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Beyoğlu | |
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.jpg) _-_122.jpg)     Clockwise from top:Galata Tower;Republic Monument inTaksim;Church of St. Anthony of Padua, Istanbul;Galataport andNusretiye Mosque; Beyoğlu Municipal Hall; andİstiklal Avenue | |
 Map showing Beyoğlu District in Istanbul Province | |
  Beyoğlu Location in Turkey Show map of Turkey Beyoğlu Beyoğlu (Istanbul) Show map of Istanbul | |
| Coordinates:41°01′43″N28°58′29″E / 41.02861°N 28.97472°E /41.02861; 28.97472 | |
| Country | Turkey |
| Province | Istanbul |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | İnan Güney (CHP) |
Area | 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2022)[1] | 225,920 |
| • Density | 25,000/km2 (65,000/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+3 (TRT) |
| Area code | 0212 |
| Website | www |
Beyoğlu (Turkish:[ˈbejoːɫu]) is a municipality anddistrict ofIstanbul Province, Turkey.[2] Its area is 9 km2,[3] and its population is 225,920 (2022).[1] It is on the European side ofIstanbul,Turkey, separated from the old city (historic peninsula ofConstantinople now known asFatih) by theGolden Horn.
Genoese traders founded Beyoğlu. Beyoğlu's population was mostly foreign and of European background in the 19th century. Events such as 1950sIstanbul pogrom and suburbanization led to high income Muslims, Armenians, Greeks, and Jews leaving for the suburbs, which resulted in decaying housing. Urban renewal projects and gentrification started in 1980s and 1990s. Cultural events such asIstanbul Film Festival, restaurants, and coffee shops were established, while middle-income and upper-income residents returned to the area. Present-day Beyoğlu is one of the main night-life areas in Istanbul.[4]
The district encompasses other neighborhoods located north of the Golden Horn, includingGalata (modern-dayKaraköy),Tophane,Cihangir, Şişhane, Tepebaşı,Tarlabaşı,Dolapdere andKasımpaşa, and is connected to the old city center across the Golden Horn through theGalata Bridge,Atatürk Bridge andGolden Horn Metro Bridge. Beyoğlu is also home toİstiklal Avenue andTaksim Square.
Beyoğlu continued to be named Pera during theMiddle Ages and, in western languages, into the early 20th century.[citation needed] Pera (Greek:Πέρα) means "beyond" inGreek.[citation needed]
According to the prevailing theory, the Turkish name of Pera,Beyoğlu, meaning "Bey's Son" inTurkish, is a modification byfolk etymology of theVenetian title ofBailo. The 15th century ambassador of Venice in Istanbul,Andrea Gritti (who later became theDoge of Venice in 1523) had a mansion in this area.[5] His sonAlvise Gritti, who had close relations with theSublime Porte, also stayed there and was probably the person who was specifically referred to asBey Oğlu after his father became the Doge of Venice.[a] Located further south in Beyoğlu and originally built in the early 16th century, the "Venetian Palace" was the seat of the Bailo. The original palace building was replaced by the existing one in 1781, which later became the Italian Embassy followingItalian unification in 1861, and the Italian Consulate in 1923, whenAnkara became the capital of theRepublic of Turkey.[6]
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The area now known as Beyoğlu has been inhabited sinceByzas founded theCity of Byzantium in the 7th century BC, and predates the founding ofConstantinople.[7] During theByzantine era,Greek speaking inhabitants named the hillside covered with orchardsSykai (The Fig Orchard), orPeran en Sykais (The Fig Field on the Other Side), referring to the "other side" of the Golden Horn. As theByzantine Empire grew, so did Constantinople and its environs. The northern side of the Golden Horn became built up as a suburb of Byzantium as early as the 5th century. In this period the area began to be calledGalata, and EmperorTheodosius II (reigned 402–450) built a fortress. TheGreeks believe that the name comes either fromgalatas (meaning "milkman"), as the area was used by shepherds in the early medieval period, or from the wordGalatai (meaning "Gauls"), as theCeltic tribe of Gauls were thought to have camped here during theHellenistic period before settling intoGalatia in centralAnatolia, becoming known as theGalatians. The inhabitants of Galatia are famous for theEpistle to the Galatians and theDying Galatian statue. The name may have also derived from theItalian wordCalata, meaning "downward slope", as Galata, formerly a colony of theRepublic of Genoa between 1273 and 1453, stands on a hilltop that goes downwards to the sea.
