Bayt 'Itab بيت عطاب Beit 'Atab, Bait 'Itab | |
|---|---|
 Bayt 'Itab | |
| Etymology: ""House of Atab"[1] | |
.jpg) 1870s map.jpg) 1940s map.jpg) modern map.jpg) 1940s with modern overlay mapA series of historical maps of the area around Bayt 'Itab (click the buttons) | |
  Bayt 'Itab Location withinMandatory Palestine | |
| Coordinates:31°44′06″N35°03′11″E / 31.73500°N 35.05306°E /31.73500; 35.05306 | |
| Palestine grid | 155/126 |
| Geopolitical entity | Mandatory Palestine |
| Subdistrict | Jerusalem |
| Date of depopulation | 21 October 1948[4] |
| Area | |
• Total | 5,447 dunams (5.447 km2 or 2.103 sq mi) |
| Population (1945) | |
• Total | 540[2][3] |
| Cause(s) of depopulation | Military assault byYishuv forces |
| Current Localities | Nes Harim[5] |
Bayt ʿIṭāb (Arabic:بيت عطاب) was aPalestinianArab village located in theJerusalem Subdistrict. The village is believed to have been inhabited since the biblical period. An ancient tunnel which led to the village spring is associated with the story ofSamson.[citation needed] Both during and after its incorporation into Crusader fiefdoms in the 12th century, its population wasArab.Sheikhs from the Lahham family clan, who were associated with theQays tribo-political faction, ruled the village duringOttoman era. In the 19th century, this clan controlled 24 villages in the vicinity. The homes were built of stone. The local farmers cultivated cereals, fruit trees and olive groves and some engaged in livestock breeding.
After a military assault on Bayt ʿIṭāb by Israeli forces in October 1948, the village was depopulated and demolished.[6] Many of the villagers had fled torefugee camps in theWest Bank less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the village. In 1950, an Israelimoshav,Nes Harim, was established north of the built up portion of Bayt 'Itab, on an adjacent peak.[7]
Bayt ʿIṭāb is identified withEnadab, a name that appears inEusebius'Onomasticon, written in the fourth century CE.[8][9] Agmon conjectured that its ancient name wasbatˁaṭami = "place of the vulture-goddess shrine", in reference to the Egyptian deityNekhbet.[10]
In themid-12th century, Bayt ʿIṭāb hosted an impressivemaison forte [fr], or fortifiedhall house, in the ancient centre of the modern village, that is thought to have served as the residence ofJohannes Gothman, aFrankish crusader knight. The building had two stories, bothvaulted; the ground floor entrance was protected by a slit-machicolation and had stairs leading to the basement and upper floor.[11]
Gothman's wife was forced to sell his landholdings after he was taken prisoner by Islamic forces in 1161, in order to raise the money needed for his ransom.[6][12][13][14][15] The village was then acquired by and made afief of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre, possibly organised by theOrder of the Holy Sepulchre.[16]
The Arabic name of the village appears in Latin transliteration asBethaatap in a list recording the 1161 sale of Gothman's land.[6][13] Its affiliations with theCrusader era has led some to erroneously characterize the village as "Crusader", when in fact its habitation by Arabs predates, persisted through and extended beyond this period.[6]
Edward Robinson visited the village in 1838, and described its stone houses, several of which had two storeys, as solidly built. In the center of the village were the ruins of a castle or tower. Robinson estimates, the village population was six to seven hundred people. He notes thatBeit 'Atab, as he transcribes it, was the chief town of the 'Arkub (Arqub) district and the Nazir (warden) of the district lived there. Robinson recounts that he was "a good-looking man" from the Lahaam clan, and that when they arrived in the village, he was sitting conversing with othersheikhs on a carpet under afig tree. Rising to greet them, he invited them to stay for the night, but as they were in a hurry to see more of the country before the setting of the sun, and so declined his offer.[17]
