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Bezhta language

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Tsezic language of southwest Dagestan, Russia

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Bezhta
Kapucha
бежкьалас мицbežƛʼalas mic/beƶⱡʼalas mic
Pronunciation	[ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑsmit͡s]
Native to	North Caucasus
Region	SouthernDagestan
Ethnicity	Bezhta people
Native speakers	6,800 (2006–2010)^[1] 8,138 (2020 census)^[2]
Language family	Northeast Caucasian Tsezic Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi Bezhta
Dialects	Bezhta proper Tladal Khocharkhota Turk Bezhta
Language codes
ISO 639-3	`kap`
Glottolog	`bezh1248`
ELP	Bezhta
Bezhta
Bezhta is classified as Definitely Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010)
This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA.

TheBezhta (orBezheta) language (Bezhta:бежкьалас миц,bežƛʼalas mic,beƶⱡʼalas mic,pronounced[ˈbeʒt͡ɬʼɑlɑsmit͡s]), also known asKapucha (from the name ofa large village^[3]), belongs to theTsezic group of theNorth Caucasian language family. It is spoken by about 6,200 people in southernDagestan,Russia.^[1]

Classification

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Its closest linguistic relatives areHunzib andKhwarshi.^[4]

Dialects

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Bezhta can be divided into three dialects –Bezhta Proper,Tlyadal [ru] andKhocharkhota^[1] – which are spoken in various villages in the region.

Phonology

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Bezhta has a rich consonantal and – unlike its relativesTsez andAvar – a relatively large vowel inventory (16 distinct vowel phonemes), compared to other languages of the same family.^[5]

Vowels

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Bezhta contrasts vowel length and nasalization.

	Oral			Nasal
	Front		Back	Front		Back
Close	i iː	y yː	u uː	ĩ ĩː	ỹ ỹː	ũ ũː
Mid	e eː	ø øː	o oː	ẽ ẽː	ø̃ ø̃ː	õ õː
Open	æ æː		ɑ ɑː	æ̃ æ̃ː		ɑ̃ ɑ̃ː

Consonants

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		Labial	Alveolar			Palato- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
		Labial	central	sibilant	lateral	Palato- alveolar	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Nasal		m	n
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡s	t͡ɬ ~k͡𝼄	t͡ʃ	k	q͡χ		ʔ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	t͡sʼ	t͡ɬʼ ~k͡𝼄ʼ	t͡ʃʼ	kʼ	q͡χʼ		ʔ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s	ɬ	ʃ		χ	ħ	h
Fricative	voiced			z		ʒ		ʁ	ʕ
Sonorant		w	r		l	j

Orthography

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Bezhta is unwritten, but various attempts have been made to develop an official orthography for the language. TheBezhta people useAvar as the literary language. The first book ever printed in Bezhta was theGospel of Luke (1999).^[6] The orthography used in translations of biblical texts is as follows:^[7]^[8]

А а	Аь аь	Аᴴ аᴴ	Аьᴴ аьᴴ	А̄ а̄	Б б	В в	Г г
Гъ гъ	Гь гь	ГӀ гӀ	Д д	Е е	Еᴴ еᴴ	Ж ж	З з
И и	Иᴴ иᴴ	Ӣ ӣ	Й й	К к	Къ къ	Кь кь	КӀ кӀ
Л л	Лъ лъ	ЛӀ лӀ	М м	Н н	О о	Оь оь	Оᴴ оᴴ
Оьᴴ оьᴴ	О̄ о̄	П п	ПӀ пӀ	Р р	С с	Т т	ТӀ тӀ
У у	Уь уь	Уᴴ уᴴ	Уьᴴ уьᴴ	Ӯ ӯ	Х х	Хъ хъ	ХӀ хӀ
Ц ц	ЦӀ цӀ	Ч ч	ЧӀ чӀ	Ш ш	Э э	Эᴴ эᴴ	Ъ ъ

Morphology

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This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding to it.(January 2010)

Bezhta is mostlyagglutinative and the vast amount oflocative cases makes its case system particularly rich. The verb morphology is relatively simple. It is anergative language.^{[citation needed]}

