Following theSerbian Revolution, Belgrade was once again named the capital of Serbia in 1841.Northern Belgrade remained the southernmostHabsburg post until 1918, when it was attached to the city, due to former Austro-Hungarian territories becoming part of the newKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes afterWorld War I. Belgrade was the capital ofYugoslavia from itscreation to its dissolution.[note 1] In a fatally strategic position, the city has been battled over in 115 wars and razed 44 times, being bombed five times and besieged many times.[14]
Chipped stone tools found inZemun show that the area around Belgrade was inhabited bynomadic foragers in thePalaeolithic andMesolithic eras. Some of these tools are ofMousterian industry—belonging toNeanderthals rather than modern humans.Aurignacian andGravettian tools have also been discovered near the area, indicating some settlement between 50,000 and 20,000 years ago.[18] The first farming people to settle in the region are associated with theNeolithicStarčevo culture, which flourished between 6200 and 5200 BC.[19] There are several Starčevo sites in and around Belgrade, including the eponymous site ofStarčevo. The Starčevo culture was succeeded by theVinča culture (5500–4500 BC), a more sophisticated farming culture that grew out of the earlier Starčevo settlements and also named for a site in the Belgrade region (Vinča-Belo Brdo). The Vinča culture is known for its very large settlements, one of the earliestsettlements by continuous habitation and some of the largest in prehistoric Europe.[20] Also associated with the Vinča culture are anthropomorphic figurines such as theLady of Vinča, the earliest knowncopper metallurgy in Europe,[21] and aproto-writing form developed prior to theSumerians andMinoans known as theOld European script, which dates back to around 5300 BC.[22] Within the city proper, on Cetinjska Street, a skull of a Paleolithic human dated to before 5000 BC was discovered in 1890.[23]
Belgrade Fortress, built during a long period of time from the 2nd to the 18th century, located on the confluence of the two rivers Sava andDanube
Evidence of early knowledge about Belgrade's geographical location comes from a variety of ancient myths and legends. The ridge overlooking the confluence of theSava andDanube rivers, for example, has been identified as one of the places in the story ofJason and theArgonauts.[24][25] In the time of antiquity, too, the area was populated byPaleo-Balkan tribes, including theThracians and theDacians, who ruled much of Belgrade's surroundings.[26] Specifically, Belgrade was at one point inhabited by the Thraco-Dacian tribe Singi;[11] followingCeltic invasion in 279 BC, theScordisci wrested the city from their hands, naming itSingidūn (d|ūn, fortress).[11] In 34–33 BC, the Roman army reached Belgrade. It became theromanisedSingidunum in the 1st century AD and, by the mid-2nd century, the city was proclaimed amunicipium by the Roman authorities, evolving into a full-fledgedcolonia (the highest city class) by the end of the century.[12] While the first ChristianEmperor of Rome—Constantine I, also known asConstantine the Great[27]—was born in the territory ofNaissus to the city's south, Roman Christianity's champion, Flavius Iovianus (Jovian/Jovan), was born in Singidunum.[28] Jovian reestablished Christianity as the official religion of theRoman Empire, ending the brief revival oftraditional Roman religions under his predecessorJulian the Apostate. In 395 AD, the site passed to the Eastern Roman orByzantine Empire.[29] Across the Sava from Singidunum was the Celtic city ofTaurunum (Zemun); the two were connected with a bridge throughout Roman and Byzantine times.[30]
In 442, the area was ravaged byAttila the Hun.[31] In 471, it was taken byTheodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, who continued into Italy.[32] As theOstrogoths left, another Germanic tribe, theGepids, invaded the city. In 539, it was retaken by the Byzantines.[33] In 577, some 100,000 Slavs poured intoThrace andIllyricum, pillaging cities and more permanently settling the region.[34]
TheAvars, underBayan I, conquered the whole region and its new Slavic population by 582.[35] Following Byzantine reconquest, the Byzantine chronicleDe Administrando Imperio mentions theWhite Serbs, who had stopped in Belgrade on their way back home, asking thestrategos for lands; they received provinces in the west, towards the Adriatic, which they would rule as subjects toHeraclius (610–641).[36] In 829,Khan Omurtag was able to add Singidunum and its environs to the First Bulgarian Empire.[37][38] The first record of the nameBelograd appeared on April, 16th, 878, in a Papal missive[39] toBulgarian rulerBoris I. This name would appear in several variants:Alba Bulgarica in Latin,Griechisch Weissenburg in High German,Nándorfehérvár in Hungarian, andCastelbianco in Venetian, among other names, all variations of 'white fortress' or 'Bulgar white fortress'. For about four centuries, the city would become a battleground between theByzantine Empire, the medievalKingdom of Hungary, and theBulgarian Empire.[40]Basil II (976–1025) installed a garrison in Belgrade.[41] The city hosted the armies of theFirst and theSecond Crusade,[42] but, while passing through during theThird Crusade,Frederick Barbarossa and his 190,000crusaders saw Belgrade in ruins.[43]
Thethemata of the Byzantine Empire, at the death of Basil II in 1025. Belgrade was part of the theme of Bulgaria, after the conquest of Bulgaria in 1018.
