TheBermuda Triangle, also known as theDevil's Triangle, is a loosely defined region in theNorth Atlantic Ocean, roughly bounded byFlorida,Bermuda, andPuerto Rico. Since the mid-20th century, it has been the focus of anurban legend suggesting that manyaircraft,ships, and people have disappeared there under mysterious circumstances. However, extensive investigations by reputable sources, including theU.S. government and scientific organizations, have found no evidence of unusual activity, attributing reported incidents to natural phenomena, human error, and misinterpretation.[1][2][3]
Origins
Map that was published in various newspapers with theAssociated Press article of 17 September 1950
Although the nearbySargasso Sea already had a reputation as a mysterious region where ships may become lost,[4] the earliest suggestion of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in an article written by Edward Van Winkle Jones of theMiami Herald that was distributed by theAssociated Press and appeared in various American newspapers on 17 September 1950.[5][6][7]
Two years later,Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door": a short article, by George X. Sand, that was the first to lay out the now-familiar triangular area where the losses took place.[8] Sand recounted the loss of several planes and ships since World War II: the disappearance ofSandra, atramp steamer;[a] the December 1945 loss ofFlight 19, a group of five US Navytorpedo bombers on a training mission; the January 1948 disappearance ofStar Tiger, aBritish South American Airways (BSAA) passenger airplane; the March 1948 disappearance of a fishingskiff with three men, including jockeyAlbert Snider;[b] the December 1948 disappearance of anAirborne Transport DC-3 charter flight en route from Puerto Rico to Miami; and the January 1949 disappearance ofStar Ariel,[c] another BSAA passenger airplane.[8]
Flight 19 was covered again in the April 1962 issue ofThe American Legion Magazine.[11][12] In it, authorAllan W. Eckert wrote that the flight leader had been heard saying, "We cannot be sure of any direction ... everything is wrong ... strange ... the ocean doesn't look as it should."[12] In February 1964,Vincent Gaddis wrote an article called "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" inArgosy saying Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events in the region, dating back to at least 1840.[13][14] The next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book,Invisible Horizons.[15]
Other writers elaborated on Gaddis' ideas, including John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost, 1969, repr. 1973);[16]Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[17] andRichard Winer (The Devil's Triangle, 1974).[18] Various of these authors incorporated supernatural elements.[19]
Triangle area
Sand's article inFate described the area as "a watery triangle bounded roughly byFlorida,Bermuda andPuerto Rico".[8]: 12 TheArgosy article by Gaddis further delineated the boundaries,[13] giving itsvertices asMiami,San Juan, and Bermuda. Subsequent writers did not necessarily follow this definition.[20] Some writers gave different boundaries and vertices to the triangle, with the total area varying from 1.3 to 3.9 million km2 (0.50 to 1.51 million sq mi).[20] "Indeed, some writers even stretch it as far as theIrish coast," according to a 1977 BBC program.[2] Consequently, the determination of which accidents occurred inside the triangle depends on which writer reported them.[20]
Criticism of the concept
Larry Kusche
Larry Kusche, author ofThe Bermuda Triangle Mystery: Solved (1975),[1] argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were exaggerated, dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz's accounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche noted cases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsmanDonald Crowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example was the ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when in fact it had been lost three days out of a port with the same name in thePacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of the incidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often his research was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports on possibly relevant events, like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.
Kusche concluded:
The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.
In an area frequented bytropical cyclones, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part, neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious.
Furthermore, Berlitz and other writers often failed to mention such storms and sometimes even represented the disappearance as having happened in calm conditions when meteorological records clearly contradict this.
The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would be reported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.