The area came to be the base ofEuropean merchants, particularly from Genoa and Venice, in what was then known asPera. Following theFourth Crusade in 1204, and during theLatin Empire of Constantinople (1204–1261), the Venetians became more prominent in Pera. TheDominican Church of St. Paul (1233), today known as theArap Camii, is from this period.[8]
In 1273 theByzantine EmperorMichael VIII Palaiologos granted Pera to the Republic of Genoa in recognition of Genoa's support of the Empire after theFourth Crusade and the sacking of Constantinople in 1204. Pera became a flourishing trade colony, ruled by apodestà.
TheGenoese Palace (Palazzo del Comune) was built in 1316[9] by Montano de Marinis, thePodestà of Galata (Pera), and still remains today in ruins, near theBankalar Caddesi (Banks Street) inKaraköy, along with its adjacent buildings and numerous Genoese houses from the early 14th century.
In 1348 the Genoese built the famousGalata Tower, one of the most prominent landmarks of Istanbul. Pera (Galata) remained under Genoese control until May 29, 1453, when it was conquered by theOttomans along with the rest of the city, after theSiege of Constantinople.
During the Byzantine period, theGenoesePodestà ruled over the Italian community of Galata (Pera), which was mostly made up of the Genoese,Venetians,Tuscans andRagusans.
Venice, Genoa's archrival, regained control in the strategic citadel of Galata (Pera), which they were forced to leave in 1261 when the Byzantines retook Constantinople and brought an end to theLatin Empire (1204–1261) that was established byEnrico Dandolo, theDoge of Venice.
In 1432,Bertrandon de la Broquière described Pera as "a large town, inhabited by Greeks, Jews and Genoese: the last are masters of it, under the duke of Milan, who styles himself Lord of Pera ... The port is the handsomest of all I have seen, and I believe I may add, of any in the possession of the Christians, for the largest genoese vessels may lie alongside the quay."[10]
Following theOttomansiege of Constantinople in 1453, during which the Genoese sided with the Byzantines and defended the city together with them, the Ottoman SultanMehmed II allowed the Genoese (who had fled to their colonies in theAegean Sea such asLesbos andChios) to return to the city, but Galata was no longer run by a Genoese Podestà.
Venice immediately established political and commercial ties with the Ottoman Empire, and a Venetian Bailo was sent to Pera as an ambassador, during the Byzantine period. It was the Venetians who suggestedLeonardo da Vinci toBayezid II when the Sultan mentioned his intention to construct a bridge over the Golden Horn, and Leonardo designed hisGalata Bridge in 1502.
The Bailo's seat was the "Venetian Palace", originally built in Beyoğlu in the early 16th century and replaced by the existing palace building in 1781; which later became the "Italian Embassy" after the unification of Italy in 1861, and the "Italian Consulate" in 1923, when Ankara became the new Turkish capital.
TheOttoman Empire had an interesting relationship with theRepublic of Venice. Even though the two states often went to war over the control of East Mediterranean territories and islands, they were keen on restoring their trade pacts once the wars were over, such as the renewed trade pacts of 1479, 1503, 1522, 1540, and 1575, following major sea wars between the two sides. The Venetians were also the first Europeans to taste Ottoman delicacies such ascoffee, centuries before other Europeans saw coffee beans for the first time in their lives during theBattle of Vienna in 1683. These encounters can be described as the beginning of today's rich "coffee culture" in both Venice (and later the rest of Italy) and Vienna.
Following the conquest of Constantinople and Pera in 1453, the coast and the low-lying areas were quickly settled by the Turks, but the European presence in the area did not end. Several Roman Catholic churches, asSt. Anthony of Padua,SS. Peter and Paul inGalata andSt. Mary Draperis were established for the needs of the Levantine population.