KingStefan Dragutin (r. 1276–1282) received Belgrade from his father-in-law,Stephen V of Hungary, in 1284, and it served as the capital of theKingdom of Syrmia, a vassal state to the Kingdom of Hungary. Dragutin (Hungarian:Dragutin István) is regarded as the firstSerbian king to rule over Belgrade.[44]
The northern regions of what is now Serbia persisted as theSerbian Despotate, with Belgrade as its capital. The city flourished underStefan Lazarević, the son of Serbian princeLazar Hrebeljanović. Lazarević built a castle with a citadel and towers, of which only theDespot's tower and the west wall remain. He also refortified the city's ancient walls, allowing the Despotate to resist Ottoman conquest for almost 70 years. During this time, Belgrade was a haven for many Balkan peoples fleeing Ottoman rule, and is thought to have had a population ranging between 40,000 and 50,000 people.[44]
Seven decades after the initial siege, on 28 August 1521, the fort was finally captured bySuleiman the Magnificent with 250,000 Turkish soldiers and over 100 ships. Subsequently, most of the city was razed to the ground and its entire Orthodox Christian population was deported toIstanbul[42][51] to an area that has since become known as theBelgrade forest.[52]
Belgrade was made the seat of thePashalik of Belgrade (also known as the Sanjak of Smederevo), and quickly became the second largest Ottoman town in Europe at over 100,000 people, surpassed only byConstantinople.[48] Ottoman rule introducedOttoman architecture, including numerous mosques, and the city was resurrected—now byOriental influences.[53]
At the beginning of the 19th century, Belgrade was predominantly inhabited by a Muslim population. Traces of Ottoman rule and architecture—such as mosques andbazaars, were to remain a prominent part of Belgrade's townscape into the 19th century; several decades, even, after Serbia was granted autonomy from the Ottoman Empire.[57]
During theFirst Serbian Uprising, Serbian revolutionaries held the city from 8 January 1807 until 1813, when it was retaken by the Ottomans.[58] In 1807, Turks in Belgrade were massacred and forcefully converted to Christianity. The massacre was encouraged by Russia in order to cement divisions between the Serb rebels and thePorte. Around 6,000 Muslims and Jews were forcibly converted to Christianity. Most mosques were converted into churches. Muslims, Jews, Aromanians and Greeks weresubjected to forced labour, and Muslim women were widely made available to young Serb men, and some were taken into slavery.Milenko Stojković bought many of them, and established his harem for which he gained fame. In this circumstances Belgrade demographically transformed from Ottoman to Serb.[59] After theSecond Serbian Uprising in 1815, Serbia achieved some sort of sovereignty, which was formally recognised by the Porte in 1830.[60]
The development of Belgrade architecture after 1815 can be divided into four periods. In the first phase, which lasted from 1815 to 1835, the dominant architectural style was still of a Balkan character, with substantial Ottoman influence. At the same time, an interest in joining the European mainstream allowed Central and Western European architecture to flourish. Between 1835 and 1850, the amount ofneoclassicist andbaroque buildings south of the Austrian border rose considerably, exemplified bySt Michael's Cathedral (Serbian:Saborna crkva), completed in 1840. Between 1850 and 1875, new architecture was characterised by a turn towards the newly popularRomanticism, along with older European architectural styles. Typical of Central European cities in the last quarter of the 19th century, the fourth phase was characterised by aneclecticist style based on the Renaissance and Baroque periods.[61]
In 1841, PrinceMihailo Obrenović moved the capital of thePrincipality of Serbia fromKragujevac to Belgrade.[62][63] During his first reign (1815–1839), Prince Miloš Obrenović pursued expansion of the city's population through the addition of new settlements, aiming and succeeding to make Belgrade the centre of the Principality's administrative, military and cultural institutions. His project of creating a new market space (the Abadžijska čaršija), however, was less successful; trade continued to be conducted in the centuries-old Donja čaršija and Gornja čaršija. Still, new construction projects were typical for the Christian quarters as the older Muslim quarters declined; from Serbia's autonomy until 1863, the number of Belgrade quarters even decreased, mainly as a consequence of the gradualdisappearance of the city's Muslim population. An Ottoman city map from 1863 counts only 9 Muslim quarters (mahalas). The names of only five such neighbourhoods are known today: Ali-pašina, Reis-efendijina, Jahja-pašina, Bajram-begova, and Laz Hadži-Mahmudova.[64] Following theČukur Fountain incident, Belgrade was bombed by the Ottomans.[65]
On 18 April 1867, the Ottoman government ordered the Ottoman garrison, which had been since 1826 the last representation of Ottoman suzerainty in Serbia, withdrawn fromKalemegdan. The forlorn Porte's only stipulation was that the Ottoman flag continue to fly over the fortress alongside the Serbian one. Serbia'sde facto independence dates from this event.[66] In the following years, urban plannerEmilijan Josimović had a significant influence on Belgrade. He conceptualised a regulation plan for the city in 1867, in which he proposed the replacement of the town's crooked streets with agrid plan. Of great importance also was the construction of independent Serbian political and cultural institutions, as well as the city's now-plentiful parks. Pointing to Josimović's work, Serbian scholars have noted an important break with Ottoman traditions. At the time of independence, Belgrade had a mainly Ottoman look, and Josimović stated he wanted to rebuild Belgrade so that "the capital does not retain the form that barbarism gave it".[67] Josimović designed Belgrade to resemble Vienna, right down to building grand boulevards inspired by theRingstrasse.[67] All that remains of Ottoman Belgrade today are two mosques, the citadel, and a fountain with Arabic inscriptions.[67] However, Istanbul—the capital city of the state to which Belgrade and Serbiade jure still belonged—underwent similar changes.[68]
In May 1868,knez Mihailo was assassinated with his cousinAnka Konstantinović while riding in a carriage in his country residence.[69]
With thePrincipality's full independence in 1878 and its transformation into theKingdom of Serbia in 1882, Belgrade once again became a key city in the Balkans, and developed rapidly.[58][70] Nevertheless, conditions in Serbia remained those of an overwhelmingly agrarian country, even with the opening of a railway toNiš, Serbia's second city. In 1900, the capital had only 70,000 inhabitants[71] (at the time Serbia numbered 2.5 million). Still, by 1905, the population had grown to more than 80,000 and, by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, it had surpassed the 100,000 citizens, disregardingZemun, which still belonged toAustria-Hungary.[72]
The first-ever projection of motion pictures in the Balkans and Central Europe was held in Belgrade in June 1896 by André Carr, a representative of theLumière brothers. He shot the first motion pictures of Belgrade in the next year; however, they have not been preserved.[73] The first permanent cinema was opened in 1909 in Belgrade.[74]
The First World War began on 28 July 1914 when Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia. Most of the subsequent Balkan offensives occurred near Belgrade.Austro-Hungarianmonitors shelled Belgrade on 29 July 1914, and it was taken by theAustro-Hungarian Army under GeneralOskar Potiorek on 1 December.On 16 December, it was re-taken bySerbian troops under MarshalRadomir Putnik. After a prolonged battle which destroyed much of the city, starting on 6 October 1915, Belgrade fell toGerman and Austro-Hungarian troops commanded by Field MarshalAugust von Mackensen on 9 October of the same year.
