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Foreign relations of Belgium

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected fromBelgium–Ireland relations)

flagBelgium portal

Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like theEuropean Union andNATO which are both headquartered inBrussels, Belgium.

As a federal state, theCommunities and Regions have their own foreign relations and are able to conclude treaties themselves.

Initial neutrality

[edit]

Because of its location at the crossroads ofWestern Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbours. With virtually defenceless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. TheConcert of Europe sanctioned the creation ofBelgium in 1831 on the condition that the country remain strictlyneutral.

This policy of neutrality ended after the experience of German occupation duringWorld War I. In the years precedingWorld War II, Belgium tried to return to a policy of neutrality, but once again, Germany invaded the country. In 1948, Belgium signed theTreaty of Brussels with theUnited Kingdom,France, theNetherlands, andLuxembourg, and one year later became one of the founding members of theAtlantic Alliance.

Belgium's federalism and international relations

[edit]

A peculiar feature of Belgianfederalism is the fact that the country'sCommunities and Regions maintain their own international relations, including the conclusion of treaties. Thus, there are a number of bilateral Dutch-Flemish international institutions, such as theDutch Language Union or the institutions for the control of the riverScheldt, in which onlyFlanders takes part. Likewise, only theFrench Community of Belgium takes part inLa Francophonie. For instance, UNV's Online Volunteering service received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism.[1]

International disputes

[edit]

Belgium has resorted several times to international dispute settlement, notably in cases at both theInternational Court of Justice and thePermanent Court of Arbitration with the Netherlands concerning the diversion of water from the Meuse (1937) the frontier at theenclave ofBaarle-Hertog (1959) and the revitalisation of the so-calledIron Rhine railroad (2005). There have been other points of contention with the Netherlands, such as the deepening of the river Scheldt or the route for the high-speed rail link between Brussels and Amsterdam. This does however not influence the overall amicable character of Belgo-Dutch relationship.

Other former cases at international courts between Belgium and other countries are — in chronological order — theOscar Chinn Case of 1934 (with theUnited Kingdom, the Borghgrave Case of 1937 (with Spain), the cases of the electricity company of Sofia of 1939 (withBulgaria), the case of the "société commerciale de Belgique" of 1939 (withGreece), the case concerning theBarcelona Traction Company of 1970 (with Spain), the arrest warrant case of 2002 (with theDemocratic Republic of the Congo) and the case concerning legality of use of force of 2004 (withSerbia and Montenegro).

