| Battle of Torrence's Tavern | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theAmerican Revolutionary War | |||||||
 The historical marker located near the site of the battle in present-dayMount Mourne | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Patriot militia | |||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
 Banastre Tarleton | Nathaniel Martin  | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Unknown | Approx. 500 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 7 killed Wounded unknown[1] | 10 killed Wounded unknown 1 captured[1] | ||||||
TheBattle of Torrence's Tavern (also referred to as theSkirmish at Torrence's Tavern or theBattle at Tarrant's Tavern) was an engagement of theAmerican Revolutionary War that took place in what was the western portion ofRowan County, North Carolina, approximately 10 miles (16 km) east of theCatawba River near modern-dayMooresville inIredell County. Torrence's Tavern was a part of the larger Southern campaign of the American Revolution, which, by 1780–1781 involved a series of clashes between theBritish Army andLoyalist militia and theContinental Army andPatriot militia in thePiedmont region ofNorth andSouth Carolina.
The engagement took place on either February 1 or February 2, 1781 immediately following theBattle of Cowan's Ford. Units commanded byColonel Banastre Tarleton defeated General Daniel Morgan's forces.[2] The victory further demoralized fleeing militiamen and refugees, and shrank the numbers of North Carolina militia who turned out. GeneralNathanael Greene, commander of theContinental Army in thesouthern theater, moved his forces further east. This move allowed Greene to unite his army with several detached Patriot forces in the Piedmont prior to theBattle of Guilford Courthouse.
Throughout the winter of 1780–1781, theBritish Army in the Carolinas, under the command ofGeneral Charles Cornwallis, pursued the southernContinental Army, commanded by Nathanael Greene, from centralSouth Carolina toNorth Carolina. At the Battle of Cowpens on January 17, 1781, the Continental Army scored a victory against a force, detached from the main British Army, commanded by Tarleton. After the defeat, Cornwallis set out to pursue Greene into nearby North Carolina.[3] The victor of Cowpens,Daniel Morgan, had requested that Greene relieve him of his command of the Patriot militia due to a flare-up ofsciatica, but Greene refused. Morgan then set about establishing defenses on the Catawba River, which Cornwallis' army would be forced to cross in order to drive into central and eastern North Carolina. Defensive positions were established at every ford on the river in that state in expectation of the British assault. By January 30, Morgan had received word that the British were indeed preparing to cross the river.[4]
On January 31, 1781, Greene and Morgan left the Catawba River defenses in the hands of militia GeneralWilliam Lee Davidson, and rode towardsSalisbury to establish a rallying point.[4] The Continental force crossed the Catawba River ahead of Cornwallis' army, and followed Davidson and Morgan to the rallying point.[5] At Cowan's Ford on February 1, 1781, a force of Patriot militia commanded directly by Davidson held back the British Army for a period of time, and slowed their crossing of the Catawba River.[6] Davidson's militia inflicted numerous casualties before withdrawing towards the rally point. Davidson was killed in the battle at the ford, leaving the surviving militia temporarily without effective strategic command.[7]
Confusion exists over the exact date of the Battle of Torrence's Tavern; officialNorth Carolina historical sources often cite February 2 as the date, but Tarleton's memoirs indicate that the engagement occurred at two o'clock in the afternoon of February 1, after the early-morning confrontation at Cowan's Ford.[8]
Cornwallis, whose army took longer to cross the Catawba, wanted to prevent Greene's forces from withdrawing quickly and being able to regroup, and so he ordered Colonel Tarleton, the commander of theBritish Legion, to pursue the militia formerly commanded by Davidson.[2] After the engagement at Cowan's Ford, citizens between the Catawba and Yadkin rivers who were sympathetic to the Patriots became panicked, and many fled their homes with whatever valuables they could pack in a short period of time.[9]