Victorious Serbian troops marching through the city of Semlin today (Zemun) after liberating Belgrade and enteringAustria-Hungary in December1914.
After the war, Belgrade became the capital of the new Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, renamed theKingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. The Kingdom was split intobanovinas and Belgrade, together withZemun andPančevo, formed a separate administrative unit.[76]During this period, the city experienced fast growth and significant modernisation. Belgrade's population grew to 239,000 by 1931 (with the inclusion of Zemun), and to 320,000 by 1940. The population growth rate between 1921 and 1948 averaged 4.08% a year.[77]
People of Belgrade demonstrate their support for break-up with theTripartite Pact on 27 March 1941
On 25 March 1941, the government ofregentCrown Prince Paul signed theTripartite Pact, joining theAxis powers in an effort to stay out of the Second World War and keep Yugoslavia neutral during the conflict. This was immediately followed by mass protests in Belgrade and a militarycoup d'état led by Air Force commander GeneralDušan Simović, who proclaimedKing Peter II to be of age to rule the realm. As a result, the city washeavily bombed by theLuftwaffe on 6 April 1941, killing up to 2,274 people.[81][82][83] Yugoslavia was theninvaded byGerman,Italian,Hungarian, andBulgarian forces. Belgrade was captured by subterfuge, with six German soldiers led by their officerFritz Klingenberg feigning threatening size, forcing the city to capitulate.
[84] Belgrade was more directly occupied by theGerman Army in the same month and became the seat of the puppetNedić regime, headed by its namesake general.[85] Some of today's parts of Belgrade were incorporated in theIndependent State of Croatia in occupied Yugoslavia, another puppet state, whereUstashe regime carried out theGenocide of Serbs.[86]
During the summer and autumn of 1941, in reprisal for guerrilla attacks, the Germans carried out several massacres of Belgrade citizens; in particular, members of theJewish community were subject to mass shootings at the order of GeneralFranz Böhme, the GermanMilitary Governor of Serbia. Böhme rigorously enforced the rule that for every German killed, 100 Serbs or Jews would be shot.[87] Belgrade became the first city in Europe to be declared by the Nazi occupation forces to bejudenfrei.[88] The resistance movement in Belgrade was led by MajorŽarko Todorović from 1941 until his arrest in 1943.[89]
Just likeRotterdam, which was devastated twice by both German and Allied bombing,Belgrade was bombed once more duringWorld War II, this time by theAllies on 16 April 1944, killing at least 1,100 people. This bombing fell on theOrthodox ChristianEaster.[90] Most of the city remained under German occupation until 20 October 1944, when it was liberated by theRed Army and the CommunistYugoslav Partisans.
When the war ended, the city was left with 11,500 demolished housing units.[92] During the post-war period, Belgrade grew rapidly as the capital of therenewed Yugoslavia, developing as a major industrial centre.[70]
In 1948, construction ofNew Belgrade started. In the late 1940s and 1950s, the new regime made a point of rebuilding Belgrade in a modernistic style inspired by Le Corbusier to show that Yugoslavia was in the forefront of progress.[93] In 1958, Belgrade's first television station began broadcasting. In 1961, Belgrade hosted the first and founding conference of theNon-Aligned Movement under Tito's chairmanship.[94] In 1962,Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport was built. In the 1960s, a number of prestige buildings were put up such as the parliament building, theUšće Towers which served as the headquarters for the Central Committee of the League of Communists, and theHotel Jugoslavija.[93] An American journalist from theWashington Post newspaper wrote in 1967: "Belgrade is a lively, frivolous, noisy, jam-packed city compared with the one I remember from twenty years ago"..[93] In 1964, Tito embarked upon the policy of "market socialism" that allowed capitalism to co-exist with communism. As a result, Western visitors to Belgrade in the late 1960s were astonished to see that the main streets were dominated by gigantic and garish billboards promoting Western brands such as Coca-Cola, Volkswagen, Siemens and Pan Am, giving Belgrade a very Western feel.[93] Likewise, the Belgradians in the 1960s were described as dressed very much in fashionable Western styles with visitors noting that many women had an obsession with having their hair bleached blonde.[93] The German historian Marie-Jannine Calic wrote that in the 1960s Belgrade "a vibrant hustle and bustle prevailed in the streets, squares, and numerous cafes."[93] She also noted that the core of Belgrade had a very modern look, but that "along the mighty boulevards huddled pathetic little stores selling cloth, metal goods and dishware next to the dingy workshops of shoemakers, silversmiths and candle makers".[95] On the periphery of Belgrade, there was a semi-rural feel as chickens and cows wandered about the streets while the people lived in dire poverty, making their living as peddlers, wandering musicians, rag pickers, panhandlers, shoe shiners, scissor grinders, casual laborers and other marginal occupations.[95] In 1968,major student protests led to several street clashes between students and the police.[96]