The arrest warrant case of 2002 was caused by the application of Belgium's so calledgenocide law, providing foruniversal jurisdiction over the gravest international crimes. The same law stirred relations with, amongst others,Israel and theUnited States, since complaints were filed against high-ranking politicians and officials of both countries. The law was therefore repealed in 2003.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Belgium maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1United Kingdom1 December 1830[2]
2FranceAugust 1831[3]
3United States18 June 1832[4]
4Brazil27 February 1834[5]
—Holy See17 July 1834[6]
5PortugalJuly 1834[7]
6Sweden23 February 1837[8]
7Denmark25 February 1837[9]
8MexicoMarch 1838[10]
9Greece30 November 1838[11]
10Netherlands3 August 1839[11]
11  Switzerland30 September 1845[12]
12Peru16 May 1850[13]
13Bolivia27 September 1850[14]
14Guatemala27 September 1850[14]
15Italy24 February 1851[15]
16Russia11 April 1853[16]
17Uruguay30 April 1853[17]
18Honduras27 March 1858[18]
19Nicaragua18 May 1858[19]
20Costa Rica26 July 1858[20]
21Chile2 September 1859[21]
22Argentina3 March 1860[22]
23Paraguay17 June 1863[23]
24Japan1 August 1866[24]
25Liberia5 June 1867[25]
26Colombia1873[26]
27Ecuador16 July 1879[27]
28Bulgaria11 December 1879[28]
29Romania29 March 1880[29]
30Venezuela21 April 1880[30]
31Thailand21 July 1883[31]
32Serbia15 March 1886[32]
33El Salvador1 July 1890[33]
34Dominican Republic10 April 1891[34]
35Luxembourg18 April 1892[35]
36Iran18 November 1889[36]
37Haiti15 January 1902[37]
38Cuba18 August 1902[38]
39Norway14 November 1905[39]
40Panama15 February 1908[40]
41Poland6 March 1919[41]
42Czech Republic3 June 1919[42]
43Finland9 July 1919[43]
44Austria16 August 1920[44]
45Spain21 January 1921[45]
46Hungary20 February 1922[46]
47Egypt10 May 1922[47]
48Afghanistan26 February 1923[48]
49Ethiopia25 March 1923[49]
50Turkey10 February 1925[50]
51Monaco2 October 1931[51]
52Ireland7 September 1932[52]
53South Africa28 August 1933[53]
54Canada3 January 1939[54]
55Lebanon25 November 1944[55]
56Iceland9 November 1945[56]
57Syria20 March 1946[57]
58Philippines4 July 1946[58]
59Iraq5 December 1946[59]
60Jordan4 May 1947[60]
61India20 September 1947[61]
62New Zealand27 November 1947[62]
63Australia30 January 1948[63]
64Pakistan20 February 1948[64]
65Israel22 September 1949[65]
66Indonesia14 November 1949[66]
67Germany27 June 1951[67]
68Sri Lanka27 July 1953[68]
69Myanmar19 September 1953[69]
70Saudi Arabia10 April 1955[70]
71Libya15 May 1956[71]
72Sudan23 July 1956[72]
73Morocco21 August 1956[73]
74Tunisia21 May 1957[74]
75Malaysia12 December 1957[75][76]
76Ghana13 January 1960[77]
77Guinea28 January 1960[78]
78Democratic Republic of the Congo2 July 1960[79]
79Somalia5 July 1960[80]
80Cyprus16 August 1960[81]
81Gabon3 October 1960[37]
82Benin3 January 1961[82]
83Senegal1 February 1961[83]
84Nigeria4 February 1961[84]
85Ivory Coast15 March 1961[85]
86Mauritania13 April 1961[86]
87Republic of the Congo15 April 1961[87]
88South Korea2 May 1961[88]
89Chad27 June 1961[89]
90Sierra Leone12 July 1961[90]
91Niger22 September 1961[91]
92Burkina Faso17 October 1961[92]
93Cameroon14 March 1962[93]
94Burundi18 July 1962[94]
—Rwanda (suspended)[95]18 July 1962[96]
95Tanzania21 August 1962[97]
96Algeria11 December 1962[98]
97Central African Republic13 June 1963[99]
98Mali1 August 1963[100]
99   Nepal19 August 1963[101]
100Kuwait8 April 1964[102]
101Kenya29 April 1964[103]
102Madagascar15 July 1964[104]
103Zambia6 December 1964[105]
104Uganda1964[106]
105MaltaJune 1965[107]
106Togo29 November 1965[108]
107Malawi28 January 1966[109]
108Gambia7 February 1966[110]
109Singapore10 October 1966[111]
110Jamaica25 July 1967[112]
111Botswana24 August 1967[113]
112Lesotho24 August 1967[113]
113Cambodia19 October 1967[114]
114Laos12 December 1967[115]
115Mauritius1968[116]
116Eswatini14 November 1969[117]
117Trinidad and Tobago10 May 1970[118]
118Barbados30 October 1970[119]
119Albania13 November 1970[120]
120Guyana10 June 1971[121]
121Mongolia8 July 1971[122]
122Tonga16 August 1971[123]
123China25 October 1971[124]
124United Arab Emirates8 December 1971[125]
125Yemen1971[126]
126FijiSeptember 1972[127]
127Vietnam22 March 1973[128]
128Bangladesh15 May 1973[129]
129SamoaMay 1973[130]
130Qatar21 November 1973[131]
131Bahamas12 December 1973[132]
132Oman22 May 1974[133]
133Nauru4 July 1975[134]
134Mozambique5 December 1975[135]
135Seychelles1 July 1976[136]
136Papua New Guinea16 September 1976[137]
137Suriname1 October 1976[138]
138Angola15 October 1976[139]
139Comoros15 November 1976[140]
140Cape Verde12 July 1977[141]
141Guinea-Bissau2 August 1977[142]
142Maldives3 October 1977[143]
143Djibouti19 June 1978[144]
144Solomon Islands28 February 1979[145]
145Zimbabwe24 April 1980[146]
146Bahrain2 December 1980[147]
147Dominica1980[148]
148Saint Lucia1980[149]
149Saint Vincent and the Grenadines1980[150]
150Vanuatu10 June 1981[151]
151Belize1982[152]
152Brunei3 May 1984[153]
153San Marino26 March 1985[154]
154Antigua and Barbuda30 October 1985[152]
155São Tomé and Príncipe1986[155]
156Namibia21 September 1990[156]
157Estonia5 September 1991[157]
158Latvia5 September 1991[158]
159Lithuania5 September 1991[159]
160Slovenia5 March 1992[160]
161Armenia10 March 1992[161]
162Belarus10 March 1992[162]
163Ukraine10 March 1992[163]
164Uzbekistan10 March 1992[164]
165Moldova11 March 1992[165]
166Liechtenstein13 March 1992[166]
167Kyrgyzstan25 March 1992[167]
168Tajikistan29 April 1992[168]
169Georgia5 June 1992[169]
170Azerbaijan17 June 1992[170]
171Kazakhstan18 August 1992[171]
172Croatia25 September 1992[172]
173Slovakia1 January 1993[173]
174Turkmenistan1 February 1993[174]
175North Macedonia14 February 1994[175]
176Bosnia and Herzegovina3 March 1994[176]
177Eritrea31 March 1994[177]
178Andorra15 December 1994[178]
179Marshall Islands29 May 1996[179]
180Federated States of Micronesia28 October 1996[180]
181North Korea23 December 2000[181]
182Timor-Leste3 October 2002[182]
183Saint Kitts and Nevis7 July 2004[183]
—Cook Islands6 April 2005[184]
184Montenegro25 June 2006[185]
—Kosovo10 April 2008[186]
185Bhutan21 January 2009[187]
186Palau18 May 2010[188]
187South Sudan14 October 2011[189]
188Equatorial GuineaUnknown
189GrenadaUnknown
190KiribatiUnknown
191TuvaluUnknown

