TheBerber calendar (Berber languages:ⵜⴰⵙⵡⴰⵙⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ,romanized: taswast tamaziɣt) is the agriculturalcalendar traditionally used byBerbers (Amazigh, pluralImazighen). The calendar is utilized to regulate the seasonal agricultural works.
The current Berber calendar is a legacy of theRoman province ofMauretania Caesariensis and theRoman province of Africa, as it is a surviving form of theJulian calendar. The latter calendar was used in Europe before the adoption of theGregorian calendar, with month names derived from Latin. Berber populations previously used various indigenous calendars, such as that of the indigenousGuanches of theCanary Islands. However, relatively little is known of these ancient calendrical systems.
The agricultural Berber calendar still in use is almost certainly derived from the Julian calendar, introduced inthe Roman province of Africa at the time of Roman domination. The names of the months of this calendar are derived from the corresponding Latin names and traces of theRoman calendar denominations of Kalends, Nones and Ides exist: El Qabisi, an Islamic jurisconsult byKairawan who lived in the 11th century, condemned the custom of celebrating "pagans'" festivals and cited, among traditional habits of North Africa, that of observing theQalandas ("Kalends") of January (1 January, i.e. the JulianNew Year's Day).[1] The length of the year and of the individual months is the same as in the Julian calendar: three years of 365 days followed by aleap year of 366, without exceptions, and 30- and 31-day months, except for the second one that has 28 days. The only slight discrepancy lies in that the extra day in leap years is not usually added at the end of February, but at the end of the year. This means that the beginning of the year (the first day ofyennayer) corresponds to the 14th day of January in the Gregorian calendar, which coincides with the offset accumulated during the centuries between astronomical dates and the Julian calendar.
There are standard forms for the names of the Amazigh (Berber) calendar. The table below also provides the forms used inMorocco,Algeria,Libya andTunisia .[2]
| Month | Riffian (north Morocco) | Shilha (south Morocco) | Shawiya (Algeria) | Kabyle (Algeria) | Mzab (Algeria) | Moroccan Arabic | Tunisian Arabic | Libyan Arabic |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | yennayer | innayr | yennar | (Ye)nnayer | yennar | yanayer | yenna(ye)r | yannayer |
| February | yebrayer | brayr | furar | Furar | furar | febrayer | fura(ye)r | febrayer |
| March | mares | marṣ | meɣres | Meɣres | maraṣ | mars | marsu | mars |
| April | yebrir | ibrir | brir | (Ye)brir | yebrir | abril | abril | ibril |
| May | may | mayyu(h) | mayu | Mayyu | mayu | mey | mayu | mayu |
| June | yunyu | yunyu(h) | yunyu | Yunyu | yunyu | yunyu | yunyu | yunyu |
| July | yulyuz | yulyuz | yulyu | Yulyu(z) | yulyuz | yulyuz | yulyu | yulyu |
| August | ɣuct | ɣuct | ɣuct | Ɣuct | ɣucet | ɣuct | awussu | aɣustus |
| September | cutembir (c=sh) | cutambir | ctember | Ctembeṛ | ctember | cutanbir | ctamber | september |
| October | ktuber | kṭubr | tuber | (k)Tubeṛ | tuber | uktuber | uktuber | uktuber |
| November | nwambir | nuwambir | numbir | Nunembeṛ | unembir | nwanbir | nufember | nuvamber |
| December | dujembir | dujambir | dujamber | Du- (Bu-)ǧembeṛ | uğembir | dujanbir | dejember | december |
In addition, some of the month names inMaltese are of Berber origin, specifically January (jannar), February (frar), May (mejju), and August (awwissu), with the others deriving from Italian. Berber and Italian month names are different enough that it is possible to easily determine the source language of each Maltese month name.
In addition to the subdivision by months, within the traditional agricultural calendar there are other partitions, by "seasons" or by "strong periods", characterized by particular festivals and celebrations.
Not all the four seasons have retained a Berber denomination: the words for spring and autumn are used almost everywhere, more sparingly the winter and, among northern Berbers, the Berber name for the autumn has been preserved only inJebel Nafusa (Libya).