By 1969, the population of Belgrade passed the one million mark for the first time.[97] The population increase was largely due to people moving from rural areas to Belgrade as it was estimated in 1969 that two of three Belgradians had been born in the countryside.[97] The population increase in the 1960s imposed serious social strains as more people were moving to Belgrade faster than the pace of housing construction, leading a housing crisis.[95] The 1961 Yugoslav census showed that an average of 2.5 people lived per one room in Belgrade compared to the average of 1.6 people per room in the rest of Yugoslavia.[95] In 1965, it was estimated that there was a shortage of 50, 000 housing units in Belgrade, which led to many people to make illegal makeshift homes in shops, basements, laundry rooms and even elevator shafts while on the periphery of Belgrade people built wooden huts and cottages.[95] The mayor of Belgrade,Branko Pešić, told a journalist in 1965: "In the last seven or eight years, 20,000 to 30,000 people have come to Belgrade each year. That equals an entire small town...And all of these people find shelter somewhere, hole up someplace. Some get an apartment, but that is the smallest percentage of them. A great number are forced...to house in basement, in unhygienic apartments and barracks. And whoever has not yet seen this should definitely see what this looks like...Something like this doesn't even exist in Africa".[95]
General Staff Building damaged in the1999 NATO bombing. Belgrade is one of the most destroyed cities is accurate due to its strategic location, which has led to it being battled over in 115 wars and razed to the ground 44 times throughout its 7,000-year history. This cycle of destruction and rebuilding earned it the nickname the "White Fenix" and has significantly shaped its history and urban landscape.
In 2014,Belgrade Waterfront, an urban renewal project, was initiated by theGovernment of Serbia and itsEmirati partner,Eagle Hills Properties. Around €3.5 billion was to be jointly invested by the Serbian government and their Emirati partners.[118][needs update] The project includes office and luxury apartment buildings, five-star hotels, a shopping mall and the envisioned 'Belgrade Tower'. The project is, however, quite controversial—there are a number of uncertainties regarding its funding, necessity, and its architecture's arguable lack of harmony with the rest of the city.[119]
In addition toBelgrade Waterfront, the city is under rapid development and reconstruction, especially in the area ofNovi Beograd, where (as of 2020) apartment and office buildings were under construction to support the burgeoningBelgrade IT sector, now one of Serbia's largest economic players. In September 2020, there were around 2000 active construction sites in Belgrade.[120] The city budget for 2023 stood at 205,5 billion dinars (1.750 billion Euros).[121] The budget for the city of Belgrade has been estimated to be more than 2 billion Euros for 2024.
The confluence of theSava (river on the right side) into theDanube at Belgrade with view onKalemegdan Fortress (up-right)
Belgrade lies 116.75 m (383.0 ft)above sea level and is located at theconfluence of theDanube andSava rivers.[14] The historical core of Belgrade,Kalemegdan, lies on the right banks of both rivers. Since the 19th century, the city has been expanding to the south and east; after World War II,New Belgrade was built on the left bank of the Sava river, connecting Belgrade withZemun. Smaller, chiefly residential communities across the Danube, likeKrnjača,Kotež andBorča, also merged with the city, whilePančevo, a heavily industrialised satellite city, remains separate. The city has an urban area of 360 km2 (140 sq mi), while together with its metropolitan area it covers 3,223 km2 (1,244 sq mi).[11]
On the right bank of the Sava, central Belgrade has a hilly terrain, while the highest point of Belgrade proper isTorlak hill at 303 m (994 ft). The mountains ofAvala (511 m (1,677 ft)) andKosmaj (628 m (2,060 ft)) lie south of the city. Across the Sava and Danube, the land is mostly flat, consisting ofalluvial plains andloessialplateaus.[122]
One of the characteristics of the city terrain ismass wasting. On the territory covered by the General Urban Plan there are 1,155 recorded mass wasting points, out of which 602 are active and 248 are labeled as 'high risk'. They cover almost 30% of the city territory and include several types of mass wasting.Downhill creeps are located on the slopes above the rivers, mostly on theclay orloam soils, inclined between 7 and 20%. The most critical ones are inKaraburma,Zvezdara,Višnjica,Vinča andRitopek, in the Danube valley, andUmka, and especially its neighbourhood of Duboko, in the Sava valley. They have moving and dormant phases, and some of them have been recorded for centuries. Less active downhill creep areas include the entireTerazije slope above the Sava (Kalemegdan,Savamala), which can be seen by the inclination of thePobednik monument and the tower of theCathedral Church, and the Voždovac section, betweenBanjica andAutokomanda.
Landslides encompass smaller areas, develop on the steep cliffs, sometimes being inclined up to 90%. They are mostly located in the artificialloess hills of Zemun:Gardoš,Ćukovac andKalvarija.
However, the majority of the land movement in Belgrade, some 90%, is triggered by the construction works and faulty water supply system (burst pipes, etc.). The neighbourhood ofMirijevo is considered to be the most successful project of fixing the problem. During the construction of the neighbourhood from the 1970s, the terrain was systematically improved and the movement of the land is today completely halted.[123][124]
Under theKöppen climate classification, Belgrade has ahumid subtropical climate (Cfa) bordering on ahumid continental climate (Dfa) with four seasons and uniformly spread precipitation. Monthly averages range from 1.9 °C (35.4 °F) in January to 23.8 °C (74.8 °F) in July, with an annual mean of 13.2 °C (55.8 °F). There are, on average, 44.6 days a year when the maximum temperature is at or above 30 °C (86 °F),[125] and 95 days when the temperature is above 25 °C (77 °F), On the other hand, Belgrade experiences 52.1 days per year in which the minimum temperature falls below 0 °C (32 °F), with 13.8 days having a maximum temperature below freezing as well.[125] Belgrade receives about 698 mm (27 in) of precipitation a year, with late spring being wettest. The average annual number of sunny hours is 2,020.