Relationship with countries

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Congo-Kinshasa2 July 1960SeeBelgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 2 July 1960 when establishment of the Belgian diplomatic mission in Leopoldville and Jean Van den Bosch becomes the Belgian ambassador.[190]

  • Belgium has an embassy inKinshasa and a consulate-general inLubumbashi.
  • Congo-Kinshasa has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general inAntwerp.
Eritrea
  • Belgium recognised Eritrea as an independent country on 14 June 1993.[191]
South Sudan14 October 2011Diplomatic relations were established on 14 October 2011.[192]
  • Belgium recognised South Sudan as an independent country on 1 December 2011.[193]

Americas

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Canada3 January 1939SeeBelgium–Canada relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1939.[194]

Cuba18 August 1902

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 August 1902.[195]

In 1837, Belgian negotiating sale right ownership of Cuba from Spanish government.[196]

  • Belgium has an embassy inHavana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Brussels.
Mexico19 November 1839SeeBelgium–Mexico relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 19 November 1839.[13]

In 1836, Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico.[197] In 1919, the Belgian chamber of commerce of Mexico was established.[197] Belgium opened its embassy in Mexico on 5 June 1954.[198]

  • Belgium has an embassy inMexico City.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Brussels.
Peru16 May 1850Diplomatic relations were established on 16 May 1850.[13]
  • Belgium has an embassy inLima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Brussels.
United States9 February 1832SeeBelgium–United States relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 9 February 1832 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Belgium to United States with residence in Washington baron D. Behr.[199]

The United States and Belgium are good friends and allies, despite occasional disagreements on a limited number of foreign policy issues. Good will and affection for Americans continues as a result of the U.S. role during and after the two World Wars, which was exhibited in 2004 during the 60th anniversary commemorations of the Battle of the Bulge and the liberation of Belgium. Continuing to celebrate cooperative U.S. and Belgian relations, 2007 marks the 175th anniversary of the nations' relationship.

