Belgians (Dutch:Belgen[ˈbɛlɣə(n)]ⓘ;French:Belges[bɛlʒ]ⓘ;German:Belgier[ˈbɛlɡi̯ɐ]ⓘ) are people identified with theKingdom of Belgium, afederal state inWestern Europe. As Belgium is amultinational state, this connection may be residential, legal, historical, or cultural rather than ethnic. The majority of Belgians, however, belong to two distinct linguistic groups orcommunities (Dutch:gemeenschap; French:communauté) native to the country, i.e. its historical regions:Flemings inFlanders, who speakDutch,West Flemish andLimburgish; andWalloons inWallonia, who speakFrench orWalloon. There is also a substantial Belgian diaspora, which has settled primarily in the United States, Canada, France, and the Netherlands.
The Latin name was revived in 1790 by the short-livedUnited Belgian States which was created aftera revolution against Austrian rule took place in 1789. Since noadjective equivalent to "Belgian" existed at the time, the French noun "Belgique" (or "Belgium") was adopted as both noun and adjective; a phenomenon borrowed from Latin which was still commonly used during the period.[24] From the sixteenth century, theLow Countries" or "Netherlands", were referred to as 'Belgica' in Latin, as was theDutch Republic.
Belgians are primarily anationality or citizen group, byjus soli (Latin: right of the soil),[25] also known as birthright citizenship, and are not a homogeneousethnic group.[26][27][28] Belgians are made up of two main linguistic and ethnic groups; theDutch-speakers (called theFlemish) and theFrench-speakers (mostlyWalloons), as well as a third tiny but constitutionally recognized group from two small German-speaking areas. These sometimes competing ethnic and linguistic priorities are governed by constitutionally designated"regions or communities", depending on the constitutional realm of the topic, a complex and uniquely Belgian political construct. Since many Belgians are at least bilingual, or even trilingual, it is common for business, social and family networks to include members of the various ethnic groups composing Belgium.[citation needed]
TheBrussels-Capital Region occupies a unique political and cultural position since geographically and linguistically it is a bilingual enclave within the unilingual Flemish Region. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Belgium in 1830, the city ofBrussels was francized, as it was transformed from an almost entirely Dutch-speaking into a multilingual city with French as the majority language andlingua franca.[29]
WithinBelgium the Flemish, about 60% of the population, form a clearly distinguishable group, set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to theNetherlands most of these cultural and linguistic boundaries quickly fade, as the Flemish share the same language, similar or identical customs and (though only with the southern part of today's Netherlands) traditional religion with theDutch.[32]
However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will seldom identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.[33]
Cheering crowds greet British troops entering Brussels, 1944Belgian students at an event
Walloons are aFrench-speaking people who live inBelgium, principally inWallonia. Walloons are a distinctive community within Belgium,[34] important historical and anthropological criteria (religion, language, traditions, folklore) bind Walloons to theFrench people.[35][36] More generally, the term also refers to the inhabitants of theWalloon Region. They may speak regional languages such asWalloon (withPicard in the West andGaumais in the South).
Though roughly three-quarters of Belgium's French speakers live in Wallonia, French-speaking residents of Brussels tend not to identify as Walloons.
The German-speaking Community of Belgium is one of the three constitutionally recognized federal communities ofBelgium.[37] Covering an area of less than 1,000 km2 within theprovince ofLiège inWallonia, it includes nine of the eleven municipalities of the so-calledEast Cantons and the local population numbers over 73,000 – less than 1% of the national total. Bordering theNetherlands,Germany andLuxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government atEupen.