Belgrade may experience thunderstorms at any time of the year, experiencing 31 days annually, but it's much more common in spring and summer months.Hail is rare and occurs exclusively in spring or summer.[125]
The highest officially recorded temperature in Belgrade was 43.6 °C (110.5 °F) on 24 July 2007,[126] while on the other end, the lowest temperature was −26.2 °C (−15 °F) on 10 January 1893.[127] The highest recorded value of daily precipitation was 109.8 millimetres (4.32 inches) on 15 May 2014.[125]
Climate data for Belgrade (1991–2020, extremes 1920–present)
Belgrade is a separate territorial unit in Serbia, with its own autonomous city authority.[15] The Assembly of the City of Belgrade has 110 members, elected on four-year terms.[131] A 13-member City Council, elected by the Assembly and presided over by the mayor and his deputy, has the control and supervision of the city administration,[132] which manages day-to-day administrative affairs. It is divided into 14 Secretariats, each having a specific portfolio such as traffic or health care, and several professional services, agencies and institutes.[133]
The city is divided into 17 municipalities.[139] Previously, they were classified into 10 urban (lying completely or partially within borders of the city proper) and 7 suburban municipalities, whose centres are smaller towns.[140] With the new 2010 City statute, they were all given equal status, with the proviso that suburban ones (except Surčin) have certain autonomous powers, chiefly related with construction, infrastructure and public utilities.[139]
Most of the municipalities are situated on the southern side of the Danube andSava rivers, in theŠumadija region. Three municipalities (Zemun,Novi Beograd, andSurčin), are on the northern bank of the Sava in theSyrmia region and the municipality ofPalilula, spanning the Danube, is in both theŠumadija andBanat regions.
According to the 2022 census, the population of the city proper stands at 1,197,114, its contiguous urban area (including the adjacent settlements ofBorča,Kaluđerica, andSurčin) has 1,298,661 inhabitants, while population of city's administrative area (often equated with its metropolitan area) totals 1,681,405 people.[144] However, Belgrade's metropolitan area has not been defined, either statistically or administratively, and itsprawls into the neighboring municipalities ofPančevo,Pećinci, andStara Pazova.
Belgrade is home to many ethnicities from across the former Yugoslavia and the wider Balkans region. The main ethnic group comprising over 86% of the metropolitan population of Belgrade areSerbs (1,449,241). Some significant minorities includeRoma (23,160),Yugoslavs (10,499),Gorani (5,249),Montenegrins (5,134),Russians (4,659),Croats (4,554),Macedonians (4,293), andethnic Muslims (2,718).[145] Many people came to the city as economic migrants from smaller towns and the countryside, while tens of thousands arrived as refugees fromCroatia,Bosnia-Herzegovina andKosovo, as a result of theYugoslav wars of the 1990s.[146] The most recent wave of immigration following theRussian invasion of Ukraine saw tens of thousands of Russians and Ukrainians register their residence in Serbia, majority of them in Belgrade.[147]
Between 10,000 and 20,000[148]Chinese people are estimated to live in Belgrade and, since their arrival in the mid-1990s,Block 70 inNew Belgrade has been known colloquially as the Chinese quarter.[149][150] ManyMiddle Easterners, mainly fromSyria,Iran,Jordan andIraq, arrived in order to pursue their studies during the 1970s and 1980s, and have remained in the city.[151] Throughout the 19th and early 20th century, small communities ofAromanians,Czechs,Greeks,Germans,Hungarians,Jews,Turks,Armenians andRussianWhite émigrés also existed in Belgrade. There are two suburban settlements with significant minority population today:Ovča and the village ofBoljevci, both with about one quarter of their population beingRomanians andSlovaks, respectively. Immigration to Belgrade from other countries accelerates. In 2023, more than 30,000 foreign workers got working and residence permits only in Belgrade.[152]
Although there are several historic religious communities in Belgrade, the religious makeup of the city is relatively homogeneous. TheSerbian Orthodox community is by far the largest, with 1,475,168 adherents. There are also 31,914 Muslims, 13,720 Roman Catholics, and 3,128Protestants.
There once was a significantJewish community in Belgrade but, following the World War IINazi occupation of the city and subsequent Jewish emigration, their numbers have fallen from over 10,000 to just 295.[153] Belgrade also used to have one of the largestBuddhist colonies in Europe outside Russia when some 400 mostly BuddhistKalmyks settled on the outskirts of Belgrade following theRussian Civil War. The first Buddhist temple in Europe was built in Belgrade in 1929. Most of them moved away after the World War II and their temple,Belgrade pagoda, was abandoned, claimed by the new Communist regime and eventually demolished.[154]
Belgrade is thefinancial centre of Serbia andSoutheast Europe, with a total of 17×10^6 m2 (180×10^6 sq ft) of office space.[155] It is also home to the country'sCentral Bank. 750,550 people are employed (July 2020)[156] in 120,286 companies,[157] 76,307 enterprises and 50,000 shops.[156][158] The City of Belgrade itself owns 267,147 m2 (2,875,550 sq ft) of rentable office space.[159]
As of 2019, Belgrade contained 31.4% of Serbia's employed population and generated over 40.4% of its GDP.[160][161][162] City GDP in 2023 at purchasing power parity is estimated at $73 bn USD, which is $43,400 per capita in terms of purchasing power parity. Nominal GDP in 2023 is estimated at $31.5 bn USD, which is $18.700 per capita.[163]
New Belgrade is the country'sCentral business district and one ofSoutheastern Europe's financial centres. It offers a range of facilities, such as hotels, congress halls (e.g.Sava Centar), Class A and B office buildings, and business parks (e.g.Airport City Belgrade). Over 1.2×10^6 m2 (13×10^6 sq ft) of land is under construction in New Belgrade, with the value of planned construction over the next three years estimated at over 1.5 billion euros. TheBelgrade Stock Exchange is also located in New Belgrade.