Uruguay26 September 1852SeeBelgium–Uruguay relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 26 September 1852 when M. Joseph Lannoy has been appointed as Minister Resident of Belgium to Uruguay with Residence in Rio-de-Janeiro.[200]

  • Belgium is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Brussels.

Asia

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Armenia10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[201]
  • Belgium recognised Armenia as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Armenia has an embassy inBrussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate inYerevan.
  • Belgium hasrecognized theArmenian genocide in 1998.
Azerbaijan17 June 1992SeeAzerbaijan–Belgium relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 17 June 1992.[203]

China25 October 1971SeeBelgium–China relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 25 October 1971.[124]

Georgia5 June 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 5 June 1992.[204]
  • Belgium recognised Georgia as an independent country on 23 March 1992.[205]
  • Belgium is represented in Georgia through its embassy inBaku,Azerbaijan
  • Georgia has an embassy in Brussels
India20 September 1947SeeBelgium–India relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 20 September 1947 when Prince Eugene de Ligne presented his credentials as the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to India.[206]

  • Belgium has an embassy inNew Delhi and consualates-general inChennai andMumbai.
  • India has an embassy in Brussels.
Indonesia14 June 1950SeeBelgium–Indonesia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 14 June 1950 when Consulate General of Belgium in Jakarta has been elevated to rang Legation and M. P. Vanderstichelen appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Indonesia.[207]

  • Belgium has an embassy inJakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Brussels.
Iran
  • Belgium has an embassy inTehran.
  • Iran has an embassy in Brussels.
IsraelSeeBelgium–Israel relations
  • On 29 November 1947, Belgium voted in favour ofUN resolution 181.
  • Belgium recognised Israel on 15 January 1950.
  • Belgium has an embassy inTel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Brussels.
  • There are approximately 31,200Jews living in Belgium.
Japan1 August 1866SeeBelgium–Japan relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 1 August 1866.[208]

  • Belgium has an embassy inTokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Brussels.
Kazakhstan25 August 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 25 August 1992.[209]
  • Belgium recognised Kazakhstan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Belgium has an embassy inAstana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Brussels.
Kyrgyzstan25 March 1992SeeBelgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 25 March 1992.[210]

  • Belgium recognised Kyrgyzstan as an independent country effective from 20 januari 1992.[202]
Malaysia12 December 1957SeeBelgium–Malaysia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 12 December 1957.[211]

  • Belgium has an embassy inKuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Brussels.
Pakistan20 February 1948SeeBelgium–Pakistan relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1948.[212]

  • Belgium has an embassy inIslamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Brussels.

Former Pakistani president,Pervez Musharraf, has also previously extended a visit to Belgium during his tour of Europe in early 2008, which also included visits to the United Kingdom, France and Sweden. During his stay inBrussels, he met the then-Prime Minister of Belgium,Guy Verhofstadt, and the two leaders held significant talks on trade and defence co-operation.[citation needed]

Philippines18 May 1949SeeBelgium–Philippines relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 May 1949.[213]

  • Belgium has an embassy inManila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Brussels.
Saudi Arabia
  • Belgium has an embassy inRiyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Brussels.
South Korea2 May 1961SeeBelgium–South Korea relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 2 May 1961.[88]

Syria20 March 1946SeeBelgium–Syria relations

Relations were established on 20 March 1946 when M.R. Taymans was appointed as Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Syria with residence inBeirut.[217]