Tarleton's British Legion was a force that contained infantry, cavalry, and artillery units, but Tarleton was forced to take only his mounted soldiers with him due to heavy rains in the area. Upon nearing the site of what Tarleton labeled "Tarrant's Tavern", the British commander gained information that led him to believe the militia ahead were unprepared for any engagement, and were waiting on reinforcements fromMecklenburg and Rowan county militias.[8] At the time of the battle, Torrence's Tavern sat on a roadway that ran from Beatty's and Cowan's fords on the Catawba directly to Salisbury.[10] Additionally, the same rain that forced Tarleton to shed his foot-soldiers had rendered much of the militia'sgunpowder supply useless. Refugees with Patriot sympathies who had fled in advance of Cornwallis' army had also used Torrence's Tavern as a rendezvous point, and a large number of both militiamen and refugees consumed alcohol from the tavern's stores.[11]
Despite lacking support from Cornwallis' main army, Tarleton's cavalry struck immediately upon arriving at the scene, charging into the militia's makeshift camp.[11] At the first sign of the British approach, the Patriots organized a defense under thead hoc command of Captain Nathaniel M. Martin, who rallied the militia to a line behind a nearby rail fence. There is also evidence that Col. Thomas Farmer and some 300 militia were stationed at the tavern as a secondary defensive line.[12] When Tarleton ordered the charge, he reminded his cavalrymen to "remember the Cowpens".[8] The British won in a quick and convincing fashion, dispersing the militia units before they managed to complete their rally.[11] Martin was captured in the first few moments of the battle, thereafter leaving the Patriots without any effective tactical command.[11] With Patriot forces under the effects of such confusion, Tarleton divided hisdragoons into smaller parties, ordering them to chase and further disperse the militia from the area.[9][13]
While the battle was small, the defense provided some additional time for Greene's main army of regulars to cross theYadkin River without harassment nearSalisbury, which allowed that force to regroup and resupply.[11] At the time of the skirmish, Greene was at a farm owned by David Carr (sometimes attributed as "Cain"[9]), approximately 6 miles (9.7 km) from the tavern.[10] Carr's farm had been set as a secondary rendezvous point for the Patriot militia, but none of the expected units rallied to that location following the Torrence's Tavern engagement.[9] Upon reaching Salisbury after the loss, and finding nearly 1,700 stands of muskets rusted and in useless condition, Greene reportedly exclaimed: "These are the happy effects of defending the Country with Militia from which the good Lord deliver us!"[14] The tavern that stood at the location of the battle was burned to the ground the day after the engagement by the main British army, as it had been operated by the Ann (Bonar) Torrence, widow of Patriot Adam Torrence—a militiaman killed at theBattle of Ramsour's Mill.[9]
The battle's effect on thewar in thesouth was minor, but the failure of Patriot militia to stall Cornwallis at Cowan's Ford and Torrence's Tavern forced Greene to hasten his retreat. He headed straight to his ultimate goal, Guilford Courthouse, where he planned to rendezvous with a detached force under the command ofIsaac Huger.[15] The total impact of Torrence's Tavern alone, however, has been rated as especially minor, since theContinental Army force commanded by Greene managed to escape Cornwallis' advance regardless of the short engagement's outcome, and given the more substantial delay to the British caused by the defense at Cowan's Ford the previous day.[10][failed verification]
John Buchanan, an American historian, postulated that at most, Torrence's Tavern discouraged further militia turnout among North Carolinians of fighting age, noting, however, that turnout had previously been very low in that state. Buchanan went so far as to state that "had Tarleton not lived to write his history of the campaign Torrence's Tavern probably would have merited at most a footnote."[10] Cornwallis, however, wrote toGeorge Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville about the engagements of February 1–2, 1781, and stated that "this stroke, with our passage of the ford, so effectively dispirited the militia, that we met with no further opposition on our march to the Yadkin."[11]
ADaughters of the American Revolution stone marker was placed near the battle site in 1914, marking the site of the tavern and commemorating the members of nearbyCentre Presbyterian Church who had fought in the war.[1] In 1939, the State of North Carolina placed aHistorical marker on the south-boundshoulder of N.C. Highway 115 inMount Mourne marking the approximate location of the battle.[16]
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)35°32′35″N80°50′50″W / 35.54306°N 80.84722°W /35.54306; -80.84722