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Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway

Coordinates:35°31′45″N118°48′16″E / 35.5291°N 118.8045°E /35.5291; 118.8045
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Railway line of China
This article is about the high-speed rail line operational since 2011. For the lower-speed rail line operational since 1968, seeBeijing–Shanghai Railway.

Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway
Overview
Other nameJinghu high-speed railway
Native name京沪高速铁路
京沪高铁
京沪客运专线
StatusOperational
OwnerBeijing–Shanghai high-speed railway Co., Ltd.
LocaleNorth andEast China
Termini
Stations24
Websitewww.cr-jh.cn
Service
TypeHigh-speed rail
SystemChina Railway High-speed
Operator(s)
Rolling stock
Ridership798,000 (daily record)
210 million per year (2019)
180 million per year (2017)
1.35 billion first 10 years
History
Commenced18 April 2008 (2008-04-18)
Opened30 June 2011 (2011-06-30)
Technical
Line length1,318 km (819 mi)
1,302 km (809 mi) (main line)
CharacterElevated
Track gauge1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge
Minimum radiusmostly 7,000 m (4.3 mi) or
400 m (0.25 mi) near Beijing South
Electrification25 kV 50 Hz AC (Overhead line)
Operating speed350 km/h (220 mph)
Maximum incline2%[1]
Chinese name
Simplified Chinese京沪高速铁路
Traditional Chinese京滬高速鐵路
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinJīnghù Gāosù Tiělù
Wu
RomanizationCin1wu2 Kau1soh4 Thih4lu3
Route map


km
0
Beijing South
to Beijing EMU depot
59
Langfang
Caozhuang EMU depot
Tianjin West
131
Tianjin South
219
Cangzhou West
327
Dezhou East
Jinan Yellow River Bridge
to Jinan West depot
419
Jinan West
Jinan Railway
Jinan Taishan Tunnel
462
Tai'an
533
Qufu East
589
Tengzhou East
625
Zaozhuang
688
Xuzhou East
767
Suzhou East
Huai River bridge
Bengbu freight bypass
844
Bengbu South
897
Dingyuan
959
Chuzhou
to Nanjing South depot
1,018
Nanjing South
1,087
Zhenjiang South
1,112
Danyang North
1,144
Changzhou North
1,201
Wuxi East
1,227
Suzhou North
1,259
Kunshan South
Shanghai Grand Bridge
to Shanghai Hongqiao EMU depot
1,302
Shanghai HongqiaoAirport interchange
km
This diagram:
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway Co., Ltd.
Company typePublic
IndustryTransportation
RevenueCN¥25,238,431,430 (2020)[2]
Websitehttp://www.cr-jh.cn/index

TheBeijing–Shanghai high-speed railway (orJinghu high-speed railway[1]) is ahigh-speed railway that connects two major economic zones in the People's Republic of China: theBohai Economic Rim and theYangtze River Delta.[3]Construction began on April 18, 2008,[4] with the line opened to the public for commercial service on June 30, 2011.[5]The 1,318-kilometer (819 mi) long high-speed line is the world's longest high-speed line ever constructed in a single phase.[6][7][8]

The line is one of the busiest high speed railways in the world, transporting over 210 million passengers in 2019,[9] more than the annual ridership of the entireTGV orIntercity Express network.It is also China's most profitable high speed rail line, reporting a ¥11.9 billion Yuan ($1.86 billion USD) net profit in 2019.[10]

The non-stop train fromBeijing South station toShanghai Hongqiao station was expected to take 3 hours and 58 minutes,[11] making it the fastest scheduled train in the world, compared to 9 hours and 49 minutes on the fastest trains running on the parallel conventional railway.[12] At first trains were limited to a maximum speed of 300 km/h (186 mph), with the fastest train taking 4 hours and 48 minutes to travel from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao, with one stop atNanjing South.[13] On September 21, 2017, 350 km/h (217 mph) operation was restored with the introduction ofChina Standardized EMU. This reduced travel times between Beijing and Shanghai to about 4 hours 28 minutes on the fastest scheduled trains, attaining an average speed of 291.9 km/h (181.4 mph) over a journey of 1,302 km (809 mi) making those services the fastest in the world.[14][15]

The Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway went public on Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE:601816) in 2020.[16]

Specifications

[edit]

The Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway Co., Ltd. was in charge of construction. The project was expected to cost 220 billion yuan (about $32 billion). An estimated 220,000 passengers are expected to use the trains each day,[3] which is double the current capacity.[17][clarification needed] During peak hours, trains should run every five minutes.[17] 1,140 km (708 mi), or 87% of the railway, is elevated. There are 244 bridges along the line. The 164 km (102 mi) longDanyang–Kunshan Grand Bridge isthe longest bridge in the world,[18] the 114 km (71 mi) long viaduct bridge between Langfang and Qingxian is the second longest in the world, and theCangde Grand Bridge between Beijing's4th Ring Road and Langfang is the fifth longest. The line also includes 22 tunnels, totaling 16.1 km (10.0 mi). A total of 1,268 km (788 mi) of the length isballastless.

