Bhauma-Kara dynasty
c. 8th century CE–c. 10th century CE
Capital	Guhadevapataka (or Guheshvarapataka), modern Gohiratikar inJajpur district
Common languages	Sanskrit (Religious and Official) Prakrit (Court)
Religion	Buddhism Hinduism
Government	Monarchy
Maharajadhiraja[1]
• 736 - 756	Kshemankara-deva ( founder)
• 756 - 790	Sivakara Deva I (greatest extent)
• 810 - 835	Tribhuvana Mahadevi I
• 940 - 950	Dharma Mahadevi (last ruler)
Historical era	Classical India
• Established	c. 8th century CE
• Disestablished	c. 10th century CE
Preceded by Succeeded by Shailodbhava dynasty Somavamshi dynasty Bhanja dynasty

TheBhauma dynasty, also known asKara dynasty, ruled in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries. Their kingdom, called Toshala (IAST: Toṣala), included parts of present-dayOdisha.

By the last quarter of the 8th century, the Bhauma-Karas had gained control of the formerShailodbhava territory. The early rulers of the dynasties followedBuddhism, and its later rulers followedShaivism andVaishnavism. Thedynasty, whose rulers included seven women, was supplanted by theBhanjas and theSomavamshis in the 10th century.

The origin of the Bhauma-Kara family is not certain.^[2] The earliest records of the dynasty name their family as "Bhauma". "Kara" is first mentioned as a dynastic name in an inscription of the dynasty's sixth king, Shubhakara II. The names of all the male kings ended in "-kara", which may explain the usage of "Kara" as a family name.^[3]

Some scholars, such as Binayak Misra andR. C. Majumdar, argued that the dynasty was associated with a tribe called Bhauma, whose members originally lived on theMahendra mountain. This theory is based on the occurrence of the phrase "Mahendra Bhauma" in a manuscript ofVishnu Purana.^[4] The text also associates the Bhauma tribe with a king called Guha, which according to Misra, explains the name of dynasty's capital – Guhadevapataka (or Guheshvarapataka). Critics of this theory point out that the term "Mahendra Bhauma" occurs in only one manuscript ofVishnu Purana, and its meaning is not clear.^[5] Moreover, theVayu Purana suggests that king Guha lived in the 4th century, while the Bhauma-Kara rule started in the 8th century: the gap between the two cannot be explained satisfactorily. Finally, if the Bhauma-Karas were really descended from a reputed legendary king like Guha, they would not have failed to mention this king as their ancestor in their records.^[6]

Misra also believed that the Bhauma tribe was connected with the ancient "Utkala race", because the Chaurasi copper-plate inscription of king Shivakara II states that he belonged to the "Bhauma lineage of the Utkala family". However, according to Biswarup Das, "Utkala" here is a geographic designation indicating the family's contemporary residence.^[7]

One theory connects the Bhauma-Karas with theBhumij tribe.^[8] N. K. Sahu and some other scholars connected the Bhauma-Karas to the Bhuyan tribe of northern Odisha or theBhuyan aristocrats. This theory is based on the similarity of the words "Bhuyan" and "Bhauma". However, this evidence is not strong, as several similar-sounding words are derived from the Sanskrit wordbhu (land). Another point cited in support of this theory is the fact that among some Bhuyan aristocratic families, the eldest son was named after his grandfather. This also appears to be true for the Bhauma-Kara kings. However, in these Bhuyan families, the second son was named after the great-grandfather, a tradition not followed in the Bhauma-Kara family. Moreover, there is no evidence that the ancestors of the Bhuyans ruled any area before the 10th century.^[9]

Yet another theory connects the family to the legendaryBhauma dynasty ofPragjyotisha (modernAssam). According to some ancient texts, the Bhaumas of Pragjyotisha descended fromNaraka (alias Bhauma), who was a son of the godVishnu. Similarly, the 15th century writerSarala Dasa, in hisOdia language version ofMahabharata, states that "Vishnukara" was the founder of the Kara family.^[10] According to this theory, the Bhauma-Karas originally served as feudatories to theMlechchha ruler Harsha, who may have captured a part of Odisha.^[11] However, this theory is not supported by any concrete evidence either.^[12]