Some alleged disappearances were, in reality, not mysterious. Berlitz found that one plane believed to have disappeared in 1937 had, in fact, crashed offDaytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses.[21]
The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely or unknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, andsensationalism.[1]
Further responses
When the BritishChannel 4 television programThe Bermuda Triangle (1992)[22] was being produced by John Simmons of Geofilms for theEquinox series, the marine insurance marketLloyd's of London was asked if an unusually large number of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's determined that large numbers of ships had not sunk there.[3] Lloyd's does not charge higher rates for passing through this area.United States Coast Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances is relatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.[1]
The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through their inquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In one such incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tankerV. A. Fogg, the Coast Guard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,[23] in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that all the bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching a coffee cup.[16] In addition,V. A. Fogg sank off the coast ofTexas, nowhere near the commonly accepted boundaries of the Triangle.
Nova/Horizon aired the episode "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle" on 27 June 1976. The episode was highly critical, stating that "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does not have to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place ... Ships and planes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."[2]
Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[24] and Barry Singer,[25] have noted how mysteries and the paranormal are very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as the Bermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading or inaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favor of books, TV specials, and other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if it espouses a skeptical viewpoint.
In a 2013 study, theWorld Wide Fund for Nature identified the world's 10 most dangerous waters for shipping, but the Bermuda Triangle was not among them.[26][27]
Benjamin Radford, an author and scientific paranormal investigator, noted in an interview on the Bermuda Triangle that it could be very difficult to locate an aircraft lost at sea due to the vast search area, and although the disappearance might be mysterious, that did not make it paranormal or unexplainable. Radford further noted the importance of double-checking information as the mystery surrounding the Bermuda Triangle had been created by people who had neglected to do so.[28]
NOAA attributes most Bermuda Triangle disappearances to environmental factors such as hurricanes, sudden weather shifts from the Gulf Stream, and hazardous shallow waters. The U.S. Navy dismisses supernatural claims, emphasizing natural causes and human error. Additionally, theU.S. Board on Geographic Names does not list the Bermuda Triangle as an official location, given the lack of evidence distinguishing it from other ocean regions.[29]
In recent years, scientists and researchers have reiterated that the Bermuda Triangle does not exhibit higher rates of disappearances than other heavily traveled ocean regions. Australian scientistKarl Kruszelnicki toldThe Independent in 2017 that the so-called “mystery” can be explained by human error, unpredictable weather, and the sheer volume of traffic passing through the area. According to Kruszelnicki, “On a percentage basis, the number of accidents in the Bermuda Triangle is the same as anywhere else in the world.[30]
Hypothetical explanation attempts
Persons accepting the Bermuda Triangle as a real phenomenon have offered a number of explanatory approaches.
Paranormal explanations
Triangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blame on leftover technology from the mythical lost city or state ofAtlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is the submerged rock formation known as theBimini Road off the island ofBimini in the Bahamas, which is in the Triangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychicEdgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence of Atlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formation as a road, wall, or other structure, but the Bimini Road is of natural origin.[31]
Some hypothesize that a parallel universe exists in the Bermuda Triangle region, causing a time/space warp that sucks the objects around it into a parallel universe.[32] Others attribute the events toUFOs.[33][34]Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in the Triangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[17]
Natural explanations
Compass variations
Compass issues are frequently cited in accounts of Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusual local magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,[35] such anomalies have not been found. Compasses have naturalmagnetic variations in relation to themagnetic poles, a fact that navigators have known for centuries.Magnetic (compass) north andgeographic (true) north are exactly the same only for a small number of places – for example, as of 2000[update], in the United States, only those places on a line running fromWisconsin to theGulf of Mexico.[36] But the public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass "changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.[1]
Gulf Stream
False-color image of the Gulf Stream flowing north through the western Atlantic Ocean (NASA)
TheGulf Stream (Florida Current) is a major surface current, primarily driven bythermohaline circulation that originates in the Gulf of Mexico and then flows through theStraits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence, it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floating objects.[37] It has a maximum surface velocity of about 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s).[38] A small plane making awater landing or a boat having engine trouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.[39]
Human error
One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of any aircraft or vessel ishuman error.[40] Human stubbornness may have caused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht,Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a storm south of Florida on 1 January 1958.[41]
Violent weather
Tracks of all known Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2019. Many storms pass through the Bermuda Triangle.
