Battle of Vilcapugio
Part ofBolivian War of Independence Argentine War of Independence
Old map of the battle
Date 1 October 1813 Location Bolivia 19°2′19″S66°33′31″W / 19.03861°S 66.55861°W /-19.03861; -66.55861 Result Spanish victory
Belligerents
Provinces of Río de la Plata Republiquetas	Spanish Empire Viceroyalty of Peru
Commanders and leaders
Manuel Belgrano	Joaquín de la Pezuela
Strength
3,400 soldiers 14 cannon	3,500 soldiers 12 cannon
Casualties and losses
350 dead	200 dead
class=notpageimage| Location within Bolivia Show map of Bolivia Battle of Vilcapugio (South America) Show map of South America Battle of Vilcapugio (America) Show map of America

TheBattle of Vilcapugio (Quechua:Sacred Well)^[1] was a major battle fought on October 1, 1813, during the second Campaign ofUpper Peru in theArgentine War of Independence, where theUnited Provinces forces led by GeneralManuel Belgrano were defeated by a royalist army, led byJoaquin de la Pezuela.

After theArmy of the North's victories during the Battles ofTucumán andSalta, the campaign against the royalists in Upper Peru was restarted upon the insistence of the government inBuenos Aires. Despite being ill withmalaria and having to command a company of new conscripts with insufficient artillery, Belgrano accepted the commanding post.

Belgrano's army was supported fromOruro province by Colonel Baltasar Cárdenas and the 2,000 poorly organized natives under his command, and Colonel Cornelio Zelaya with forces fromCochabamba. Both colonels had orders to raise the aboriginal populations against the Spanish authorities. Knowing that the royalist army did not have enough mules to move its artillery and provisions, Belgrano planned to use apincer movement to attack, confidently believing that Pezuela's lack of mobility would be a decisive factor.

At the end of September 1813, most of Belgrano's army arrived to the plain of Vilcapugio, a plateau surrounded by high mountains several miles north ofPotosí. The royalist troops were encamped further west at Condo-Condo under the orders of Pazuela and Major Saturnino Castro, which allowed them to take by surprise and utterly defeat Cárdenas' native troops at Ancacato, 23 km north of Belgrano's headquarters. Castro also obtained documents from Cárdenas giving instructions to Belgrano. With these documents Pezuela was able to interrupt Belgrano's plans and began his advance on the mountains on 1 October, long before Zelaya's cavalry from Cochabamba could join the United Provinces army at Vilcapugio. Belgrano's army veterans from the North contained the left flank and center column of the royalist army and forced them to back down to the point that Pezuela had in mind, by a moment, to send a message to the Viceroy of Peru intimating that the battle had been lost. His own left flank, however, remained in action and defeated Belgrano's right column. Had the Northern army continued to persist in pursuing the Spanish troops, victory would have been secured, but the arrival of the royalist cavalry commanded by Saturnino Castro made the rebels panic, causing them to disperse.^[2] The royalist army reorganized itself and captured all of its artillery, continuously shelling the few soldiers left in Belgrano's encampment. As result of the battle, 350 rebels and some 200 royalists were killed.

Belgrano andEustaquio Díaz Vélez had decided that Vélez would march to the south to Potosí to reunite with the dispersed troops, while Belgrano would gathered the remains of his army near the town ofMacha, some 65 km to the east.

Díaz Vélez took command over the troops in Potosí after Vilcapugio with the rest of the army on the left flank of the enemy. At this point the troops reorganized themselves to pursue the Campaign of Upper Peru according to the orders from the government of Buenos Aires.

• Battle of Pequereque
• Action of Tambo Nuevo
• Battle of Ayohuma

• 1813 in Bolivia
• Battles involving Bolivia
• Battles of the Argentine War of Independence
• Battles of the Bolivian War of Independence
• Battles of the Spanish American wars of independence
• Battles in 1813
• October 1813
• History of Oruro Department

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