According toZhang Shuguang, then deputy chief designer of China's high-speed railway network, the designed continuous operating speed is 350 km/h (217 mph), with a maximum speed of up to 380 km/h (236 mph).[19][20] The average commercial speed from Beijing to Shanghai was planned to be 330 km/h (205 mph), which would have cut the train travel time from 10 hours to 4 hours.[21] The rolling stock used on this line consists mainly ofCRH380 trains. TheCTCS-3 based train control system is used on the line, to allow for a maximum speed of 380 km/h (236 mph) of running and a minimum train interval of 3 minutes. With power consumption of 20 MW (27,000 hp) and capacity of about 1,050 passengers, the energy consumption per passenger from Beijing to Shanghai should be less than 80 kWh.

History

[edit]
See also:Beijing–Shanghai Railway
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The Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway (far right) paralleled by the older Beijing–Shanghai Railway (on the left).

Beijing and Shanghai were not linked by rail until 1912, when theJinpu railway was completed between Tianjin and Pukou.[22] With the existing railway between Beijing and Tianjin, which was completed in 1900, the Huning railway between Nanjing and Shanghai opened in 1908, interrupted by a ferry between Pukou and Nanjing across the Yangtze River. A weekly Beijing–Shanghai direct train was first introduced in 1913.

In 1933, a train ride from Beijing to Shanghai took around 44 hours, at an average speed of 33 km/h (21 mph). Passengers had to get off inPukou with their luggage, board a ferry named "Kuaijie" across the Yangtze, and get on another connecting train inXiaguan on the other side of the river.

In 1933, the Nanjing Train Ferry was opened for service. The newtrain ferry, "Changjiang" (Yangtze), built by a British company, was 113.3 m (371 ft 9 in) long, 17.86 m (58 ft 7 in) wide, was able to carry 21 freight cars or 12 passenger cars. Passengers could remain on the train when crossing the river, and the travel time was thus cut to around 36 hours.The train service was suspended during theJapanese invasion.

In 1949, from Shanghai's North railway station toward Beijing (then Beiping) it took 36 hours, 50 minutes, at an average speed of 40 km/h (24.9 mph). In 1956 the trip time was cut to 28 hours, 17 minutes. In the early 1960s, the travel time was further cut down to 23 hours, 39 minutes.

In October 1968, theNanjing Yangtze River Bridge was opened. The travel time was cut to 21 hours, 34 minutes. As new diesel locomotives were introduced in the 1970s, the speed was increased further. In 1986, the travel time was 16 hours, 59 minutes.

China introduced six line schedule reductions from 1997 to 2007. In October 2001, train T13/T14 took about 14 hours from Beijing to Shanghai. On April 18, 2004,Z-series trains were introduced. The trip time was cut to 11 hours, 58 minutes. There were five trains departing around 7 pm every day, each 7 minutes apart, arriving at their destination the next morning.

The railway was completely electrified in 2006. On April 18, 2007, the new CRH bullet train was introduced on the upgraded railway as part of theSixth Railway Speed-Up Campaign. A day-time train D31 served the route, departing from Beijing at 10:50 every morning, and arriving at Shanghai at 20:49 in the evening, travelling mostly at 160–200 km/h (99–124 mph) (up to 250 km/h (155 mph) in a very short section between Anting and Shanghai West). In 2008 overnight sleeper CRH trains were introduced, replacing the locomotive-hauled Z sleeper trains. With anew high-speed intercity line opening between Nanjing and Shanghai in the summer of 2010, the sleeper trains made use of the high-speed line in the Shanghai–Nanjing section, travelling at 250 km/h (155 mph) for a longer distance. The fastest sleeper trains took 9 hours, 49 minutes, with four intermediate stops, at an average speed of 149 km/h (93 mph).

As the Nanjing Yangtze Bridge connected the two sections of the railway into a continuous line, the entire railway between Beijing and Shanghai was renamed the Jinghu Railway, withJing (京) being the standard Chinese abbreviation for Beijing, andHu (沪), short for Shanghai. The Jinghu Railway has served as China's busiest railway for nearly a century. Due to rapid growth in passenger and freight traffic in the last 20 years, this line has reached and surpassed capacity.

