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Bernardino Machado | |
|---|---|
 Official portrait, 1918 | |
| President of Portugal | |
| In office 11 December 1925 – 31 May 1926 | |
| Prime Minister | Domingos Pereira António Maria da Silva National Salvation Junta |
| Preceded by | Manuel Teixeira Gomes |
| Succeeded by | José Mendes Cabeçadas |
| In office 5 October 1915 – 5 December 1917[1] | |
| Prime Minister | José de Castro Afonso Costa António José de Almeida José Norton de Matos Revolutionary Junta |
| Preceded by | Teófilo Braga |
| Succeeded by | Sidónio Pais |
| Prime Minister of Portugal | |
| In office 2 March 1921 – 23 May 1921 | |
| President | António José de Almeida |
| Preceded by | Liberato Pinto |
| Succeeded by | Tomé de Barros Queirós |
| In office 9 February 1914 – 12 December 1914 | |
| President | Manuel de Arriaga |
| Preceded by | Afonso Costa |
| Succeeded by | Azevedo Coutinho |
| Ministerial portfolios[2] | |
| 1921–1921 | Agriculture |
| 1921–1921 | Interior |
| 1914–1914 | Justice |
| 1914–1914 | Interior |
| 1914–1914 | Foreign Affairs |
| 1910–1911 | Foreign Affairs |
| 1893–1893 | Public Works, Trade and Industry Affairs |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1851-03-28)28 March 1851 |
| Died | 29 April 1944(1944-04-29) (aged 93) |
| Political party | Portuguese Republican (laterDemocratic) |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 19 |
| Alma mater | University of Coimbra |
| Signature |  |
Bernardino Luíz Machado Guimarães[3]GCTE[4] (March 28, 1851 – April 29, 1944) was thepresident of Portugal, serving from 1915 to 1917 and again from 1925 to 1926.
In 1917,Sidónio Pais, who was at the head of a military junta, dissolved Congress and removed Machado, forcing him to leave the country. Later, in 1925, he returned to the presidency of the Republic and, a year later, he was again overthrown by the military revolution of 28 May 1926, which instituted the military dictatorship and paved the way for the establishment of theEstado Novo.
Bernardino Machado was born inRio de Janeiro,Empire of Brazil, the son ofAntónio Luís Machado Guimarães (1820–1882), 1st Baron ofJoane and a nobleman of the royal household, a richmerchant raised to the nobility, and his second wife Praxedes de Sousa Guimarães. Bernardino came to Portugal in 1860, enrolled atCoimbra University in 1866, studied mathematics for three years, and graduated in philosophy in 1873. In 1872, he chose to obtain Portuguese nationality. Machado continued his studies, obtaining a doctorate in philosophy in 1876 and graduated in general agriculture and rural economy in 1883. He lectured at that institution beginning in 1877.
In Porto in January 1882 he marriedElzira Dantas Gonçalves Pereira (Rio de Janeiro, 15 December 1865 –Porto, 21 April 1942), by whom he had nineteen children.[5] One of his sons-in-law was the writerAquilino Ribeiro, whose own son wasAquilino Ribeiro Machado, the firstmayor of Lisbon after theCarnation Revolution.[6]
Bernardino Machado began in politics from a young age, by the leader of theRegenerator Party,Fontes Pereira de Melo. It was the members of the Regenerator Party who elected him as a deputy for the first time to thePortuguese parliament forLamego, in the supplementary elections of 1882. In the following legislature (1884-1887) he was reelected, this time by theCoimbra circle.[7]
In 1890 and 1894 was also electedPeer of the Realm byCoimbra University. During this period he was briefly Minister for Public Works on theHintze Ribeiro cabinet in 1893, and created the first labour court in Portugal. Taking a special interest in public education, he was made part of the Superior Council of Public Education in 1892, and published several books on the subject.[7]
In February 1893, Machado joined the first ministry ofHintze Ribeiro, as Minister of Public Works, Commerce and Industry, presenting his resignation in December of that same year.[7]
Machado had an important career as leader ofFreemasonry (in the Lodge of Perseverance of theGrand Orient of Portugal, with the symbolic name of "Littré").[7] From 1892 to 1895 he was the 7th President of the Order of theGrand Orient of Portugal, from 1895 to 1899 he was the 18th Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council attached to the Grande Oriente Lusitano and 7thGrand Master of the Grande Oriente Lusitano United and from 1929 until his death in 1944 was the 23rd Sovereign Grand Commander of the Supreme Council attached to the Lusitanian Grand Orient.[8]
In 1903, due to his growing disbelief in monarchical values, he joined thePortuguese Republican Party. On 31 October 1903 he professed his republican faith in a conference given at the Ateneu Comercial in Lisbon, thus marking his formal adherence to the Party. Since then, he contributed much to the remodeling and organization of the Party as a political force; participated in vigorous propaganda campaigns of republican ideals and participated actively in numerous rallies. In 1904, 1905 and 1906 he was a candidate for deputy on the republican lists, always for theLisbon constituency, however, he was not elected.[7]
Machado was also briefly President of the Directory of the Democratic Party in 1902, and after switching to the Republican Party, was this party's President of the Directory from 1906 to 1909. He was one of the fewmonarchists-turned-republican who switched during themonarchy.