Hurricanes are powerful storms which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives and caused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking ofFrancisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the first recorded instance of a destructive hurricane.[42] These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related to the Triangle. Many Atlantic hurricanes pass through the Triangle as they recurve off the Eastern Seaboard, and, before the advent ofweather satellites, ships often had little to no warning of a hurricane's approach.[43]
A powerfuldowndraft of cold air was suspected to be a cause in the sinking ofPride of Baltimore on 14 May 1986. The crew of the sunken vessel noted the wind suddenly shifted and increased velocity from 32 km/h (20 mph) to 97–145 km/h (60–90 mph). A National Hurricane Center satellite specialist, James Lushine, stated "during very unstable weather conditions the downburst of cold air from aloft can hit the surface like a bomb, exploding outward like a giant squall line of wind and water."[44]
Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferred offshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996. Source:United States Geological Survey
An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on the presence of large fields ofmethane hydrates (a form of natural gas) on thecontinental shelves.[45] Laboratory experiments carried out in Australia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model ship by decreasing the density of the water,[46][47][48] and any wreckage would be deposited on the ocean floor or rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. It has been hypothesized that periodic methaneeruptions (sometimes called "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that are no longer capable of providing adequatebuoyancy for ships. If this were the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sink very rapidly and without warning.[49]
Publications by theUSGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including theBlake Ridge area, off the coast of the southeastern United States.[50] However, according to the USGS, no large releases of gas hydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[3]
The sail training ship HMSAtalanta (originally named HMSJuno) disappeared with her entire crew after setting sail from theRoyal Naval Dockyard, Bermuda forFalmouth,England on 31 January 1880.[51] It was presumed that she sank in a powerfulstorm which crossed her route a couple of weeks after she sailed, and that her crew being composed primarily of inexperienced trainees may have been a contributing factor. The search for evidence of her fate attracted worldwide attention at the time (connection is also often made to the 1878 loss of the training shipHMSEurydice, which foundered after departing the Royal Naval Dockyard in Bermuda for Portsmouth on 6 March), and she was alleged decades later to have been a victim of the mysterious triangle, an allegation resoundingly refuted by the research of authorDavid Francis Raine in 1997.[52][53][54][55][56]
The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurred when the collierCyclops, carrying a full load ofmanganese ore and with one engine out of action, went missing without a trace with a crew of 306 sometime after 4 March 1918, after departing the island ofBarbados. Although there is no strong evidence for any single theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting thatwartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[57][58] In addition, two ofCyclops's sister ships,Proteus andNereus, were subsequently lost in the North Atlantic duringWorld War II. Both ships were transporting heavy loads of metallic ore similar to that which was loaded onCyclops during her fatal voyage.[59] In all three cases structural failure due to overloading with a much denser cargo than designed is considered the most likely cause of sinking.
Carroll A. Deering, a five-mastedschooner built in 1919, was found hard aground and abandoned atDiamond Shoals, nearCape Hatteras,North Carolina, on 31 January 1921.FBI investigation into theDeering scrutinized, then ruled out, multiple theories as to why and how the ship was abandoned, including piracy, domestic Communist sabotage and the involvement ofrum-runners.[60]
Flight 19 was a training flight of fiveTBM Avenger torpedo bombers that disappeared on 5 December 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight plan was scheduled to take them due east fromFort Lauderdale for 141 mi (227 km), north for 73 mi (117 km), and then back over a final 140 mi (225 km) leg to complete the exercise. The flight never returned to base. The disappearance was attributed by Navy investigators to navigational error leading to the aircraft running out of fuel.