Baital Deul (front), Bubanaswar (Bhubaneswar) by James Fergusson 1850–1886

Baital Deul (back), Bubanaswar by James Fergusson 1850–1886

The Bhauma-Kara inscriptions are dated in the years of an unspecifiedcalendar era, simply calledsamvat (Sanskrit for calendar era).^[13] HistorianKrishna Chandra Panigrahi believed that this era begins from year 736CE, and marks the beginning of the Bhauma-Kara rule.^[2] However,Dineshchandra Sircar dated the beginning of this era to 831 CE, based on his analysis of the astronomical data in theDashapalla inscription of the Bhauma-Kara feudatory Shatrubhanja II.Richard G. Salomon calls Sircar's suggestion as most convincing, although he notes that it is not conclusive.^[14]

The earlier Bhauma-Kara kings appear to have ruled the northernToshali area, contemporaneously with theShailodbhavas, who ruled the southern Kongoda region.^[15] The dynasty probably ruled most of the coastal Odisha by the time of kingShivakara I (c. 756 or 786).^[8] According to the Ganjam inscription of the Shvetaka Ganga king Jayavarmadeva, Shivakara I conquered Kongoda and the northern part ofKalinga. The Talcher inscription of his descendant Shivakara III states that he defeated the king ofRāḍha (in present-dayWest Bengal), and married the daughter of the defeated king.^[15]

Shubhakara I (c. 790), according to hisNeulpur inscription, crushed a revolt by his relatives, who had claimed the throne.^[16] Between 790 and 829, during the reigns of Shubhakara I and his elder son Shivakara II, a series ofRashtrakuta andPala invasions weakened and disintegrated the Bhauma kingdom.^[8][16]

Shantikara I, the younger son of Shubhakara I, marriedTribhuvana-Mahadevi I, a daughter of theWestern Ganga king Rajamalla. TheDhenkanal inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I (c. 846) suggests that the Bhauma-Kara kingdom was in a bad shape before her father Rajmalla put an end to the Rashtrakuta-Pala domination.^[16] She reunified the kingdom, but the family probably never regained its former power.^[8] Her Talcher inscription suggests that she abdicated the throne when her grandson Shantikara II became an adult.^[17]

The Bhauma-Kara family appears to have suffered from internal strifes starting around c. 880, which gradually led to its downfall. The reign of Shubhakara IV, the dynasty's first knownShaivite king, lasted for less than five years (c. 881–884). He was succeeded by his brother Shivakara III, whose reign lasted for around nine years.^[8]

The next ruler was Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II (c. 894), who was the queen of Shubhakara IV.^[8] Her inscriptions falsely claim that Shivakara III died heirless, a deliberate attempt to ignore the claims of her nephews to the throne.^[18] Most modern scholars believe that she acquired the throne with the help of her father Janmejaya I, who was a ruler of the neighbouringSomavamshi dynasty.^[19] ABrahmeswara Temple inscription suggests that Janmejaya killed the king of theOdra country. Panigrahi identified the slain king as Shivakara III, but other historians identify him as a rebel Bhanja vassal of Janmejaya.^[20] The reign of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II was probably very short, as her ascension may have been disputed by the court factions.^[19] The records of the later Bhauma-Kara kings do not mention her reign, which suggests that she was not recognized as a legitimate ruler by the sons of Shivakara III, who probably set up parallel governments.^[18]

At least five rulers claimed the Bhauma-Kara throne during 894–923, which suggests that the kingdom had become unstable. Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II was succeeded by two of her nephews Shantikara III and Shubhakara V. Subsequently, Gauri-Mahadevi, the queen of Shubhakara V, controlled the kingdom, probably as a regent for their young daughter Dandi-Mahadevi. After Dandi (c. 916 or 923), her step-mother Vakula-Mahadevi (another queen of Shubhakara V) ascended the throne.^[21] Vakula's paternal family may have helped her dethrone Dandi.^[18] Her rule was followed by Dharma-Mahadevi, a queen of Shantikara III.^[19] These queens assumed the imperial titlesParama-Maheshvari,Parama- Bhattarika,Maharajadhiraja, andParameshvari.^[21]

