In 1857, an expedition led byEdward Fitzgerald Beale was tasked with establishing a trade route along the35th parallel fromFort Smith,Arkansas toLos Angeles,California.[1]
The wagon trail began at Fort Smith and continued through theNew Mexico Territory toFort Defiance. He then continued west over what is now northern Arizona toBeale Spring near modernKingman andSitgreaves Pass before crossing theColorado River. The location where Beale crossed the river from Arizona to California, up river from present-dayNeedles, California, became known asBeale's Crossing.[2][3] Beale's route continued west throughSouthern California from where Beale's road crossed the Colorado River, through theMojave Desert along the routes of theMojave Trail, andOld Spanish Trail to theMojave River where it crossed theMormon Road that led to Los Angeles, then crossed the western Mojave Desert toFort Tejon and theStockton–Los Angeles Road, and the less-traveledEl Camino Viejo, both of which led to the northern parts of California through theSan Joaquin Valley.[4]
Beale described the route, "It is the shortest from our western frontier by 300 miles (480 km), being nearly directly west. It is the most level: our wagons only double-teaming once in the entire distance, and that at a short hill, and over a surface heretofore unbroken by wheels or trail on any kind. It is well-watered: our greatest distance without water at any time being 20 miles (32 km). It is well-timbered, and in many places the growth is far beyond that of any part of the world I have ever seen. It is temperate in climate, passing for the most part over an elevated region. It is salubrious: not one of our party requiring the slightest medical attendance from the time of our leaving to our arrival ... It crosses the great desert (which must be crossed by any road to California) at its narrowest point."[5] Beale's Wagon Road would eventually be supplanted by the railroad in the early 1880s, thenU.S. Route 66 in 1926, andInterstate 40 in 1978.[6]
After his initial survey of the road, E.F. Beale went inWashington, D.C. to make recommendations to members ofCongress and theWar Department:
I regard the establishment of a military post on the Colorado River as an indispensable necessity for the emigrant over this road; for although the Indians living in the rich meadow lands are agricultural, and consequently peaceable, they are very numerous, so much so that we counted 800 men around our camp on the second day after our arrival on the banks of the river. The temptation of scattered emigrant parties with their families, and the confusion of inexperienced teamsters, rafting so wide and rapid a river with their wagons and families, would offer too strong a temptation for the Indians to withstand.[7]
Beale suggested that, in addition to a military fort, the route was also in immediate need of bridges and dams to ensure safe travel and provide a reliable water supply; he requested $100,000 to fund the improvements.[8]