Turkey4 April 1838SeeBelgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 4 April 1838 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Turkey baron O'Sullivan de Grass.[220]

Turkmenistan1 February 1993SeeBelgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 1 February 1993.[221]

  • Belgium recognised Turkmenistan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
Uzbekistan10 March 1992SeeBelgium–Turkey relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[222]

  • Belgium recognised Uzbekistan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]

Europe

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Andorra15 December 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1994.[223]
  • Belgium has recognised Andorra as an independent country on 2 December 1993, effective from 28 July 1993.[205]
  • Andorra has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium has an embassy inVienna.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Belarus10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[224]
  • Belgium recognised Belarus as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
Bosnia and Herzegovina3 March 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1994.[225]
  • Belgium recognised Bosnia as an independent country on 10 April 1992.[205]
Bulgaria11 December 1879Diplomatic relations were established on 11 December 1879.[226]
Croatia10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[229]
  • Belgium recognised Croatia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.[202]
  • Belgium has an embassy inZagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Cyprus
  • Belgium is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Athens, Greece.
  • Cyprus is accredited to Belgium from its embassy in The Hague, the Netherlands.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union.
Czech Republic3 June 1919Belgium and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1919.[230]
  • Belgium recognised the independence of Czechia on 16 February 1993, effective from 1 January 1993.[231]
  • Belgium has an embassy inPrague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy inBrussels.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO and of theEuropean Union.
Denmark25 February 1837SeeBelgium–Denmark relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 25 February 1837 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Denmark baron T. van der Straten-Ponthoz[232][233]

Estonia26 January 1921Diplomatic relations were established first time on 21 January 1921. Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[234]
Finland9 July 1919Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1919.[235]
  • Belgium recognised Finland's independence on 10 June 1919.
  • Belgium has an embassy inHelsinki.
  • Finland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
France8 March 1831SeeBelgium–France relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 8 March 1831 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to France Comte C. Le Hon.[11]

GermanySeeBelgium–Germany relations

They are both members of theEuropean Union andNATO. Also, the majority of the people inEast Belgium (Eupen-Malmedy) speakGerman.

  • Belgium has an embassy inBerlin.
  • Germany has one embassy in Brussels.
Greece30 November 1838SeeBelgium–Greece relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 30 November 1838 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Greece M. Benjamin Mary.[11]

  • Belgium has an embassy inAthens.
  • Since 1945, Greece has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO, of theEuropean Union.
  • There are between 15,000 and 26,000 Greeks who live in Belgium.
Holy See21 July 1832Diplomatic relations were established on 21 July 1832 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Roman states and Italian states (Holy See) Viscount Vilain XIIII.[236]
  • Belgium has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Brussels.
Iceland9 November 1945Diplomatic relations were established on 9 November 1945.[237]
  • Belgium is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Ireland7 September 1932Diplomatic relations were established on 7 September 1932 when has been established Legation of Ireland in Belgium (Brussels). It was raised into an embassy 9 January 1959.[238]
Italy24 February 1851Diplomatic relations were established on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.[239]
Kosovo23 April 2008SeeBelgium–Kosovo relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 23 April 2008.[240]

Latvia26 January 1921Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1921.[243] Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[244]
  • Belgium is accredited to Latvia from its embassy in Stockholm, Sweden.
  • Latvia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Lithuania27 December 1922Diplomatic relations were established first time on 27 December 1922.Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[245]
  • Belgium is accredited to Lithuania from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Lithuania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Luxembourg9 July 1892SeeBelgium–Luxembourg relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1892.[246]