In thelegislative elections of August 1910, he was one of the five deputies elected by Eastern Lisbon, along withAntónio José de Almeida,Afonso Costa, Alfredo de Magalhães andMiguel Bombarda.[7]
Once the Republic was proclaimed in 1910 he was made Minister for Foreign Affairs, and ran an unsuccessful campaign for the presidential elections of 1911. Afterwards, on 20 January 1912, he was appointed Minister of Portugal inRio de Janeiro, assuming office in July that year. Thediplomatic mission was promoted to embassy in November 1913, with Bernardino Machado being the first Portuguese ambassador to that country.[7]
When he returned to Portugal in February 1914, the country was in a ministerial crisis with the resignation ofAfonso Costa ashead of government. Bernardino Machado was called to set up an extrapartisan ministry, in order to appease the heated political sentiments, foreseeing in his program a truce proposal to monarchists, trade unionists and Catholics, to whom he promised a revision of the religious segregation law. In June of that year, Bernardino Machado requested the resignation of the executive who presided, but was again called to form a government: the 7th Republican government was once again "extra-partisan", with all the ministers, except for the president, who was independent.[7]
Machado ran again for the presidency in 1915 and was this time electedPresident of Portugal. In the course of his term, he received Germany'sdeclaration of war (March 1916), andvisited the Portuguese forces deployed on the Western Front in France and Belgium.
In 1917 the government was deposed by amilitary coup headed bySidónio Pais, and Machado went into exile.
Upon Machado's return in 1919 he was elected Senator. He served asPrime Minister from 2 March to 23 May 1921.[9] Once again, in 1925, he achieved the presidential office after PresidentTeixeira Gomes resigned, only to be overthrown a year later (1926) byGomes da Costa (See:28 May 1926 coup d'état andDitadura Nacional). The country remained under amilitary, then acivilian, dictatorship until 1974.
For a second time he went into exile in France, where he continued to be very critical of the Portuguese regime. The German occupation of France in 1940 forced him to seek protection in Portugal, which the government granted him with the condition that he was to be confined to his personal retreat in the northern part of Portugal. It was there inPorto that he died, aged 93, in 1944, making him the longest lived Portuguese president ever.
He was the father-in-law of the noted writerAquilino Ribeiro, grandfather of the politicianAquilino Ribeiro Machado and the great-grandfather of the psychologist and sexologist Júlio Machado Vaz. In 1906, Machado was elected a member of theAmerican Antiquarian Society.[10]
Source:[2]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Portugal 1914 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of Portugal 1915–1917 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Prime Minister of Portugal 1921 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | President of Portugal 1925–1926 | Succeeded by |
| First Republic (1910–1926) |  | |
|---|---|---|
| Second Republic (1933–1974) | ||
| Third Republic (1974–present) | ||
Interim presidents are initalics. | ||
| First Republic (1910–1926) |
|  |
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| Second Republic (1933–1974) | ||
| Third Republic (1974–present) | ||