Numerals

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UnlikeTsez, Bezhta has a decimal system with the word for twenty being an exception.^[9]

	Latin	Cyrillic	IPA
0	nol	нол	nol
1	hõs	гьоᵸс	hõs
2	qʼona	къона	qʼona
3	łana	лъана	ɬana
4	ṏqʼönä	оьᵸкъоьнаь	ø̃qʼønæ
5	łina	лъина	ɬina
6	iłna	илъна	iɬna
7	aƛna	алIна	atɬna
8	beƛna	белIна	betɬna
9	äčʼena	аьчIена	æt͡ʃʼena
10	acʼona	ацIона	at͡sʼona
20	qona	хъона	qona
100	hõsčʼitʼ / -čʼitʼ	гьоᵸсчIитI / -чIитI	hõst͡ʃʼitʼ / -t͡ʃʼitʼ
1000	hazay	гьазай	hazaj

Multiples of 10 higher than 20 are formed by adding the suffix-yig (-йиг) to the multiplier. Hence, the word for 30 isłanayig (лъанайиг).
Compound numbers are formed byjuxtaposition, the smaller numbers following the greater ones. The number 47 is thus expressed asṏqʼönäyig aƛna (оьᵸкъоьнаьйиг алIна).

Sample text

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This is a passage taken from theGospel of Luke^[10] written in a Cyrillic orthography based onAvar andChechen, a Latinized transcription and one inIPA.

CYRILLIC	LATIN TRANSCRIPTION	IPA TRANSCRIPTION	TRANSLATION
Гьогцо гьоллохъа нисос:	Hogco holloqa nisos:	[hoɡ.t͡soholː.o.qɑni.sos	Jesus said to the followers:
Доьъа богьцалаъ вагьда̄ ниса:	Dö'a bohcala' wahdā nisa:	dɜʔ.ɑboh.t͡sɑ.lɑʔwɑh.dɑːni.sɑ	When you pray, pray like this:
«Йа̄ Або, Дибо ца̄ᵸ аьдамла̄ илагьияб бикӀзи йовала,	«Yā Abo, Dibo cā̃ ädamlā ilahiyab bikʼzi yowala,	jɑːʔɑ.bo,di.bot͡sɑ̃ːʔa.dɑm.lɑːʔi.lɑ.hi.jɑbbikʼzijo.wɑ.lɑ	"O Father, we pray that your name will always be kept holy,
Дибо Парчагьлъи йоᵸкъала;	Dibo Parčahłi yõqʼala;	di.bopɑr.t͡ʃɑh.ɬijõ.qʼɑ.lɑ	we pray that your kingdom will come;
Шибаб водиъ баццас баьба илол нилӀа;	Šibab wodi' baccas bäba ilol niƛa;	ʃi.bɑbwo.diʔbɑt͡sː.ɑsba.bɑʔi.lolni.tɬɑ	give us the food we need for each day;
Илла мунагьла̄кьас кьодос тилӀки, судлӀо нисода илена къацӀцӀола илол кешлъи йо̄вакьас кьодос тилӀбакца.	Illa munahlāƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛki, sudƛo nisoda ilena qʼacʼcʼola ilol kešłi yōwaƛʼas ƛʼodos tiƛbakca.	ʔi.lːɑmu.nɑh.lɑːtɬʼ.ɑstɬʼo.dosti.tɬki,sud.tɬoni.sɔ.dɑʔi.le.nɑqʼɑt͡sʼː.o.lɑʔi.lolkeʃ.ɬijoː.wɑ.tɬʼɑstɬʼo.dosti.tɬbɑk.t͡sɑ	forgive us the sins we have done, because we forgive every person that has done wrong to us.
Ми илос гьаьл бикъелална уьᵸхолъа̄къа.»	Mi ilos häl biqʼelalna ü̃xołāqʼa.»	miʔi.loshalbi.qʼe.lɑl.nɑʔɨ̃.χo.ɬɑː.qʼɑ]	And don't let us be tempted."

