians. Monroe recorded two albums of duets in the 1980s; the first featured collaborations with country stars such asEmmylou Harris,Waylon Jennings, andThe Oak Ridge Boys, while the second paired him with other prominent bluegrass musicians.[2] A 1989 live album celebrated his 50th year on the Grand Ole Opry.[2] Monroe also kept a hectic touring schedule.[2] On April 7, 1990, Monroe performed forFarm Aid IV inIndianapolis, Indiana along withWillie Nelson,John Mellencamp,Neil Young and with many other artists.[18]
Monroe also had the distinction of playing for four consecutive presidents: Carter, Reagan, Bush and Clinton.[citation needed]
Monroe's last performance occurred on March 15, 1996. He ended his touring and playing career in April, following a stroke. Monroe died on September 9, 1996, inSpringfield, Tennessee, four days shy of his 85th birthday.[3][19]
According toRalph Rinzler, Monroe impacted music in the following five ways:[20]
Monroe was made an honoraryKentucky Colonel in 1966.[14]: 148 He was inducted into theCountry Music Hall of Fame in 1970,[2] theNashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1971,[2] and theRock and Roll Hall of Fame (as an "early influence") in 1997.Jimmie Rodgers,Bob Wills,Hank Williams Sr., andJohnny Cash are the only other performers honored in all three. As the "father of bluegrass", he was also an inaugural inductee into theInternational Bluegrass Music Hall of Honor in 1991. Monroe was a recipient of a 1982National Heritage Fellowship awarded by theNational Endowment for the Arts, which is the United States government's highest honor in the folk and traditional arts.[21] That year's fellowships were the first bestowed by the NEA. In 1993, he received theGrammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and he was awarded theNational Medal of Arts in 1995. His well-known song "Blue Moon of Kentucky" has been covered not only by bluegrass but also rock and country artists, most notably Elvis Presley,Paul McCartney, andPatsy Cline. In 2003,CMT had Monroe ranked No. 16 onCMT 40 Greatest Men of Country Music.
Artists that claimed to be influenced by or to be playing the bluegrass genre were often bullied by Monroe. He always considered himself the father and caretaker of bluegrass. He would often say of new bands that did not perform to his standards, "That ain't no part of nothin'." Even those who question the scope of bluegrass refer to Monroe as a "musical giant" and recognize that "there would be no bluegrass without Bill Monroe."[22]
More than 150 musicians played in the Blue Grass Boys over the nearly 60 years of Monroe's performing career. Monroe tended to recruit promising young musicians who served an apprenticeship with him before becoming accomplished artists in their own right. Some of Monroe's band members who went on to greater prominence include singer/guitaristsClyde Moody,Lester Flatt,Jack Cooke,Mac Wiseman,Jimmy Martin,Carter Stanley,Del McCoury,Peter Rowan,Roland White, Roland Dunn andDoug Green; banjo playersEarl Scruggs, Bob Black,Butch Robins,Don Reno,Stringbean,Sonny Osborne, andBill Keith; and fiddlers Tommy Magness,Chubby Wise,Vassar Clements,Byron Berline,Kenny Baker,Bobby Hicks,Gordon Terry,Randall Franks and Glen Duncan. Monroe also regularly performed with flat-picking guitar virtuosoDoc Watson.
Modern bluegrass singer and mandolin playerRicky Skaggs was influenced by Monroe. Skaggs was only six years old, in 1960, when he first got to perform onstage with Monroe and his band at the high school in Martha, Kentucky. He stated, "I think Bill Monroe's importance to American music is as important as someone like Robert Johnson was to blues, or Louis Armstrong. He was so influential: I think he's probably the only musician that had a whole style of music named after his band."[23]
In 1999, the portion ofIndiana State Road 135 running fromMorgantown through toNashville, Indiana was dedicated to Monroe and is known as the Bill Monroe Memorial Highway.[24]
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Studio albums
Quotations related toBill Monroe at Wikiquote
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