In April 2025, the averageNew Belgrade CBD monthly net salary stood at 177.418 RSD ($1760)[172] in net terms, with the gross equivalent at 242.254 RSD ($2403), while in Belgrade with suburbs is Euros 1.058 .[172]
As an example of the attractiveness of the city and its importance in this part of the continent is the fact that numerous multinational companies choose precisely Belgrade to place its local headquarters. An early example of this was the multinational food-giantMcDonald's opening its first ever restaurant in a communist country in Europe in Belgrade.[174]
Most ofSerbia's film industry is based in Belgrade.FEST is an annual film festival that has been held since 1971. Through 2013, the festival had been attended by four million people and had presented almost 4,000 films.[182]
TheMilitary Museum, established in 1878 in Kalemegdan, houses a wide range of more than 25,000 military objects dating from the prehistoric to the medieval to the modern eras. Notable items include Turkish and oriental arms, national banners, andYugoslav Partisan regalia.[203][204]
TheAviation Museum, located nearBelgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, has more than 200 aircraft, of which about 50 are on display, and a few of which are the only surviving examples of their type, such as theFiat G.50. This museum also displays parts of shot down US andNATO aircraft, such as theF-117 andF-16.[205]
TheNikola Tesla Museum, founded in 1952, preserves the personal items ofNikola Tesla, the inventor after whom theTesla unit was named. It holds around 160,000 original documents and around 5,700 personal other items including his urn.[206] The last of the major Belgrade museums is theMuseum of Vuk and Dositej, which showcases the lives, work and legacy ofVuk Stefanović Karadžić andDositej Obradović, the 19th century reformer of the Serbian literary language and the first Serbian Minister of Education, respectively.[207] Belgrade also houses theMuseum of African Art, founded in 1977, which has a large collection of art from West Africa.[208]
With around 95,000 copies of national and international films, theYugoslav Cinematheque is the largest in the region and among the 10 largest archives in the world.[209] The institution also operates the Museum of Yugoslav Cinematheque, with movie theatre and exhibition hall. The archive's long-standing storage problems were finally solved in 2007, when a new modern depository was opened.[210] TheYugoslav Film Archive also exhibits originalCharlie Chaplin's stick and one of the first movies byAuguste and Louis Lumière.[211]
Belgrade has wildly varying architecture, from the centre ofZemun, typical of a Central European town,[219] to the more modern architecture and spacious layout ofNew Belgrade.
The oldest architecture is found in Kalemegdan Park. Outside of Kalemegdan, the oldest buildings date only from the 18th century, due to its geographic position and frequent wars and destructions.[220] The oldest public structure in Belgrade is a nondescript Turkishtürbe, while the oldest house is a modest clay house onDorćol, from late 18th century.[221] Western influence began in the 19th century, when the city completely transformed from an oriental town to the contemporary architecture of the time, with influences fromneoclassicism,romanticism, andacademic art. Serbian architects took over the development from foreign builders in the late 19th century, producing theNational Theatre,Stari Dvor,Cathedral Church and later, in the early 20th century, theHouse of the National Assembly andNational Museum, influenced byart nouveau.[220] Elements ofSerbo-Byzantine Revival are present in buildings such asVuk Foundation House, old Post Office in Kosovska street, and sacral architecture, such asSt. Mark's Church (based on theGračanica monastery), and theChurch of Saint Sava.[220] In the socialist period, housing was built quickly and cheaply for the huge influx of people fleeing the countryside following World War II, sometimes resulting in thebrutalist architecture of theblokovi ('blocks') ofNew Belgrade; asocrealism trend briefly ruled, resulting in buildings like theTrade Union Hall.[220] However, in the mid-1950s,modernist trends took over, and still dominate the Belgrade architecture.[220] Belgrade has the second oldest sewer system in Europe.[222] TheClinical Centre of Serbia spreads over 34 hectares and consists of about 50 buildings, while also has 3,150 beds considered to be the highest number in Europe,[223] and amonghighest in the world.[224]
Lying on the main artery connecting Europe and Asia, as well as, eventually, theOrient Express, Belgrade has been a popular place for travellers through the centuries. In 1843, on Dubrovačka Street (today Kralj Petar Street ), Serbia'sknezMihailo Obrenović built a large edifice which became the first hotel in Belgrade:Kod jelena ('at the deer's'), in the neighbourhood ofKosančićev Venac. Many criticised the move at the time due to the cost and the size of the building, but it soon became the gathering point of the Principality's wealthiest citizens. Colloquially, the building was also referred to as thestaro zdanje, or the 'old edifice'. It remained a hotel until 1903 before being demolished in 1938.[225][226] After thestaro zdanje, numerous hotels were built in the second half of the 19th century:Nacional andGrand, also in Kosančićev Venac,Srpski Kralj,Srpska Kruna,Grčka Kraljica near Kalemegdan,Balkan andPariz inTerazije,London, etc.[227]
As Belgrade became connected via steamboats and railway (after 1884), the number of visitors grew and new hotels were opened with luxurious commodities. In Savamala, the hotelsBosna andBristol were opened. Other hotels includedSolun andOrient, which was built near theFinancial Park. Tourists who arrived by theOrient Express mostly stayed at the Petrograd Hotel inWilson Square. HotelSrpski Kralj, at the corner of Uzun Mirkova and Pariska Streets was considered the best hotel in Belgrade during theInterbellum. It was destroyed during World War II.[227]