An interesting element is the existing opposition between two 40-day terms, one representing the allegedly coldest part of winter ("The nights",llyali) and one the hottest period of summer ("TheDog Days",ssmaym,awussu).[4]
The coldest period is made up by 20 "white nights" (Berber:iḍan imellalen, Arabic:al-lyali al-biḍ), from 12 to 31dujamber (Gregorian dates: 25 December - 13 January), and 20 "black nights" (Berber:iḍan tiberkanin/isṭṭafen, Arabical-lyali al-sud), beginning on the first day ofyennayer, corresponding to the Gregorian 14 January.
The first day of the year is celebrated in various ways in the different parts of North Africa. A widespread tradition is a meal with particular foods, which vary from region to region (such as acouscous with seven vegetables). In some regions, it is marked by thesacrifice of an animal (usually a chicken). In January 2018, Algeria declared Yennayer a national holiday – a landmark policy considering how the Amazigh are marginalized in Northern Africa.[5]
A characteristic trait of this festivity, which often blurs with the IslamicDay of Ashura, is the presence, in many regions, of ritual invocations with formulas likebennayu,babiyyanu,bu-ini, etc. Such expressions, according to many scholars, may be derived from the ancientbonus annus (happy new year) wishes.[6]
A curious aspect of the Yennayer celebrations concerns the date of New Year's Day. Though once this anniversary fell everywhere on 14 January,[7] because of a likely mistake introduced by some Berber cultural associations very active in recovering customs on the verge of extinction, at present in a wide part of Algeria it is common opinion that the date of "Berber New Year's Day" is 12 January and not the 14th. Previously the celebration at the 12, two days before the traditional one, it had been explicitly signaled in the city ofOran.[8]
El Azara (Arabic:العزارة) is the period of the year extending, according to the Berber calendar, from 3 to 13 February and known by a climate sometimes hot, sometimes cold.
Before the cold ends completely and spring begins fully, there is a period of the year that is very feared. It consists of ten days straddling the months offurar andmars (the last five of the former and the first five of the latter), and it is characterised by strong winds. It is said that, during this term, one should suspend many activities (agricultural andartisan), should not marry nor go out during the night, leaving instead full scope to mysterious powers, which in that period are particularly active and celebrate their weddings. Due to a linguistictaboo, inDjerba these creatures are calledimbarken, i.e. "the blessed ones", whence this period takes its name.
Jamrat el Ma (Arabic:جمرة الماء), "embers of the sea", 27 February, is marked by a rise in sea temperature.[9]
Jamrat el Trab (Arabic:جمرة التراب), "land embers" in English, is the period from 6 to 10 March and known to be marked by a mixture of heavy rain and sunny weather. The termjamrat (literally 'coal') is in reference to the warm state of the earth during this period .[10]
Like the strong winter cold, theDog Days also last 40 days, from 12yulyuz (25 July) to 20ghusht (2 September). The apical moment of the period is the first ofghusht "August" (also the nameawussu, widespread in Tunisia andLibya, seems to date back to Latinaugustus). On this date, particular rites are performed, which manifestly derive from pre-Islamic, and even pre-Christian, traditions. They consist, in particular, of bonfires (which in many locations take place around the summer solstice: a custom already condemned as Pagan bySt. Augustine), or water rituals, like those, common in the coastal towns of Tunisia andTripolitania, that provide to dive in the seawaters for three nights, in order to preserve one's health. In these ceremonies, whole families used to enter the water, bringing with them even their pets. Though the rite has been revisited in an Islamic frame (in those nights, the water of theZamzam Well, inMecca, would spill over, and in the sea there would be beneficial sweet water waves), many call this celebration "the nights of the error". It was in fact usual that, in order to achieve fertility and prosperity, men and women copulated among the waves.[citation needed]
Another important period for the agricultural calendar is that of theploughing. In this context, a date considered fundamental is the 17th of(k)tuber, in which one may start ploughing his fields. In Arabic, this period is calledḥertadem, that is "Adam's ploughing", because in that date the common ancestor of humanity is said to have begun his agricultural works.
Following centuries-long contacts with theArab-Islamic culture, the celebrations linked to the Julian calendar have been sometimes integrated into the Islamic calendar, leading to the suppression of some traditional holidays or to the creation of duplicates.
The most evident example are the celebrations for the new year, which in many cases have been transferred to the first Islamic month, i.e.Muḥarram, and more precisely to theʿĀshūrā’, which falls on the 10th day of that month. This holiday has an importantmournful meaning in theShia Islam, but it is substantially ignored amongSunnis. Many studies have shown the relationships between the joyful celebration of this holiday in North Africa and the ancient New Year's Day celebrations.