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During the 19th century it was again home to many European traders,[citation needed] and housed manyembassies,[12] especially along the Grande Rue de Péra (todayİstiklâl Avenue).[citation needed] Reyhan Zetler stated "Pera was considered to be a small copy of the [sic] 19th century Europe (especially Paris and London)."[12] The presence of such a prominent European population - commonly referred to asLevantines - made it the most Westernized part of Constantinople, especially when compared to the Old City at the other side of theGolden Horn, and allowed for influxes of modern technology, fashion, and arts. Thus, Pera was one of the first parts of Constantinople to havetelephone lines,electricity,trams,municipal government and even an underground railway, theTünel, inaugurated in 1875 as the world's second subway line (after London'sUnderground) to carry the people of Pera up and down from the port of Galata and the nearby business and banking district ofKaraköy, where theBankalar Caddesi (Avenue of the Banks), the financial center of the Ottoman Empire, is located. The theatre, cinema, patisserie and café culture that still remains strong in Beyoğlu dates from this late Ottoman period. Shops like İnci, famous for its chocolate mousse andprofiteroles, predate the founding of the republic and survived until recently.
Pera and Galata in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were a part of theMunicipality of the Sixth Circle (French:Municipalité du VIème Cercle), established under the laws of 11Jumada al-Thani (Djem. II) and 24Shawwal (Chev.) 1274, in 1858; the organisation of the central city in the city walls, "Stamboul" (Turkish:İstanbul), was not affected by these laws. All of Constantinople was in thePrefecture of the City of Constantinople (French:Préfecture de la Ville de Constantinople).[13]
The foreign communities also built their own schools, many of which went on to educate the elite of future generations of Turks, and still survive today as some of the best schools in Istanbul (seelist of schools in Istanbul).
The rapidmodernization which took place in Europe and left Ottoman Turkey behind was symbolized by the differences between Beyoğlu, and the historic Turkish quarters such asEminönü andFatih across the Golden Horn, in the Old City. When the Ottoman sultans finally initiated a modernization program with the Edict ofTanzimat (Reorganization) in 1839, they started constructing numerous buildings in Pera that mixed traditional Ottoman styles with newer European ones.
In addition, SultanAbdülmecid stopped living in theTopkapı Palace and built a new palace near Pera, called theDolmabahçe Palace, which blended theNeo-Classical,Baroque andRococo styles.
During theİstanbul bombings of 18 October 1918, the area suffered.[14]
When the Ottoman Empire collapsed and the Turkish Republic was founded (during and after theFirst World War) Pera, which became known as Beyoğlu in English in the modern era, went into gradual decline. The decline accelerated with the departure of the large Greek population of Beyoğlu and adjacentGalata as a result of Turkish pressure over theCyprus conflict, during the 1950s and 1960s. The widespread political violence between leftist and rightist groups which troubled Turkey in the late 1970s also severely affected the lifestyle of the district, and accelerated its decline with the flight of the middle-class citizens to newer suburban areas such asLevent andYeşilköy.
By the late 1980s, many of the grandioseNeoclassical andArt Nouveau apartment-blocks, formerly the residences of the late Ottoman élite, became home to immigrants from the countryside. While Beyoğlu continued to enjoy a reputation for its cosmopolitan and sophisticated atmosphere until the 1940s and 1950s, by the 1980s the area had become economically and socially troubled.[citation needed]
The first decades of the 21st century have witnessed the rapid gentrification of these neighborhoods. Istiklal Avenue has once again become a destination for tourists, and formerly bohemian neighborhoods like Cihangir have once again become fashionable and quite expensive. Some 19th and early 20th century buildings have been tastefully restored, while others have been converted into mammoth luxury malls of dubious aesthetic value.[citation needed] As newer, more international and affluent residents have begun to creep down the hills into Tophane and Tarlabasi, disagreements with more conservative elements in the neighborhoods have become common.
The low-lying areas such asTophane,Kasımpaşa and Karaköy, and the side-streets of the area consist of older buildings.[citation needed]
Parallel to İstiklal Avenue runs the wide bi-directional boulevard named Tarlabaşı Caddesi, which carries most of the traffic through the area and was constructed in the 1980s. The streets on either side of this road contain historic buildings and churches. The once cosmopolitan areas surrounding them have deteriorated. However, recent gentrification projects have seen some of the buildings restored. Istanbul's first beltway, theKasımpaşa-Hasköy Tunnel,Piyalepaşa Avenue,Meclis-i Mebusan Avenue andKulturuş Deresi Avenue are other major thoroughfares.Many Istanbul bus lines and theIstanbul Metrobus (only the Halıcıoğlu stop) provide transportation to the district.
