| Bawean | |
|---|---|
| bhâsa Phêbiyên | |
| Native to | Indonesia |
| Region | Bawean,Gresik Regency |
| Ethnicity | Bawean |
Native speakers | 20.000 (1984)[1] |
| Dialects |
|
| Official status | |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | bawe1237 |
 The Bawean dialect ofMadurese language spoken predominantly by its population | |
Bawean dialect, also known asBawean language,[2] is adialect ofMadurese language spoken predominantly byBawean people inBawean island.[a 1][3] This dialect have 4 major sub-dialects each spoken predominantly in the villages ofDaun andSuwari inSangkapura district, and the village ofKepuhteluk inTambak district. As well as additional sub-dialects ofBawean Creole.[4][5]
According toGlottolog, Bawean language, classified asMadurese language dialect along with five other dialects. Madurese languages itself is aMalayo-Sumbawan language of theMalayo-Polynesian language family, a branch of the largerAustronesian language family. Around 94% of attested vocabulary of Bawean dialect were having similarities with the one inMadurese language, while the rest of attested words shown relation withJavanese language and a little amount of unique words native to Bawean such askostela[kɔstela] andeson[ɛsɔn].[6] However, some older sources classifying this dialect as separated language from rest of Madurese dialects. Nababan (1984) in his bookBahasa-Bahasa Indonesia (English:Languages [in] Indonesia) classifying this dialect as a whole different language native toBawean people with around 20,000 speakers.[1]
According to Zainudin,et al. (1978), Madurese language only spoken inMadura,Tapal Kuda region ofEast Java, and other small archipelago in the north of Bali and east of Madura such as Kangean andSapudi islands with 3 major dialects: Bangkalan, Pamekasan, andSumenep, along with other dialects such as Sampang,Pasuruan, Pinggirpapas,Situbondo, Bondowoso,Banyuwangi,Lumajang, Giliraja–Raas, andKangean (the latter is generally considered a separate language). Bawean dialect were not included in as dialects of Madurese languages despite the indication of sharing vocabulary.[6] Less popular classification stating that Bawean dialect also considered as apidgin that has undergone a process ofcreolization, so it has a variety of mixed vocabulary from other languages, such asJavanese (especially from the predominantly Javanese-speaking region ofGresik Regency),Banjarese, andBuginese language.[4]
Despite being a dialect of Madurese language, this language also having sub-dialects that is distinct from each other in term ofphonology andmorphology. This dialect difference can be found in several villages on Bawean Island. Eva Wijayanti revealed that there are three villages that have quite different dialects, namely the villages ofDaun andSuwari in the district ofSangkapura, and the village ofKepuhteluk in the district ofTambak.[4][5] These dialect variations also characterize each village. Therefore, just by hearing the dialect they use, other Bawean people will easily recognize which village they come from.
The dialectal variations of the three villages are reflected in the pronunciation of the word 'I'. The people of Daun village call 'I' with the wordéson, while the people of Suwari village call itéhon. Then, the people of Kepuhteluk village will refer to 'I' asbulâ.[5]
In the Diponggo village, a variety ofJavanese is spoken.[5] Most Diponggo villagers are descendants ofJavanese people who have retained their language, although the Diponggo variety of Javanese has undergone some lexical and phonetic influence from Bawean Madurese.[4][5]
| Attested word | Indonesian | Bawean sub-dialects | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suwari | Daun | Kepuhteluk | ||
| hand | tangan | [taŋan] | ||
| one | satu | [hɪtuŋ] | [sit.tur] | [sit.tuŋ] |
| to think | pikir | [mεʔkεr] | [pεʔkεr] | |
| to squish | peras | [mǝr.rǝs] | [pǝr.rǝs] | [mǝr.rǝs] |
| cucumber | mentimun | [tεmɔn] | [ǝntεmɔn] | [antεmɔn] |
| circling | keliling | [ŋɔlεlεŋ] | [kɔlεlεŋ] | [kɔlεlεŋ] |
| star fruit | belimbing | [bʰǝlimbʰiŋ] | ||
In the Bawean language there is also a form ofcreole language as a result of acculturation that occurred in the ethnic community ofBawean. This language is considered a process of creolization ofMadurese language, especially Bawean dialect, with influence from other languages such asJavanese,Buginese andMalay. This creole form of the language differs from the original variation of Bawean spoken on Bawean island.[7] This creole language variety is generally spoken by Bawean migrants and descendants who settled inMalaysia andSingapore, predominantly inJohor,Kuala Lumpur andSelangor (Malaysia), andLorong Buangkok (Singapore).[8]
There are at least 28phoneme in Bawean dialect consisting of 18consonant and 10 basicvowel phoneme.[4] The phonemes found in the Bawean dialect are shown in tables below, the letters in angle brackets⟨...⟩ indicate the phonetic orthography in the cited source.
In Bawean dialect, there are two vowel phonemes that are not present in the main dialect of Madurese (/o/ and/e/), making this dialect have 10 vowel phonemes in total presented below.[4]
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Complementary distribution of vowels in Madurese are not strictly followed by Bawean, effectively allowing vowel splits.
In contrast to its more vocal phonemes, the consonant phonemes in the Bawean dialect are fewer than in the one on Madurese. Bawean dialect only has around 25 consonants compared toMadurese language which has around 27 consonant phonemes.[4][9] The small number of consonants in this dialect may be due to the absence of theretroflexplosive phonemes (/ʈ/ and/ɖ/) which are often found in theMadurese phonology but considerably rare in this dialect.[9]
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ ⟨m⟩ | /n/ ⟨n⟩ | /ɲ/ ⟨ñ⟩ | /ŋ/ ⟨ŋ⟩ | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | /p/ ⟨p⟩ | /t/ ⟨t⟩ | /c/ ⟨c⟩ | /k/ ⟨k⟩ | /ʔ/ ⟨?⟩ |
| voiced | /b/ ⟨b⟩ | /d/ ⟨d⟩ | /ɟ/ ⟨j⟩ | /ɡ/ ⟨g⟩ | ||
| aspirated | /pʰ/ | /t̪ʰ/ | /cʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||
| Fricative | /s/ ⟨s⟩ | /h/ ⟨h⟩ | ||||
| Trill | /r/ ⟨r⟩ | |||||
| Approximant | /l/ ⟨l⟩ | /j/ ⟨y⟩ | /w/ ⟨w⟩ | |||