It appears that the neighbouring Somavamshi and Bhanja dynasties attempted to take over the Bhauma-Kara kingdom, leading to dissensions and political intrigues. According to historianKrishna Chandra Panigrahi, the Bhanjas of Khinjali married two of their princesses (Vakula and Dharma) into the Bhauma-Kara family, and later controlled the Bhauma-Kara throne through them. The Bhauma-Kara territory ultimately came under the control of the Somavamshis.^[19]

Find spots of the inscriptions issued by the Bhauma-Kara royals (blue) and their feudatories (gray)

The Bhauma-Kara kingdom was called Toshala, a name believed to be derived fromToshali, the ancient capital ofKalinga. Their land grant inscriptions suggest that in its palmy days^[22] their kingdom included a major part ofOdisha, as well as theMidnapore district ofWest Bengal. A part of this territory was administered by their semi-autonomous feudatories.^[23] These feudatories included the Gangas of Shvetaka, the Shulkis of Kodalaka, the Tungas of Yamagartta, the Nandodbhavas of Jayapura, and the Bhanjas (of Khigingakotta, Khinjali, and Vajulvaka).^[24]

The Bhauma-Kara period saw the beginning of the unification of historically distinct regions such as Odra, Toshala, Kongoda and Utkala.^[25] The kingdom was divided into administrative units called themandalas (revenue divisions),vishayas (districts),khandas (sub-divisions), and villages (Patakas,Patikas andgramas).^[26]

Their capital was located at Guhadevapataka (or Guheshvarapataka), identified with modern Gohiratikar (or Gohiratikra) inJajpur district.^[15][24] This was either a new name for the city that was earlier called Viraja, or was a new city built in the vicinity of ancient Viraja.^[27] The later Somavamshi rulers moved their capital from Yayatinagara (modernBinka) to Guheshvarapataka, and renamed the city Abhinava-Yayatinagara ("the new city of Yayati").^[27]

The Bhauma-Kara kings were tolerant towards Buddhism as well as Shaivism. Shubhakara I, a Buddhist, married Madhava-devi, who was aShaivite. Shubhakara III, also a Buddhist, granted a portion of the Noddilo village to the Pulindeshvara shrine dedicated to Vaidyanatha-bhattaraka (an aspect ofShiva), as attested by hisHindol inscription. Shivakara III, a Shaivite, granted two villages to a Buddhist temple in Jayashrama-vihara. According to theDhenkanal inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I, her predecessors Shivakara I and Shantikara I "exhausted treasures of their vast empire on religious works in order to enlighten their country and others", and constructed severalmathas, monasteries and temples.^[16]

The first three kings of the dynasty - Keshmankara, Shivakara I (alias Unmattasimha) and Shubhakara I wereBuddhists.^[8] At least two of their successors - Shivakara II and Shubhakara III - were also Buddhists.^[16] The Bhauma-Kara patronage played an important role in the growth ofRatnagiri as a major Buddhist centre.^[28] The Bhauma-Kara territory also included other important Buddhist sites ofLalitagiri,Pushpagiri, andUdayagiri. Their rule saw a gradual shift fromMahayana toVajrayana in the region.^[25]

According to the Chinese records,Shubhakara-simha, a former king ofOdra, arrived at theTang capital in 716, at the invitation of emperorXuanzong. He bought several Buddhist texts with him, and helped popularize Vajrayana in China.^[15] This Shubhakara-simha may have been an ancestor of the Bhauma-Kara kings.^[29][30]

The Chinese records also state that, in 795, theTang emperorDezong received an autographed manuscript as a gift from the king of the Odra country. The manuscript contained the last section of the Buddhist textsAvatamsaka Sutra and theGandavyuha Sutra. The Indian king can be identified as eitherShivakara I or his son Shubhakara I, who ruled the Odra region at the time. In the 9th century, the Buddhist monkPrajna, who had earlier visited several important Buddhist sites includingNalanda, settled in a monastery in Odra. This suggests the Buddhist monasteries of Odra had become reputed throughout the Buddhist world by this time.^[15]