The Istanbul metroM2 line runs through the district viaTaksim andŞişhane stations. TheT1 tram line runs in the district between the Kabataş and Karaköy stops and theT2 nostalgic tram line runs on theIstiklal Avenue. Funicular linesF1 andTünel also provide transport for the district.[15]
Foreigners, especially from Euro-Mediterranean and West European countries, have long resided in Beyoğlu. There is acosmopolitan atmosphere in the heart of the district, where people from various cultures live in Cihangir and Gümüşsuyu. Beyoğlu also has a number of historicalTekkes andTürbes. SeveralSufi orders, such as theCihangirî (pronouncedJihangiri) order, were founded here.
Most of theconsulates (formerembassies until 1923, whenAnkara became the new Turkish capital) are still in this area; theItalian,British,German,Greek,Russian,Dutch, andSwedish consulates are significant in terms of their history and architecture.
Beyoğlu is also home to many high schools likeGalatasaray Lisesi,Deutsche Schule Istanbul,St. George's Austrian High School, Lycée Sainte Pulchérie,Liceo Italiano,Beyoğlu Anatolian High School, Beyoğlu Kız Lisesi,Zografeion Lyceum, Zappeion Lyceum, and numerous others.
The unique international art projectUnited Buddy Bears was presented in Beyoğlu during the winter of 2004–2005.[16]
The main thoroughfare isİstiklâl Caddesi, running into the neighbourhood from Taksim Square, a pedestrianised 1 mile (1.6 km) long street of shops, cafés, patisseries, restaurants, pubs, winehouses and clubs, as well as bookshops, theatres, cinemas and art galleries. Some of İstiklâl Avenue has a 19th-century metropolitan character, and the avenue is lined withNeoclassical andArt Nouveau buildings. The nostalgic tram which runs on İstiklal Avenue, between Taksim Square andTünel, was also re-installed in the early 1990s with the aim of reviving the historic atmosphere of the district.
Some of the city's historic pubs and winehouses are located in the areas around İstiklal Avenue (İstiklal Caddesi) in Beyoğlu. The 19th centuryÇiçek Pasajı (literallyFlower Passage in Turkish, orCité de Péra in French, opened in 1876) on İstiklal Avenue can be described as a miniature version of the famousGalleria in Milan, Italy, and has rows of historic pubs, winehouses and restaurants. The site of Çiçek Pasajı was originally occupied by theNaum Theatre, which was burned during the great fire of Pera in 1870.[17][18][19] The theatre was frequently visited by SultansAbdülaziz andAbdülhamid II, and hostedGiuseppe Verdi's playIl Trovatore before the opera houses of Paris.[20] After the fire of 1870, the theatre was purchased by the local Greek bankerHristaki Zoğrafos Efendi, and architect Kleanthis Zannos designed the current building, which was calledCité de Péra orHristaki Pasajı in its early years.[20]Yorgo'nun Meyhanesi (Yorgo's Winehouse) was the first winehouse to be opened in the passage.[20] In 1908 the OttomanGrand Vizier Sait Paşa purchased the building, and it became known as the Sait Paşa Passage.[20] Following theRussian Revolution of 1917, many impoverished noble Russian women, including a Baroness, sold flowers here.[20] By the 1940s the building was mostly occupied by flower shops, hence the present Turkish nameÇiçek Pasajı (Flower Passage).[20] Following the restoration of the building in 1988, it was reopened as a galleria of pubs and restaurants.[20]
Pano, established by Panayotis Papadopoulos in 1898, and the neighbouringViktor Levi, established in 1914, are among the oldest winehouses in the city and are located on Kalyoncu Kulluk Street near the British Consulate and Galatasaray Square.Cumhuriyet Meyhanesi (literallyRepublic Winehouse), renamed in the early 1930s but originally established in the early 1890s, is another popular historic winehouse and is located in the nearby Sahne Street, along with theHazzopulo Winehouse, established in 1871, inside theHazzopulo Pasajı which connects Sahne Street and Meşrutiyet Avenue. The famousNevizade Street, which has rows of historic pubs next to each other, is also in this area. Other historic pubs are found in the areas aroundTünel Pasajı and the nearbyAsmalımescit Street. Some historic neighbourhoods around İstiklal Avenue have recently been recreated, such asCezayir Street nearGalatasaray High School, which became known asLa Rue Française and has rows offrancophone pubs, cafés and restaurants playing live French music.Artiste Terasse (Artist Teras) on Cezayir Street is a popular restaurant-bar which offers panoramic views of theHagia Sophia,Topkapı Palace,Sultan Ahmed Mosque and Galata Tower.