In the mid-19th century, the sheikh of Bayt 'Itab was named 'Utham al-Lahham (Sheikh 'Othman al-Lahaam). He had been exiled in 1846, but had managed to escape and return. A supporter of the Qays faction, Lahham was in conflict with theYamani faction leaders, especially the sheikh ofAbu Ghosh.[6][18] In the 1850s the conflict between these two families over the control of the district of Bani Hasan dominated the area.[19] AsMeron Benvenisti writes, al-Lahham waged "a bloody war against Sheik Mustafa Abu Ghosh, whose capital and fortified seat was in the village ofSuba."[6] In 1855, Mohammad Atallah inBayt Nattif, a cousin of 'Utham al-Lahham, contested his rule over the region. In order to win support fromAbu Ghosh, Mohammad Atallah changed side over to the Yamani faction. This is said to have enraged 'Utham al-Lahham. He raised a fighting force and fell onBayt Nattif on 3 January 1855. The village lost 21 dead. According to an eyewitness description by the horrified British consul,James Finn, their corpses were terribly mutilated.[20][21]
In February 1855, the Abu Ghosh clan came to the aid of Atallah, conquered Bayt ʿIṭāb, and imprisoned ʿUtham al-Laḥḥām in his own house. With the help of one of the younger members of the Abu Ghosh clan,James Finn was able to negotiate a cease-fire between the Atallah and Lahham factions in Bayt 'Itab.[20] For three years, relative peace reigned in the area; however, theOttoman governor of Jerusalem,Thurayya Pasha and his policy of step-by-step consolidation of Ottoman control over the local districts led to the last rebellion of the sheikhs in 1858–59. By the fall of 1859, when 'Utham al-Lahham was ninety years old, both he and Mohammad Atallah were deported toCyprus by Thurayya Pasha. The rest of the Laḥḥām family was resettled inRamla.[22]
When French explorerVictor Guérin visited the village in 1863, "he found that the Sheikh's house, with the adjoining houses, is built upon the site of an old fort, some vaults of which remain, and seemed to him older than the Crusades. The people say that there is a subterranean passage from the castle to the spring at the bottom of the hill. They also told him that the village ofEshua (4 miles to the north-west) was formerly called Ashtual, and that between the villages ofSur'ah and Eshua is awaly consecrated toSheikh Gherib, and known also as the Kabr Shamshun, Tomb ofSamson."[23]
An official Ottoman village list from about 1870 cited bySocin shows that Bayt 'Itab had a total of 89 houses inhabited by 241 people, with the caveat that the population count included men only.[24]
In the late 19th century, Bayt ʿIṭāb was described as a village built on stone, perched on a rocky knoll that rose 60 to 100 feet above the surrounding hilly ridge. Its population in 1875 was approximately 700, allMuslim. Olive trees were cultivated on terraces to the north of the village. A large cavern (18 feet wide and 6 feet high) ran beneath the houses.[25]
According toHartmann, in 1883 Bayt 'Itab had 100 houses.[26] In 1896 the population ofBet 'atab was estimated to be about 543 persons.[27]
In the1922 census of Palestine conducted by theBritish Mandate authorities, Bayt 'Itab had a population of 504 residents; allMuslims,[28] increasing in the1931 census to 606, still all Muslims, in a total of 187 houses.[29] It was in the sub-district of Ramle, but due to therearrangement of district boundaries it was later in the sub-district of Jerusalem.[29][30]
The original layout of Bayt ʿIṭāb was circular, but newer construction to the southwest (towardsSufla), gave the village an arc-shape. Most houses were built of stone.[5] Agriculture was the main source of income. The village owned extensive areas on the coastal plain that were planted with grain. During theBritish Mandate in Palestine, some of this land was expropriated to make a large, government-owned woodland.[5]
In the1945 statistics, it had a population of 540 Muslims,[2] with 5,447dunums of land.[3] Of this, a total of 1,400 dunams were used forcereals, 665 dunums were irrigated or used for orchards,[31] while 14 dunams were built-up (urban) Arab land.[32] 116 dunums were planted with olive trees, and the villagers also engaged in livestock breeding.[5]
