TheBattle of Wartenburg (German:Schlacht bei Wartenburg) took place on 3October 1813 between the FrenchIV Corps commanded by GeneralHenri Gatien Bertrand and the Allied Army of Silesia, principally the I Corps of GeneralLudwig von Yorck. The battle allowed the Army of Silesia to cross the Elbe, ultimately leading to theBattle of Leipzig.
Map showing Blücher's move to the West prior to the battle of Wartenburg
Following his defeat at thebattle of Dennewitz,Marshal Ney withdrew his army to defensive positions along theElbe. The allied Army of the North, under the command ofCrown Prince Charles John of Sweden (formerly French Marshal Bernadotte), followed them cautiously but made no serious effort to cross the river. To the east, Marshal Blücher made a bold march skirtingNapoleon's position inDresden to join his Army of Silesia with the Army of the North, cross the Elbe, and threaten Napoleon's communications with France.
Major von Rühle was tasked with finding a crossing point where thebridgehead could, if necessary, be defended by an army of 50,000 men against an enemy three times their size.[4] The position he chose was atElster, where the river makes a wide curve aroundWartenburg on the opposite bank, and the flanks of a defending army could easily be supported by artillery on the right bank.
Blücher's army arrived in Elster on 2 October, replacing a force underBülow which withdrew to rejoin the Army of the North.[5] That evening he established twopontoon bridges across the Elbe and began to feed across the first elements ofYorck's I Corps.[6] They found the ground unexpectedly marshy and cut with backwaters, which made it very difficult to deploy upon. Ahead of them a long dike separated them from the village ofWartenburg and the dry land beyond.[7] The dike was a perfect breastwork behind which the French could deploy their infantry, and the lack of cover made it an ideal killing ground.[5]
If the Prussians had underestimated the difficulty of the ground, the French commander GeneralBertrand made the opposite mistake. Having surveyed the area earlier in the year when water levels were higher, he believed his position to be impregnable.[7]
Bertrand deployed his forces as follows:Morand's French division was in Wartenburg, lined up along the dike.Franquemont'sWürttemberg division, severely mauled at Dennewitz and reduced to just four battalions and six guns, held Bleddin on the right flank.Fontanelli'sItalian division and a small cavalry force underBeaumont were held behind in reserve.[5]
The battle opened with a direct attack on Wartenburg bySteinmetz's brigade. This advance was met with a murderous fire from the defenders, sending the remains of the brigade falling back to the bridges in confusion. Here, Blücher rallied them and sent them forward once more, but they were unable to progress beyond the dike. Blücher also sentMecklenburg's brigade to follow the bank of the Elbe upstream and work their way around Bertrand's right flank, by 11a.m. They ran into Franquemont's division in front of Bleddin where a furious fight ensued.[5]
By 2p.m. the Württembergers had been dislodged from Bleddin, and Beaumont's cavalry swept aside by the Prussian Hussars. Wartenburg was now threatened from the east by Steinmetz and from the south by Mecklenburg.[5] The decisive blow came fromHorn's brigade. Passing through an orchard, and crossing a stream and two dikes, they fell upon Fontanelli's men, who had been called forward to reinforce Morand.[8]
With his flank turned, Bertrand was forced to withdraw. IV Corps retreated first toKemberg, and then toDüben where they established contact withReynier'sVII Corps.[5] French losses were 900 killed and wounded, with 1000 men, 13 guns and 80 ammunition wagons captured. The Prussians lost 1900 killed and wounded, with 200 missing.[3]
According to F. N. Maude, the "extraordinary tenacity of purpose" shown by the Prussian troops in this battle showed "how infinitely more important is the spirit with which men fight than the forms in which they have been trained, or the strategic relations of their fronts to one another."[9]
With the Army of Silesia established on the left bank of the Elbe, the Army of the North followed suit, crossing at Rosslau on 4 October.[8] Thus began a sequence of strategic manoeuvres that would culminate in theBattle of Leipzig two weeks later.
General Yorck was subsequently raised to the nobility with the titleGraf von Wartenburg.
Clodfelter, M. (2008).Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1494-2007. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.ISBN978-0786433193.
Prussia
Henri Gatien Bertrand
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