Arabic and Berber names of the Islamic months
| Arabic name | Berber name | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Muḥàrram | babiyannu (Ouargla) ʿashura' (Djerba) |
| 2 | Sàfar | u deffer ʿashura' |
| 3 | Rabiʿ al-awwal | elmilud |
| 4 | Rabiʿ al-thani | u deffer elmilud |
| 5 | Jumada al-awwal | melghes (Djerba) |
| 6 | Jumada al-thani | asgenfu n twessarin "the rest (the waiting) of the old women" (Ouargla) sh-shaher n Fadma (Djerba) |
| 7 | Rajab | twessarin "the old women" |
| 8 | shaʿaban | asgenfu n remdan "the rest (the waiting) of Ramadan" (Ouargla) |
| 9 | Ramadan | sh-shaher n uzum "the month of the fasting" (Djerba) |
| 10 | Shawwal | tfaska tameshkunt "the little holiday" (Djerba) |
| 11 | dhu al-qaʿida | u jar-asneth "that between the two (holidays)" (Djerba) |
| 12 | Dhu al-Hijjah | tfaska tameqqart "the big holiday" (Djerba) |
| Name | Meaning |
|---|---|
| tayyuret tezwaret | The first small moon |
| tayyuret teggwerat | The last small moon |
| yardut | ? |
| sinwa | ? |
| tasra tezwaret | The first herd |
| tasra teggwerat | The last herd |
| awdayeɣet yezwaren | The first antelope babies |
| awdayeɣet yeggweran | The last antelope babies |
| awzimet yezwaren | The first gazelle babies |
| awzimet yeggweran | The last gazelle babies |
| ayssi / aysi | ? |
| nim | ? |
Not much is known about the division of time among the ancient Berbers. Some elements of a pre-Islamic, and almost certainly a pre-Roman calendar, emerge from somemedieval writings, analyzed by Nico van den Boogert. Some correspondences with the traditionalTuareg calendar suggest that inantiquity there existed, with some degree of diffusion, a Berber time computation, organized on native bases.
There are not enough elements to reconstruct this calendar fully, but known characteristics include many month names' appearing in couples (in the Tuareg world, even in triplets), which suggests a time division different from the present one, made up of months of about 30 days.
Some further information, although difficult to specify and correlate with the situation in the rest of North Africa, may be deduced from what is known about time computation among theGuanches of theCanary Islands. According to a 17th-century manuscript by Tomás Marín de Cubas, they
computed their year, calledAcano, bylunations of 29 days (suns) beginning from thenew moon. It began in summer, when the sun enters inCancer, on June 21: at the firstconjunction (at the first new moon after the Summersolstice) they celebrated nine festival days for the crop.[12]
The same manuscript states (although somewhat obscurely) that graphical-pictorical records of such calendarial events (tara) were made on different supports, and on this basis some modern scholars identified alleged descriptions ofastronomical events connected to annual cycles in a series of geometric paintings in some caves ofGran Canaria island, but the results of these studies are for now highly speculative.[13][14]
The name of only one month is known in the native language, handed down asBeñesmet. It seems it was the second month of the year, corresponding to August. Such a name, in case it was made up by something like *wen "that of" +(e)smet (or(e)zmet?), may correspond, in the list of medieval Berber month names, with the ninth and tenth months,awzimet (properlyaw "baby of" +zimet "gazelle"). But data are too scarce for this hypothesis to be deepened.[11]
The traditional Berber calendar was not linked to anera with respect to which years were calculated. Where traditional ways to compute the years have been preserved (Tuareg civilization), years are not expressed with numbers but each of them has a name characterizing it.
Starting from the 1960s, however, on the initiative of theAcadémie Berbère of Paris, some Berbers have begun computing the years starting from 950 BC, the approximate date of the rising into power of the first LibyanPharaoh in Egypt,Shoshenq I, whom they identified as the first prominent Berber in history (he is recorded as being ofLibyan origin).[15] For example, the Gregorian year 2025 corresponds to the 2975th year of the Berber calendar.
This innovation has been adopted with conviction by many supporters of the Berber culture and is now a part of the cultural heritage of this people, fully integrated in the system of traditional customs related to the North-African calendar.[citation needed]
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