MaltaJune 1965Diplomatic relations were established in June 1965.[247]
  • Belgium is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Malta has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union and of theCouncil of Europe.
Moldova11 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 11 March 1992.[248]
  • Belgium recognised Moldova as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Moldova has an embassy inBrussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
Monaco2 October 1931Diplomatic relations were established on 2 October 1931.[249]
  • Belgium is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Brussels.
Montenegro25 July 2006Diplomatic relations were established on 25 July 2006.[250]
  • Belgium recognised Montenegro as an independent country on 23 June 2006.[251]
  • Belgium is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe andNATO.
  • Belgium is anEUmember and Montenegro is anEUcandidate.
Netherlands3 August 1839SeeBelgium–Netherlands relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 3 August 1839 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to the Netherlands Prince J. De Chimay.[11]

  • Belgium has an embassy inThe Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general inAntwerp.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
North Macedonia14 February 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 14 February 1994.[252]
  • Belgium recognised North Macedonia as an independent country on 12 October 1993.[253]
  • Belgium is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Sofia, Bulgaria.
  • North Macedonia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theCouncil of Europe andNATO.
  • Belgium is anEUmember and North Macedonia is anEUcandidate.
Norway14 November 1905Diplomatic relations were established on 14 November 1905.[254]
  • Belgium has an embassy inOslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO.
Poland6 March 1919SeeBelgium–Poland relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 6 March 1919.[255]

  • Belgium has an embassy inWarsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Portugal20 February 1834Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1834 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Portugal C. Serruys.[256]
  • Belgium has an embassy inLisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Romania29 March 1880Diplomatic relations were established on 29 March 1880.[257]
Russia11 April 1853SeeBelgium–Russia relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 11 April 1853.[258]

Serbia15 March 1886SeeBelgium–Serbia relations
Slovakia1 January 1993Diplomatic relations were established on 1 January 1993.[260]
  • Belgium recognised Slovakia as an independent country on 16 February 1993, effective from 1 January 1993.[231]
  • Belgium is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Slovenia5 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 5 March 1992.[261]

Belgium recognised Slovenia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.[202]

  • Belgium is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members ofNATO and of theEuropean Union.
Spain18 September 1832SeeBelgium–Spain relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 18 September 1832 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Spain J.-B. Kaufmann.[262]

  • Belgium has an embassy inMadrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of theEuropean Union andNATO.
Sweden23 February 1837Diplomatic relations were established on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[263]
Ukraine10 March 1992SeeBelgium–Ukraine relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[264]

Although politically the two nations are not closely connected, they have a long history of economic integration and trade, with Belgian investment playing a role in the contemporary Ukrainian economy. As of 2008, trade revenue generated between the two nations accounted for approximately US$1 billion.[265]

  • Belgium recognised Ukraine as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[202]
  • Belgium has an embassy inKyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Brussels.
United Kingdom1 December 1830SeeBelgium–United Kingdom relations
British Prime MinisterRishi Sunak withBelgian Prime MinisterAlexander De Croo in10 Downing Street, January 2024.

Belgium establisheddiplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 1 December 1830.[2][failed verification]

Both countries share common membership of the Atlantic Co-operation Pact,[268] theCouncil of Europe, theEuropean Court of Human Rights, theInternational Criminal Court,NATO, theOECD, theOSCE, theUnited Nations, and theWorld Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have a Classified Information Protection Agreement,[269] a Double Taxation Convention,[270] and a Maritime Cooperation Agreement.[271]

Oceania

[edit]
CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia10 October 1947SeeAustralia–Belgium relations

Diplomatic relations were established on 10 October 1947.[272]

Protocol

[edit]

The kingdom of Belgium recognises 4 types of incomingvisits in Belgium. They are ranked inprecedence andprotocol.[273]

  1. TheState Visit, formal invitations by the King of the Belgians.
  2. TheOfficial Visit, invitation by the Belgian Prime minister.
  3. TheWorking Visit, invitation by an ambassador, the cost is not paid by the Belgian state.
    1. Cordial visits.
    2. Visits of courtoisie
    3. Visits to international Organisations
  4. ThePrivate Visit, at own initiative, Belgian authorities only providesecurity if requested.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"UNV Online Volunteering service, Partners". Archived fromthe original on 28 October 2014. Retrieved19 December 2014.
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