Dedicated high-speed rail proposal

[edit]

The Jinghu high-speed railway was proposed in the early 1990s, because one quarter of the country's population lived along the existing Beijing-Shanghai rail line[17] In December 1990, theMinistry of Railways submitted to theNational People's Congress a proposal to build the Beijing–Shanghai high speed railway parallel to the existing Beijing–Shanghai railway line.[23] In 1995, PremierLi Peng announced that work on the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway would begin in the 9th Five Year Plan (1996–2000). The Ministry's initial design for the high-speed rail line was completed, and a report was submitted for state approval in June 1998.[24] The construction plan was set in 2004, after a five-year debate on whether to use steel-on-steel rail track, ormaglev technology. Maglev was not chosen due to its incompatibility with China's existing rail-and-track technology and its high price, which is two times higher than that of conventional rail technology.[25][26]

Technology debate

[edit]

Although engineers originally said construction could take until 2015, theChina's Ministry of Railways initially promised a 2010 opening date for the new line.[3] However, the Ministry did not anticipate an ensuing debate over the possible use ofmaglev technology.[27] Although more traditional steel-on-steel rail technology was chosen for the railway, the technology debate resulted in a substantial delay of the railway's feasibility studies, completed in March 2006. The current rolling stock is theCRH380AL, which is a Chinese electric high-speed train that was developed byChina South Locomotive & Rolling Stock Corporation Limited (CSR). CRH380A is one of the four Chinese train series which have been designed for the new standard operating speed of 380 km/h (236 mph) on newly constructed Chinese high-speed main lines. The other three are CRH380B, CRH380C and CRH380D.

Engineering challenges

[edit]
A segment of the railway nearWuxi, between Shanghai and Nanjing

Testing began shortly thereafter on the main line section between Shanghai and Nanjing. This section of the line sits on the soft soil of theYangtze Delta, providing engineers an example of the more difficult challenges they would face in later construction. In addition to these challenges, high speed trains use extensive amounts of aluminiumalloy, with specially designed windscreen glass capable of withstanding avian impacts.

Construction

[edit]

Construction work began on April 18, 2008. Track-laying was started on July 19, 2010, and completed on November 15, 2010.[28] On December 3, 2010, a 16-carCRH380AL trainset set a speed record of 486.1 km/h (302.0 mph) on the Zaozhuang West to Bengbu section of the line during a test run. On January 10, 2011, another 16-car modifiedCRH380BL train set a speed record of 487.3 km/h (302.8 mph) during a test run.[29] The overhead catenary work was completed on February 4, 2011 for the entire line. According to CCTV, more than 130,000 construction workers and engineers were at work at the peak of the construction phase.

According to the Ministry of Railways, construction has used twice as much concrete as theThree Gorges Dam, and 120 times the amount of steel in theBeijing National Stadium. There are 244 bridges and 22 tunnels built to standardized designs, and the route is monitored by 321 seismic, 167 windspeed and 50 rainfall sensors.[30]

Start of service

[edit]
Security check line at Beijing South Station at opening of the Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway

Tickets were put on sale at 09:00 on June 24, 2011, and sold out within an hour.[31] To compete with the new train service, airlines slashed the cost of flights between Beijing and Shanghai by up to 65%.[32] Economy air fares between Beijing and Shanghai fell by 52%.[2]

Sleeper bullet trains on the upgraded railway were cancelled at the beginning,[33] but later resumed. The new line will increase the freight capacity of the old line by 50 million tons per year between Beijing and Shanghai.[33][34]

In its second week in service, the system experienced three malfunctions in four days.[35]On July 10, 2011, trains were delayed after heavy winds and a thunderstorm caused power supply problems inShandong.[35] On July 12, 2011, trains were delayed again when another power failure occurred inSuzhou. On July 13, 2011, a transformer malfunction inChangzhou forced a train to halve its top speed, forcing passengers to take a backup train.[36] Within two weeks after opening, airline prices had rebounded due to frequent malfunctions on the line.[37]Airline ticket sales were only down 5% in July 2011 compared to June 2011, after the opening of the line.[38] On August 12, 2011, after several delays caused by equipment problems, 54 CRH380BL trains running on this line were recalled by their manufacturer.[39] They returned to regular service on November 16, 2011. A spokesman for theMinistry of Railways apologized for the glitches and delays, stating that in the two weeks since service had begun only 85.6% of trains had arrived on time.[40]

Finances

[edit]