The German-speaking community is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany. In addition, in contemporary Belgium there are also some other German-speaking areas that belonged to Belgium even before 1920, but they are not currently considered officially part of the German-speaking community in Belgium:Bleiberg-Welkenraat-Baelen in Northeasternprovince of Liège andArelerland (city ofArlon and some of its nearby villages in Southeasternprovince of Belgian Luxembourg). However, in these localities, the German language is highly endangered due to the adoption ofFrench.[38]
Roman Catholicism has traditionally been Belgium's majority religion, with approximately 65% of the Belgians declaring themselves to be Catholics.[39] However, by 2004, nationwide Sundaychurch attendance was only about 4 to 8% (9% for Flanders only). A 2006 inquiry inFlanders, long considered more religious than theBrussels orWallonia regions inBelgium, showed 55% of its inhabitants calling themselves religious, while 36% said that they believed that God created the world.[40]
Belgium had a population of 10,839,905 people on 1 January 2010, an increase of 601,000 in comparison to 2000 (10,239,085 inhabitants). Between 1990 (9,947,782 inhabitants) and 2000 the increase was only 291,000. The population of Flanders, Wallonia and Brussels on 1 January 2010 was 6,251,983 (57.7%), 3,498,384 (32.3%) and 1,089,538 (10.1%), respectively.[citation needed]
^ Footnote: The Celtic and Germanic influences on and origins of the Belgae remains disputed. Further reading, e.g.Witt, Constanze Maria (May 1997)."Ethnic and Cultural Identity".Barbarians on the Greek Periphery?—Origins of Celtic Art. Institute for Advanced Technology in the Humanities,University of Virginia.Archived from the original on 10 June 2007. Retrieved6 June 2007.
^Ramon Arango,Leopold III and the Belgian Royal Question, p.9.
^Raymond Fusilier inLes monarchies parlementaires en Europe, Editions ouvrières, Paris, 1960, p. 350, wrote the Belgian regime of 1830 was also inspired by the French Constitution of theKingdom of France (1791-1792), theUnited States Declaration of Independence of 1776 and the old political traditions of both Walloon and Flemish provinces.
^National minorities in Europe, W. Braumüller, 2003, page 20.
^Nederlandse en Vlaamse identiteit, Civis Mundi 2006 by S.W. Couwenberg.ISBN90-5573-688-0. Page 62. Quote: "Er valt heel wat te lachen om de wederwaardigheden van Vlamingen in Nederland en Nederlanders in Vlaanderen. Ze relativeren de verschillen en beklemtonen ze tegelijkertijd. Die verschillen zijn er onmiskenbaar: in taal, klank, kleur, stijl, gedrag, in politiek, maatschappelijke organisatie, maar het zijn stuk voor stuk varianten binnen één taal-en cultuurgemeenschap." The opposite opinion is stated by L. Beheydt (2002): "Al bij al lijkt een grondiger analyse van de taalsituatie en de taalattitude in Nederland en Vlaanderen weinig aanwijzingen te bieden voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit. Dat er ook op andere gebieden weinig aanleiding is voor een gezamenlijke culturele identiteit is al door Geert Hofstede geconstateerd in zijn vermaarde boekAllemaal andersdenkenden (1991)." L. Beheydt, "Delen Vlaanderen en Nederland een culturele identiteit?", in P. Gillaerts, H. van Belle, L. Ravier (eds.),Vlaamse identiteit: mythe én werkelijkheid (Leuven 2002), 22–40, esp. 38.(in Dutch)
^Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press, (ISBN1-57356-019-7), p. 13 : « Walloons are identified through their residence in Wallonia and by speaking dialects of French. They, too, are descended from the original Celtic inhabitants of the region and Romans and Franks who arrived later. Walloons are mainly Roman catholic. »
^Ethnic Groups Worldwide, a ready reference Handbook, David Levinson, ORYX Press,ISBN1-57356-019-7, p.13 : "Walloon culture was heavily influenced by the French"
^The Encyclopedia of the Peoples of the World, A Henri Holt Reference Book, page 645 : « Culturally there is continuity between the French and the Walloons, Wallon culture consisting mainly of dialect literary productions. While historically most Wallons came within France's cultural orbit
^"Discrimination in the EU in 2012"(PDF),Special Eurobarometer, 383,European Union:European Commission, p. 233, 2012,archived(PDF) from the original on 2 December 2012, retrieved14 August 2013 The question asked was "Do you consider yourself to be...?" With a card showing: Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Other Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu, Atheist, and Non-believer/Agnostic. Space was given for Other (SPONTANEOUS) and DK. Jewish, Sikh, Buddhist, Hindu did not reach the 1% threshold.
^Inquiry by 'Vepec', 'Vereniging voor Promotie en Communicatie' (Organisation for Promotion and Communication), published inKnack magazine 22 November 2006 p. 14 (The Dutch language term 'gelovig' was translated in the text as 'religious', more precisely it is a very common word for believing in particular in any kind of god in amonotheistic sense or in someafterlife.)
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