The village was depopulated between 19 and 24 October 1948, after theHarel Brigade captured the village as part ofOperation Ha-Har.[33] This operation was complementary toOperation Yoav, a simultaneous offensive on the southern front.[5] One IDF account says that when the Harel Brigade approached the village at night, they already found the village deserted, but proceeded to destroy its houses.[34] Most of the village population fled southwards, towards Bethlehem and Hebron.[33] Manyrefugees from Bayt 'Itab, and other Palestinian villages clustered together on the western slope of theJudean mountains, ended up inDheisheh refugee camp in theWest Bank, roughly 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from their former homes.[35]
In 1950, the Israelimoshav-type village ofNes Harim was established north of the village site on village land.[5] In 1992, Palestinian historianWalid Khalidi found the site strewn with rubble and the remains of a Crusader fortress. He noted two cemeteries that lay east and west of the village, and the fact that some of the surrounding land was cultivated by Israeli farmers.[5]
[36] Remains at the site include a Crusader fortress, vaults, remnants of a wall and towers, tunnels, acolumbarium and an olive press. A conservation project was undertaken to stabilize the vaulted building utilizing traditional technology.[37]
Bayt ʿIṭāb was located 17.5 kilometres (10.9 mi) south southwest of Jerusalem, on a high mountain 665 metres (2,182 ft) above sea level, overlooking some lower mountains peaks below.[8][36] ARoman road ran along a narrow ridge to the south of the village which also passed bySolomon's Pools.[38] A low cliff to the east of the village was known as 'Arâk el-Jemâl ("the cliff, cavern or buttress of the camels").[39]
Southeast of the village on the main road was the chief village spring known asʿAin Beit ʿAṭāb (Arabic:عين بيت عطاب) orʿAin Haud.[16][40] Below this spring to the northwest, was a pool known asBirket 'Atab with its own spring,`Ain el-Birkeh.[41] Another spring nearby was known as 'Ain el Khanzierh ("the spring of the sow").[42] Connecting the village to the chief spring was a rock tunnel said to be "of great antiquity," the entrance of which was known only to those well acquainted with the site.[43] This cavern or tunnel, known in Arabic asMgharat Bīr el-Hasuta, ("Cave of the Well of Hasuta") is "evidently artificial," and was hewn into the rock.[16][44] Some 250 feet long, it runs in a south-south-west direction from the village emerging as a vertical shaft (6 ft x 5 ft x 10 ft deep) about 60 yards away from the spring that supplied the village with water. The average height of the tunnel is about 5 to 8 feet with a width of about 18 feet. There were two entrances to it from the village, one in the west, and the other at the center, the latter being closed at one author's time of writing in the 19th century.[16]
In 1879,Lieutenant C. R. Conder, of thePalestine Exploration Fund (PEF), thought that the place Bayt ʿIṭāb should be identified with the biblical site known as "Rock of Etam" (Judges 15:11), by way of a corruption of its name, and which, according to Conder, was not a town at all, but "a strong rock."[45][46]John William McGarvey (1881) quotes Conder on the linguistic evidence: "The substitution of B for M is so common (as in Tibneh forTimnah) that the name Atab may very properly represent theHebrew Etam (eagle's nest); and there are other indications as to the identity of the site."[47]
Survey of Western Palestine (1883), notes that the name of the "curious cave" at Bayt ʿIṭāb in Arabic isBir el-Has Utah. Unable to find a meaning for the word in Arabic, they find it corresponds to the Hebrew wordHasutah, "[...] which is translated 'a place of refuge.' Thus the name seems to indicate that this place has been used from a very early time as a lurking or hiding place, as we gather it to have been in the time of Samson."[16]McGarvey also relays Conder's belief that the cavern within the rock formation was "the real hiding place" of Samson after his destruction of thePhilistine's grains.[47]
Henry B. Tristram (1897) writes of Bayt 'Itab that it crowned "a remarkable rocky knoll," which he states is, "probably,the Rock Etam." Noting that an ancient tunnel ran down from the village eastward through the rock to the chief spring, he speculates that this would have made a good hiding place forSamson when according tobiblical tradition, he "went down and dwelt in the top of the rock Etam" (Book of Judges, xv. 8).[48]
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