One of the search and rescue aircraft deployed to look for them, aPBM Mariner with a 13-man crew, also disappeared. A tanker off the coast of Florida reported seeing an explosion[61] and observing a widespread oil slick when fruitlessly searching for survivors. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident.[62] According to contemporaneous sources, the Mariner had a history of explosions due to vapor leaks when heavily loaded with fuel, as it might have been for a potentially long search-and-rescue operation.[63]
G-AHNPStar Tiger disappeared on 30 January 1948, on a flight from theAzores to Bermuda;G-AGREStar Ariel disappeared on 17 January 1949, on a flight from Bermuda toKingston, Jamaica. Both wereAvroTudor IV passenger aircraft operated byBritish South American Airways.[64] Both planes were operating at the very limits of their range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island.[1]
On 28 December 1948, aDouglas DC-3 aircraft, numberNC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan, Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft, or the 32 people on board, was ever found. A Civil Aeronautics Board investigation found there was insufficient information available on which to determine probable cause of the disappearance.[65]
Connemara IV
A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on 26 September 1955; it is usually stated in the stories (Berlitz, Winer)[17][18] that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes. The1955 Atlantic hurricane season showsHurricane Ione passing nearby between 14 and 18 September, with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force.[1] In his second book on the Bermuda Triangle, Winer quoted from a letter he had received from Mr J.E. Challenor of Barbados:[66]
On the morning of September 22,Connemara IV was lying to a heavy mooring in the openroadstead ofCarlisle Bay. Because of the approaching hurricane, the owner strengthened the mooring ropes and put out two additional anchors. There was little else he could do, as the exposed mooring was the only available anchorage. ... In Carlisle Bay, the sea in the wake ofHurricane Janet was awe-inspiring and dangerous. The owner ofConnemara IV observed that she had disappeared. An investigation revealed that she had dragged her moorings and gone to sea.
KC-135 Stratotankers
On 28 August 1963, a pair ofUS Air ForceKC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic 300 miles (480 km) west of Bermuda.[67][68] Some writers[13][17][18] say that while the two aircraft did collide, there were two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research showed that the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report revealed that the debris field defining the second "crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass ofseaweed anddriftwood tangled in an oldbuoy.[1]
^Sandra disappeared in April 1950; a wreck consistent with its size and cargo was discovered in 2020.[9]
^Sand's article refers to jockey Albert Snider as Al Snyder, and includes this disappearance although it occurred southwest of Miami inFlorida Bay.[10]
^Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). "The Mystery of The Lost Patrol".The American Legion Magazine. Cited inJames R. Lewis (editor),Satanism Today: An Encyclopedia of Religion, Folklore, and Popular Culture, page 72, segment byJerome Clark (ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2001).ISBN1-57607-292-4
^US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration."What is the Bermuda Triangle?".oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved10 February 2025.
^Gruy, H. J. (March 1998). "Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE".Petroleum Engineer International.71 (3). OTSI.OSTI616279.
^Hainey, Raymond (9 February 2011)."Solving a mystery of military blunder".The Royal Gazette, city of Hamilton, Pembroke, Bermuda. Bermuda. Retrieved27 July 2021.
The incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. Some incidents mentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are foundonly in these sources:
Berg, Daniel (2000).Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, NY: Aqua Explorers.ISBN0961616741.
"Great Hunt on for 27 Navy Fliers Missing in Five Planes Off Florida",The New York Times, 7 December 1945.
"Wide Hunt for 27 Men in Six Navy Planes",The Washington Post, 7 December 1945.
"Fire Signals Seen in Area of Lost Men",The Washington Post, 9 December 1945.
SSCotopaxi
"Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi as 'Missing'",The New York Times, 7 January 1926.
"Efforts to Locate Missing Ship Fail",The Washington Post, 6 December 1925.
"Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship",The Washington Post, 7 December 1925.
"53 on Missing Craft Are Reported Saved",The Washington Post, 13 December 1925.
USSCyclops (AC-4)
"Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage",The Washington Post, 11 March 1918.
"Collier Overdue a Month",The New York Times, 15 April 1918.
"More Ships Hunt for Missing Cyclops",The New York Times, 16 April 1918.
"Haven't Given Up Hope for Cyclops",The New York Times, 17 April 1918.
"Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected",The Washington Post, 15 April 1918.
"U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming to Enter the War",The Washington Post, 15 April 1918.
"Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said",The Washington Post, 16 April 1918.
"Fate of Ship Baffles",The Washington Post, 16 April 1918.
"Steamer Met Gale on Cyclops' Course",The Washington Post, 19 April 1918.
Carroll A. Deering
"Piracy Suspected in Disappearance of 3 American Ships",The New York Times, 21 June 1921.
"Bath Owners Skeptical"(subscription required),The New York Times, 22 June 1921. piera antonella
"Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation",The New York Times, 22 June 1921.
"More Ships Added To Mystery List",The New York Times, 22 June 1921.
"Hunt On For Pirates",The Washington Post, 21 June 1921
"Comb Seas For Ships",The Washington Post, 22 June 1921.
"Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly",The Washington Post, 10 July 1921.
Wreckers
"'Wreckreation' Was the Name of the Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago",The New York Times, 30 March 1969.
S.S.Suduffco
"To Search for Missing Freighter",The New York Times, 11 April 1926.
"Abandon Hope for Ship",The New York Times, 28 April 1926.
Star Tiger andStar Ariel
"Hope Wanes in Sea Search for 28 Aboard Lost Airliner",The New York Times, 31 January 1948.
"72 Planes Search Sea for Airliner",The New York Times, 19 January 1949.
DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance
"30-Passenger Airliner Disappears in Flight from San Juan To Miami",The New York Times, 29 December 1948.
"Check Cuba Report of Missing Airliner",The New York Times, 30 December 1948.
"Airliner Hunt Extended",The New York Times, 31 December 1948.
Harvey Conover andRevonoc
"Search Continuing for Conover Yawl",The New York Times, 8 January 1958.
"Yacht Search Goes On",The New York Times, 9 January 1958.
"Yacht Search Pressed",The New York Times, 10 January 1958.
"Conover Search Called Off",The New York Times, 15 January 1958.
KC-135 Stratotankers
"Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets",The New York Times, 31 August 1963.
"Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted",The New York Times, 3 September 1963.
"Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt",The Washington Post, 30 August 1963.
B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)
"U.S.-Canada Test of Air Defence a Success",The New York Times, 16 October 1961.
"Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area",The New York Times, 17 October 1961.
"Bomber Hunt Pressed",The New York Times, 18 October 1961.
"Bomber Search Continuing",The New York Times, 19 October 1961.
"Hunt For Bomber Ends",The New York Times, 20 October 1961.
Charter vesselSno'Boy
"Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea",The New York Times, 7 July 1963.
"Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean",The New York Times, 11 July 1963.
"Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean",The Washington Post, 6 July 1963.
"Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat",The Washington Post, 7 July 1963.
SSMarine Sulphur Queen
"Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard",The Washington Post, 9 February 1963.
"Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida",The New York Times, 11 February 1963.
"2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster",The Washington Post, 19 February 1963.
"Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery",The New York Times, 14 April 1964.
"Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here",The New York Times, 4 June 1969.
"10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End",The New York Times, 4 February 1973.
SSSylvia L. Ossa
"Ship And 37 Vanish in Bermuda Triangle on Voyage to U.S.",The New York Times, 18 October 1976.
"Ship Missing in Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed to Be Lost at Sea",The New York Times, 19 October 1976.
"Distress Signal Heard from American Sailor Missing for 17 Days",The New York Times, 31 October 1976.
Website links
The following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, or documents published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the United States Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; for example, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval Historical Center.
Most of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased used at bookstores, or through eBay or Amazon.com. These books are often theonly source material for some of the incidents that have taken place within the Triangle.
Bara, Mike (2019).The Triangle: The Truth Behind the World's Most Enduring Mystery. Kempton, IL: Adventures Unlimited. p. 191.ISBN9781948803175.OCLC1348103392.
The Final Flight (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.
From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN0-553-10860-3)
Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN0-425-17548-0)
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