Ada Ciganlija is a former island on theSava River, and Belgrade's biggest sports and recreational complex. Today it is connected with the right bank of the Sava via two causeways, creating an artificial lake. It is the most popular destination for Belgraders during the city's hot summers. There are 7 km (4 mi) of long beaches and sports facilities for various sports including golf,football, basketball, volleyball,rugby union, baseball, and tennis.[231] During summer there are between 200,000 and 300,000 bathers daily.[232]
Belgrade is also known for tourist activities involving extreme sports such asbungee jumping,water skiing, andpaintballing.[231][233] There are numerous trails on the island, where it is possible to ride a bike, go for a walk, or go jogging.[231][233] Apart from Ada, Belgrade has total of 16 islands[234] on the rivers, many still unused. Among them, theGreat War Island, at the confluence of Sava, stands out as an oasis of unshattered wildlife (especially birds).[235] These areas, along with nearbySmall War Island, are protected by the city's government as anature preserve.[236] There are37 protected natural resources in the Belgrade urban area, among which eight are geo-heritage sites, i.e.Straževica profile, Mašin Majdan-Topčider, Profile at theKalemegdan Fortress, Abandoned quarry inBarajevo, Karagača valley, Artesian well inOvča, Kapelaloess profile, and Lake inSremčica. Other 29 places are biodiversity sites.[237]
Tourist income in 2016 amounted to nearly half a billioneuros;[238] with a visit of almost a million registered tourists.[239] Of those, in 2019 more than 100,000 tourists arrived by 742 river cruisers.[239][240] Average annual growth is between 13% and 14%.[239]
As of 2018, there are three officially designatedcamp grounds in Belgrade. The oldest one is located inBatajnica, along the Batajnica Road. Named "Dunav", it is one of the most visited campsites in the country. The second one is situated within the complex of the ethno-household "Zornić's House" in the village ofBaćevac, while the third is located inRipanj, on the slopes of Avala mountain. In 2017 some 15,000 overnights were recorded in camps.[241]
Dorćol, Belgrade downtown at night.Belgrade nightlife
Belgrade has a reputation for vibrant nightlife; manyclubs that are open until dawn can be found throughout the city.[242] The most recognisable nightlife features of Belgrade are the barges (splav) spread along the banks of the Sava and Danube.[243][244][245]
Many weekend visitors—particularly fromBosnia and Herzegovina,Croatia andSlovenia—prefer Belgrade nightlife to that of their own capitals due to its perceived friendly atmosphere, plentiful clubs and bars, cheap drinks, lack of significant language barriers, and a lack of night life regulation.[246][247]One of the most famous sites for alternative cultural happenings in the city is the SKC (Student Cultural Centre), located right across from Belgrade's highrise landmark, theBelgrade Palace tower. Concerts featuring famous local and foreign bands are often held at the centre. SKC is also the site of various art exhibitions, as well as public debates and discussions.[248]
A more traditional Serbian nightlife experience, accompanied by traditional music known asStarogradska (roughly translated asOld Town Music), typical of northern Serbia's urban environments, is most prominent inSkadarlija, the city's oldbohemian neighbourhood where the poets and artists of Belgrade gathered in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Skadar Street (the centre of Skadarlija) and the surrounding neighbourhood are lined with some of Belgrade's best and oldest traditional restaurants (calledkafanas in Serbian), which date back to that period.[249] At one end of the neighbourhood stands Belgrade's oldest beer brewery, founded in the first half of the 19th century.[250] One of the city's oldest kafanas is theZnak pitanja ('?').[251]
The Times reported that Europe's best nightlife can be found in Belgrade.[252] In theLonely Planet1000 Ultimate Experiences Guide of 2009, Belgrade was placed at the 1st spot among the top 10 party cities in the world.[253]
Since 1996,[254] semiannual (autumn/winter and spring/summer seasons)fashion weeks are held citywide. Numerous Serbian and foreign designers and fashion brands have their shows duringBelgrade Fashion Week. The festival, which collaborates withLondon Fashion Week, has helped launch the international careers of local talents such asGeorge Styler andAna Ljubinković. British fashion designerRoksanda Ilinčić, who was born in the city, also frequently presents her runway shows in Belgrade.
Tanjug, the former Serbian state-owned news agency building.
Belgrade is the most important media hub in Serbia. The city is home to the main headquarters of the national broadcasterRadio Television Serbia (RTS), which is a public service broadcaster.[255] The most popular commercial broadcaster isRTV Pink, a Serbian media multinational, known for its popular entertainment programmes. One of the most popular commercial broadcasters isB92, another media company, which has its own TV station, radio station, and music and book publishing arms, as well as the most popular website on the Serbian internet.[256][257] Other TV stations broadcasting from Belgrade include1Prva (formerlyFox televizija),Nova,N1 and others which only cover the greater Belgrade municipal area, such asStudio B.
There are approximatelyone-thousand sports facilities in Belgrade, many of which are capable of serving all levels of sporting events.[258]
Ada Ciganlija island, with its lake and beaches, is one of the most important recreational areas in the city. With a total of 8 km beaches, and a variety of bars, cafés, restaurants and sport facilities, Ada Ciganlija attracts many visitors, especially in summertime.