References

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^^a ^b ^cBezhta atEthnologue (18th ed., 2015)(subscription required)
^Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
^Shirin Akiner,Islamic Peoples of the Soviet Union, 2nd ed. (KPI, Distributed by Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1986:ISBN 0-7103-0188-X), p. 253.
^Schulze, Wolfgang (2009)."Languages in the Caucasus"(PDF). p. 6. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 8 June 2012. Retrieved7 May 2012.
^Comrie, Bernard; Khalilov, Madzhid; Khalilova, Zaira (2015).Grammatika Bezhtinskogo Jazyka [A grammar of Bezhta]. Leipzig-Makhachkala: MPIEVA.
^Institute for Bible Translation."Translators' News"(PDF). p. 1. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2004-09-01. Retrieved2014-01-30.
^Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017).Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev [The language, folklore and ethnography of the Bezhta people]. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii.ISBN 978-5-91431-157-2.
^Chalilov, Maǆid Šaripovič (2017).Jazyk, folʹklor i ėtnografija bežtincev [The language, folklore and ethnography of the Bezhta people]. Moskva: Institut perevoda Biblii.ISBN 978-5-93943-240-5.
^Ulrich, Alexis."Bezhta numbers".Of Languages and Numbers. Retrieved2024-10-28.
^"Gospel of Luke in Bezhta". Archived fromthe original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved2006-03-12.

External links

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Margus Kolga; Igor Tõnurist; Lembit Vaba; Jüri Viikberg (1993)."The Bezhtas".The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.
The Bezhta People and Language (P.J. Hillery)
Bezhta Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
Bezhta basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

North Caucasian languages

The proposedNorth Caucasian language family comprises theNortheast andNorthwest Caucasian language families.

Northwest
(Pontic)

Abazgi

Circassian

Adyghe	Shapsug Hakuchi Abzakh Bzhedug
Kabardian	Kabardian proper Besleney

Other

Northeast
(Caspian)

Avar–Andic

Avar	Avar
Andic	Andi Akhvakh Bagvalal–Tindi Botlix–Godoberi Chamalal Karata Tukita

Dargic

Chirag
North-Central	Mehweb Gapshima–Butri [lez] Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha North Dargwa Aqusha Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi
Southern	Ashti–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri [ru] Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez;uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni [ru]
Kaitag–Shari	Kaitag Shari

Tsezic

Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi
- Inkhoqwari
Hinukh–Tsez

Lezgic

Archi

Samur

Eastern	Aghul Lezgian Tabasaran Udi Caucasian Albanian
Southern	Budukh Kryts Jek
Western	Rutul Tsakhur

Nakh

Vainakh	Chechen Aukh Ingush
Other	Bats Dval? Èrsh? Malkh? Tsov?

Other

Italics indicateextinct languages

Languages of the Caucasus

Caucasian
(areal)

South
(Kartvelian)

Northeast
(Caspian)

Avar–Andic

Andic
- Andi
- Akhvakh
- Bagvalal–Tindi
- Botlikh–Godoberi
- Chamalal
- Karata
  - Tukita
Avar

Dargin

Chirag
North-Central	Mehweb Gapshima Muira [ru] Tsudaqar–Usisha–Butri North Dargwa Aqusha Literary Dargwa Murego–Gubden [uk] Kadar Mugi [ru] Upper Mulebki Urakhi
Southern	Ashti–Kubachi Sanzhi–Itsari Amuzgi–Shiri [ru] Sanakari–Chakhrizhi Southwestern Dargwa Sirhwa [lez;uk] Tanti Upper Vurqni [ru]
Kaitag–Shari	Kaitag Shari

Lezgic

Archi
Samur
- Eastern
- Southern
  - Budukh
  - Kryts
    - Jek
- Western
  - Rutul
  - Tsakhur
- Udi
- Caucasian Albanian

Nakh

Tsezic (Didoic)

Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi
Hinukh–Tsez

Others

Northwest
(Pontic)

Indo-
European

Iranian	Cimmerian Kurdish Kurmanji Ossetian Alanic Persian Talysh Kilit Tat Judeo-Tat
Slavic	Belarusian Russian Ukrainian
Others	Armenian Classical Armenian Middle Armenian Eastern Western Zok German Pontic Greek