In 2006, it was estimated that the line would cost between CN¥130 billion (US$16.25 billion) and ¥170 billion ($21.25 billion).[41] The following year, the estimated cost had revised to ¥200 billion ($25 billion), or ¥150 million per kilometer.[42][43] Due to rapid rises in the costs of labor, construction materials and land acquisitions over the previous years, by July 2008, the estimated cost was increased to ¥220 billion ($32 billion). By then, the state-owned company Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway, established to raise funds for the project, had raised ¥110 billion, with the remaining to be sourced from local governments, share offerings, bank loans and, for the first time for a railway project, foreign investment.[44] In the end, investment in the project totaled ¥217.6 billion ($34.7 billion).[45]

In 2016 it was revealed, that last year the Beijing–Shanghai High-Speed Railway Company (BSHSRC) has total assets of ¥181.54 billion ($28 billion), revenue ¥23.42 billion ($3.6 billion) and a net profit ¥6.58 billion (US$1 billion), thus being labeled as the most profitable railway line in the world.[46][10] In 2019, Jinghu Express Railway Company submitted an application for an IPO.[47][48] The company announced that the Jinghu HSR recorded a net profit of ¥9.5 billion (US$1.35 billion) in the first nine months of 2019.[49]

In 2020, BSHSRC went public, as the first high-speed rail operator in China.[50] The proceeds of the IPO will be used to purchase a 65% stake in the Beijing Fuzhou Railway Passenger Dedicated Line Anhui Company,[51] which operates theHefei–Bengbu high-speed railway,Hefei–Fuzhou high-speed railway (Anhui section),Shangqiu–Hangzhou high-speed railway (Anhui section, still under construction) andZhengzhou–Fuyang high-speed railway (Anhui section).[52]

Rolling stock

[edit]
ACR400AF trainset waiting for departure atBeijing South railway station as G1 in September 2017; From September 21, 2017, 7 pairs of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed trains will run at 350 km/h, using CR400AF or CR400BF[53]

350 km/h (217 mph) services use the CR400AF, CR400BF,CRH380A,CRH380B, andCRH380C trainsets, prior to 2014 slower 250 km/h (155 mph) services useCRH2 andCRH5 trainsets.[30] First and Second Class coaches are available on all trains. On the shorter trains, a six-person Premier Class compartment is available. Available on the longer trains are up to 28 Business Class seats and a full-length dining car.

Operation and ridership

[edit]

More than 90 trains a day run between Beijing South and Shanghai Hongqiao from 07:00 until 18:00.

The line's average ridership in its initial two weeks of operation was 165,000 passengers daily, while 80,000 passengers every day continued to ride on the slower and less expensive old railway.[40]The figure of 165,000 daily riders was three-quarters of the forecast of 220,000 daily riders.[3] After the opening passengers numbers continued to grow, with 230,000 passengers using the line each day by 2013.[54] By March 2013, the line had carried 100 million passengers.[45] By 2015, ridership grew to 489,000 passengers per day.[55] By 2017, average ridership reached over 500,000 passengers per day.[56]

This line is gradually gaining popularity through the years and it is reaching its capacity at weekends and holidays. With the introduction of theChina Standardized EMU, the highest operation speed of the line is raised to 350 km/h (217 mph) on September 21, 2017. The fastest train will complete the journey in 4 hours 18 minutes (G7), while making two stops along the trip atJinan andNanjing.

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In 2019, in response to high passenger demand 17-car-longFuxing trains started operating on the line.[57][58]

Fares

[edit]
First-class train ticket from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao.

On June 13, 2011, the list of fares was announced at a Ministry of Railways press conference. The fares from Beijing South to Shanghai Hongqiao inRMB Yuan are listed below:[59]

Speed2nd-class seat1st-class seatVIP Seat (Sightseeing Seat)Quickest Journey TimeDaily services
G(350 km/h)55593517484h24m94

Note:*Only available on services using the CRH380AL, CRH380BL and CRH380CL trains

Online ticketing service

[edit]

Passengers can buy tickets online. If the passenger uses a 2nd-generation PRC ID Card or an International Passport, they can use this card or document directly as the ticket to enter the station and pass the ticketing gates.

Components

[edit]
SectionDescriptionDesigned
speed
(km/h)		Length
(km)		Construction
start date		Open date
Beijing–Shanghai
high-speed railway		HSR Corridor of East China35014338 January 200816 October 2012
Beijing–Shanghai Section
(Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway)
HSR from Beijing to Shanghai viaTianjin,Jinan,Xuzhou,Bengbu andNanjing350130218 April 200830 June 2011[60]
Hefei–Bengbu section
(Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway)		Spur off Jinghu HSR from Bengbu toHefei3501318 January 200816 October 2012[61]

Stations and service

[edit]

There are 24 stations on the line. Cruise speeds are 300 and 350 km/h (186 and 217 mph) depending on services. Fare are calculated based on distance traveled regardless of speed and travel time. More than 40 pairs of daily scheduled train services travel end-to-end along this route, and hundreds more that only use a segment of it.