According to the Baudh inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi II, Shubhakara I (c. 790) constructed lofty stoneviharas. During his reign, the Buddhist leader dedicated an image ofPadmapani, as attested by an inscription on the image. According to aDhauli cave inscription, Bhimata and Bhatta Loyamaka constructed a monastery named Arghyaka Varatika in the Bhauma year 93 (c. 829), during the reign of Shantikara I. Another inscription of Bhimata, who was the son of a famous physician, has been found at the Ganeshagumpha cave inUdayagiri.^[16]

• 
  Ratnagiri, Odisha
• 
  Lalitgiri
• 
  Udayagiri
• 
  Pushpagiri

The later part of the Bhaumakara rule marked the revival ofBrahmanism in Odisha, which may have resulted from the royal attempts to curb the unconventional activities being carried out in name of Tantric Buddhism (Vajrayana).^[31] Madhava-devi, the queen of Shubhakara I constructed a temple dedicated to Madhaveshvara (Shiva), and appointed a Shaiviteacharya (religious leader) for conducting worship.^[8]

QueenTribhuvana-Mahadevi I (c. 846), whose father appears to have played an important role in evicting the Rashtrakuta and Pala invaders from the kingdom, was aVaishnavite.^[16]

The tenth king Shubhakara IV (c. 881) is the earliest known Bhauma-Kara ruler to have called himself a devotee of Shiva (Parama-Maheshvara). The subsequent rulers of the family were all Shaivites. Nearly all the temples constructed by the family were Shiva shrines, the only exception being theVaitala Deula temple dedicated to the goddessChamunda.^[8]

The Bhauma-Kara rulers are known from their copper-plate inscriptions, which are dated in their owncalendar era, as well as in the regnal years of the issuing rulers. These dates are further corroborated by records of other dynasties, such as the Somavamshis. The following is a list of Bhauma rulers, with approximately regnal dates (inCE), assuming 736 CE as the start of the Bhauma-Kara calendar era.^[32][33][34]

The following inscriptions of Bhauma-Karas and their feudatories have been discovered:^[35]

The Bhaumakara dynasty made significant contributions to the development of temple architecture in Odisha during their rule between the 8th and 10th centuries CE. They were instrumental in the evolution of the early Kalinga style, which laid the foundation for the later temple designs seen in Bhubaneswar and Puri. The Bhaumakaras patronized both Saiva and Buddhist architecture, leading to the construction of several brick and stone temples as well as Buddhist monasteries, particularly in regions like Jajpur and Cuttack. Notable examples include the ruins of temples at Bhubaneswar and Buddhist sites at Ratnagiri, Lalitgiri, and Udayagiri.^[36]

A distinct contribution of this period is the emergence of the Khakara Deula style, characterized by its elongated, vaulted roof resembling a gabled wagon. This style was primarily associated with temples dedicated to feminine deities such as Chamunda and Durga. The Vaital Deula and Barahi Temple are notable examples reflecting Khakara features.^[37]

The Bhaumakaras are associated with the establishment of the Chausath Yogini temples, which are circular, hypaethral (open to the sky) shrines dedicated to the worship of 64 Yoginis, a tantric cult practice. The Chausath Yogini temple at Hirapur near Bhubaneswar stands as a rare and well-preserved example of this tradition. Their architectural legacy reflects a blend of religious tolerance and artistic innovation, showcasing intricate carvings, iconography, and early experimentation with temple superstructures (shikharas).^[38]

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v t e

• The Bhauma karas of Orissa by Biswarup Das
• Orissa Under the Bhauma Kings (1934) by Binayak Misra. Although outdated, the book contains useful descriptions of the dynasty's inscriptions

• Dynasties of India
• History of Odisha
• Buddhist dynasties of India
• States and territories disestablished in the 10th century

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• CS1: long volume value
• Pages using the Kartographer extension