Košutnjak Park Forest has numerous running and bike trails, sports facilities for a variety of sports, and indoor and outdoor pools. It is a popular destination that is located only 2 km from Ada Ciganlija.
During the 1960s and 1970s Belgrade held a number of major international events such as the first ever World Aquatics Championships in1973,1976 European Football Championship and1973 European Cup Final, European Athletics Championships in1962 andEuropean Indoor Games in 1969, European Basketball Championships in1961 and1975, European Volleyball Championship formen andwomen in 1975 and World Amateur Boxing Championships in1978.
Belgrade has two state universities and several private institutions of higher education. TheUniversity of Belgrade, founded in 1808 as agrande école, is the oldest institution of higher learning in Serbia.[269] Having developed with much of the rest of the city in the 19th century, several university buildings are recognised as forming a constituent part of Belgrade's architecture andcultural heritage. With enrolment numbers of nearly 90,000 students, the university is one of Europe's largest.[270]
The city is also home to 195 primary (elementary) schools and 85 secondary schools. The primary school system has 162 regular schools, 14special schools, 15 art schools, and 4 adult schools, while the secondary school system has 51 vocational schools, 21gymnasiums, 8 art schools and 5 special schools. The 230,000 pupils are managed by 22,000 employees in over 500 buildings, covering around 1.1×10^6 m2 (12×10^6 sq ft).[271]
Belgrade has an extensive public transport system consisting of buses (118 urban lines and more than 300 suburban lines), trams (12 lines),trolleybuses (8 lines) andS-TrainBG Voz (6 lines).[272][273] Buses, trolleybuses and trams are run byGSP Beograd andSP Lasta in cooperation with private companies on some bus routes. TheS-train network,BG Voz, run by city government in cooperation withSerbian Railways, is a part of the integrated transport system, and has three lines (Batajnica-Ovča and Ovča-Resnik and Belgrade centre-Mladenovac), with more announced.[274][275] As of 27 February 2024[update] tickets may be purchased either via SMS or in physical paper form via theBeograd plus /Београд плус system.[276] Daily connections link the capital to other towns in Serbia and many other European destinations through the city'scentral bus station. Since January 2025 all public transport in Belgrade is free.[277]
Beovoz was thesuburban/commuter railway network that providedmass-transit services in the city, similar to Paris'sRER and Toronto'sGO Transit. The main usage of system was to connect the suburbs with the city centre. Beovoz was operated bySerbian Railways.[278] However, this system was abolished back in 2013, mostly due to introduction of more efficient BG Voz. Belgrade is one of the last big European capitals and cities with over a million people to have no metro or subway or otherrapid transit system. As of 2025, theBelgrade Metro is currently under construction, which will have 2 lines. The first line is expected to be operational by August 2028.[279][280]
The city is placed along thePan-European corridorsX and VII.[9] The motorway system provides for easy access toNovi Sad andBudapest to the north,Niš to the south, andZagreb to the west. Expressway is also toward Pančevo and new Expressway construction toward Obrenovac (Montenegro) is scheduled for March 2017.Belgrade bypass is connecting theE70 andE75 motorways and is under construction.[284]
Situated at the confluence of two major rivers, the Danube and the Sava, Belgrade has 11 bridges, the most important of which areBranko's Bridge,Gazela Bridge,Ada Bridge andPupin Bridge, the first two of which connect the core of the city toNew Belgrade. In addition, an 'inner magistral semi-ring' is almost done and includes a new Ada bridge across the Sava river (opened in 2012)[285] and a new Pupin bridge (opened in 2014)[286] across the Danube, which easecommuting within the city and unload traffic from the Gazela Bridge and Branko's Bridge.[287]
ThePort of Belgrade is on the Danube, and allows the city to receive goods by river.[288] The city is also served byBelgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, 12 km (7.5 mi) west of the city centre, nearSurčin. At its peak in 1986, almost 3 million passengers travelled through the airport, though that number dwindled to a trickle in the 1990s.[289] Following renewed growth in 2000, the number of passengers reached approximately 2 million in 2004 and 2005,[290] over 2.6 million passengers in 2008,[291] reaching over 3 million passengers.[292] A record with over 4 million passengers was broken in 2014, when BelgradeNikola Tesla Airport became the second fastest growing major airport in Europe.[293] The numbers continued to grow steadily and the all-time peak of over 6 million passengers was reached in 2019.[294]
Kyiv, Ukraine, since 2002, Agreement on Cooperation
Algiers, Algeria, since 1991 declaration of mutual interests
Tel Aviv, Israel, since 1990, Agreement on Cooperation
Bucharest, Romania, since 1999, Agreement on Cooperation
Beijing, China, since 1980, Agreement on Cooperation[308]
Rome, Italy, since 1971, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
Athens, Greece, since 1966, Agreement on Friendship and Cooperation
Some of the city's municipalities are also twinned to small cities or districts of other big cities; for details see their respective articles.
Belgrade has received various domestic and international honours, including the FrenchLégion d'honneur (proclaimed 21 December 1920; Belgrade is one of four cities outside France, alongsideLiège,Luxembourg andVolgograd, to receive this honour), theCzechoslovak War Cross (awarded 8 October 1925), the YugoslavianOrder of the Karađorđe's Star (awarded 18 May 1939) and the YugoslavianOrder of the People's Hero (proclaimed on 20 October 1974, the 30th anniversary of the overthrow ofNazi German occupation during World War II).[309] All of these decorations were received for the war efforts during World War I and World War II.[310] In 2006,Financial Times' magazineForeign Direct Investment awarded Belgrade the title ofCity of the Future of Southern Europe.[311][312]
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