Station
Name		ChineseTotal distance (km)Travel TimeHigh-speed rail
transfers*		Metro
transfers*		PlatformsTracks served
by platform		Location
350 km/h300 km/h
Beijing South北京南00:000:00Beijing–Tianjin intercity railwayBeijing Subway 4  14 1324Beijing
Langfang廊坊590:21  22LangfangHebei
Tianjin West天津西Not on main lineBeijing–Tianjin intercity railway
Tianjin–Qinhuangdao high-speed railway (through connection line withTianjin railway station)
Tianjin–Baoding intercity railway		Tianjin Metro (Tianjin Metro Group Co., Ltd.)Tianjin Metro Line 1Tianjin Metro Line 61324Tianjin
Tianjin South天津南1310:310:34 Tianjin Metro (Tianjin Metro Group Co., Ltd.)Tianjin Metro Line 324
Cangzhou West沧州西2190:51  24CangzhouHebei
Dezhou East德州东3271:13Shijiazhuang–Jinan high-speed railway (part of theQingdao–Taiyuan high-speed railway) 35DezhouShandong
Jinan West济南西4191:221:32Zhengzhou–Jinan high-speed railwayJinan Metro 1 815Jinan
Tai'an泰安4621:55  24Tai'an
Qufu East曲阜东5332:06Rizhao–Lankao high-speed railway

Jinan–Zaozhuang high-speed railway

 24Qufu
Tengzhou East滕州东5892:27Jinan–Zaozhuang high-speed railway 24Tengzhou
Zaozhuang枣庄6252:32  24Zaozhuang
Xuzhou East徐州东6882:142:47Zhengzhou–Xuzhou high-speed railway (part of theXuzhou–Lanzhou high-speed railway)1713XuzhouJiangsu
Suzhou East宿州东7673:08  24SuzhouAnhui
Bengbu South蚌埠南8443:013:31Hefei–Bengbu high-speed railway 59Bengbu
Dingyuan定远8973:40  24Dingyuan
Chuzhou滁州9593:56  24Chuzhou
Nanjing South南京南10183:134:08Hefei–Nanjing Passenger Railway (part of theShanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger-dedicated railway)
Nanjing–Hangzhou Passenger Railway
Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway (part of theShanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger-dedicated railway)
Shanghai–Nanjing Riverside high-speed railway
Nanjing–Anqing intercity railway		Nanjing Metro 1  3  S1  S3 1528NanjingJiangsu
Zhenjiang South镇江南10874:31 24Zhenjiang
Danyang North丹阳北11124:46 24Danyang
Changzhou North常州北11443:554:55Changzhou Metro 1 24Changzhou
Wuxi East无锡东12013:555:07Wuxi Metro 2 24Wuxi
Suzhou North苏州北12274:085:00Suzhou–Jiaxing intercity railwaySuzhou Metro 2 24Suzhou
Kunshan South昆山南12595:13Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway (part of theShanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger-dedicated railway)[62] 24Kunshan
Shanghai Hongqiao上海虹桥13024:185:35Shanghai–Hangzhou high-speed railway (part of theShanghai–Kunming high-speed railway)
Shanghai–Nanjing intercity railway (part of theShanghai–Wuhan–Chengdu passenger-dedicated railway)
Shanghai–Suzhou–Huzhou high-speed railway		Shanghai Metro 2  10  17 
 Airport Link 
Shanghai Hongqiao International AirportSHA		1630Shanghai

Note:

* – Lines in italic text are under construction or planned

The travel time column in the following table only list shortest time possible to get to a certain station from Beijing. Different services make different stops along the way and there are no services that stop at every station.

Bridges

[edit]

The railway line has some of thelongest bridges in the world. They include:

Notes

[edit]

^ From its native Mandarin name.

References

[edit]
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  3. ^abcdBeijing-Shanghai High-Speed Line, China. Railway-Technology.com, 25 September 2008.
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  14. ^京沪高铁明提速 "复兴号"将在中途超车"和谐号". RetrievedOctober 9, 2017.
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  19. ^"高铁将进入时速400公里时代 _ 东方财富网".finance.eastmoney.com. RetrievedJuly 31, 2024.
  20. ^网易 (April 24, 2024)."国铁时速400公里高铁将下线，为何连京沪铁路都跑不了？意义在哪".www.163.com. RetrievedJuly 31, 2024.
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Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway
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