Throughout Beyoğlu, there are many night clubs for all kinds of tastes. There are restaurants on the top of historic buildings with a view of the city.Asmalımescit Street has rows of traditional Turkish restaurants andOcakbaşı (grill) houses, while the streets around the historicBalıkpazarı (Fish Market) is full of eateries offering seafood like friedmussels andcalamari along withbeer orrakı, or the traditionalkokoreç. Beyoğlu also has many elegantpasaj (passages) from the 19th century, most of which have historic and classy chocolateries and patisseries along with many shops lining their alleys. There is also a wide range of fast-food restaurants in the district.
Apart from the hundreds of shops lining the streets and avenues of the district, there is also a business community.Odakule, a 1970s high rise building (the first "structural expressionism" style building in Turkey) is the headquarters ofİstanbul Sanayi Odası (ISO) (Istanbul Chamber of Industry) and is located between İstiklal Avenue and Tepebaşı, next to thePera Museum. Most of the upper floors of the buildings in Beyoğlu are office space, and small workshops are found on the side streets.
Istanbul Modern, located near Karaköy Port on the Bosphorus, frequently hosts the exhibitions of renowned Turkish and foreign artists.
Pera Museum exhibits some of the works of art from the late Ottoman period, such as theKaplumbağa Terbiyecisi (Turtle Trainer) byOsman Hamdi Bey. Apart from its permanent collection, the museum also hosts visiting exhibitions, which included the works of renowned artists such asRembrandt.
Doğançay Museum, Turkey's first contemporary art museum dedicated to the works of a single artist, officially opened its doors to the public in 2004. While the museum almost exclusively displays the works of its founderBurhan Doğançay, a contemporary artists, one floor has been set aside for the works of the artist's father, Adil Doğançay.
Hotel Pera Palace was built in the district in 1892 for hosting the passengers of theOrient Express.Agatha Christie wrote the novelMurder on the Orient Express in this hotel. Her room is conserved as a museum.
S. Antonio di Padova, the largest Catholic church in Turkey, and theNeve Shalom Synagogue, the largest synagogue in Turkey, are also in Beyoğlu. There are other important Catholic and Orthodox churches in the area, such as theSaint Mary Draperis church or centrally locatedHagia Triada Church at the conjunction point betweenIstiklal Avenue and Taksim Square. It is the seat of theChaldean CatholicArcheparchy of Diyarbakir.
The onlyJewish Museum of Turkey, which has been converted from a synagogue, is located in theKaraköy quarter, which was known asGalata in the medieval period.
İstiklal Avenue is also located in the historic Beyoğlu (Pera) district. The famous street with shops, cafes, cinemas and other venues stretches for 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi) and hosts up to 3 million people each day.[21]
The 1948-openedAtlas Cinema is situated in a 1877-built historic building at Istiklal Avenue.[22]
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Primary and secondary schools in the district:
The original campus of the OttomanImperial School of Medicine, established in 1827, was inGalatasaray, Pera.[27] After a fire in 1848 it temporarily moved to theGolden Horn.[28]
Lycée Saint-Joseph, Istanbul was in Pera after its establishment;[29] its official founding year is 1870.[30]
Quarters within Beyoğlu
There are 45neighbourhoods in Beyoğlu District:[31]
In the Ottoman period the embassy of the United States to the Ottoman Empire was located in Pera.[32]
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Bunkyō (Tokyo), Japan
Centar (Skopje), North Macedonia
Chengdu, China
Chornomorsk, Ukraine
Dubrovnik, Croatia
Genoa, Italy
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Vitacura, ChileTaksim Yerleşkesi Cihangir Mahallesi, Sıraselviler Cd. No:65, Beyoğlu / İstanbul
Meclis-i Mebusan Caddesi No: 24Fındıklı 34427 İstanbul
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