| Battle of Stirling | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of theScottish Civil War | |||||||
 Stirling Castle | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Engager Party(under the overall command of theEarl of Lanark) | Kirk Party (under the overall command of theMarquess of Argyll) | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| George Munro of Newmore | unknown | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 10,000 | 1,000 | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | 200 killed[1] 400 captured (according to Keltie)[2] 700 killed (according to Wheeler)[3] | ||||||
  Location within Scotland | |||||||
The secondBattle of Stirling was fought on 12 September 1648 during theScottish Civil War of the 17th century. The battle was fought between theEngagers who were a faction of the ScottishCovenanters under the command ofGeorge Munro, 1st of Newmore and who had made "The Engagement" withCharles I of England in December 1647, against theKirk Party who were a radicalPresbyterian faction of the Scottish Covenanters who were under the command ofArchibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll.
The Battle of Stirling in 1648 was part of theWar of the Three Kingdoms. By this time, the PresbyterianCovenanter movement had defeated the Scottish Royalists, who favoured unconditional loyalty to KingCharles I.
The Independent party in the English Parliament and the EnglishNew Model Army posed a threat to theSolemn League and Covenant and the aspirations of the Scots and the English Presbyterians to secure a Presbyterian church north and south of the border.[4]
One faction of the Covenanters entered into an engagement with Charles I who agreed to sign theNational Covenant in exchange for Scottish help to him and the English Presbyterians against the English Independents in theSecond English Civil War. Those that supported this engagement between the King became known asEngagers.[5][6]
The Engagers army under the command of theDuke of Hamilton was defeated by the New Model Army under the command of Oliver Cromwell at theBattle of Preston (1648).[7]
Those Covenanters who had opposed the Engagement, seized the opportunity presented by the loss of credibility suffered by the Engagers and launched theWhiggamore Raid which led to their successful capture of Edinburgh.[8] This initiated the short civil war between the Engagers and their opponents known as theKirk party.[9]
TheEarl of Lanark, younger brother of the Duke of Hamilton, had been left to defend Scotland againstArchibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll, a covenanter and a leading member of the Kirk party who was now in open rebellion against the Scottish parliament, over their Engagement with King Charles.[10]
The nucleus of the Marquis of Argyll's force amounted to about 300 men, who were joined by another 400 on the way toStirling. He was also joined by a further 300 militiamen when he arrived in Stirling on the morning of September 12, 1648. His men were assigned to guard various areas of the town and his main force joined him to dine at theEarl of Mar's residence.[2]
Argyll had barely begun his meal when the Earl of Lanark's advance forces, commanded by SirGeorge Munro, 1st of Newmore, a Highlander, came into the Deer Park (now the King's Park).[11][12] Argyll then mounted his horse and galloped over Stirling Bridge to seek safety.[11][12] While making his escape he came under fire fromStirling Castle which had not yet surrendered to Argyll and was still flying the King's colours.[2]
Having learned that Argyll was inStirling, Sir George Munro moved in on his own initiative to try to capture one of Argyll's commanders, a MacKenzie who was his hated enemy, and had actually succeeded in entering Stirling before any of Argyll's commanders were aware of his presence.[2] Munro even personally kicked down apostern door to chase out Argyll's men.[1][13]
The battle surprised the Marquis of Argyll's men, who broke after some initial resistance, losing about 200 killed,[1] and a further 400 taken prisoner. Many more were killed trying to escape and some even drowned trying to swim across theRiver Forth to safety.[14][15] Among the dead on Argyll's side were William Campbell of Glenfalloch,[16] and Sir Colin Campbell of Ardkinglas, both killed in action. Dougal MacTavish who was a younger son of John MacTavish, 12th chief ofClan MacTavish was also killed during the battle.[17] The chief of Clan MacTavish having lost most of his arms in the battle (sword and musket), the Marquess of Argyll, chief of Clan Campbell, provided him with new weapons.[17]
OutsideStirling the Earl of Lanark had a force of 4,000 horse and 6,000 foot. Argyll's GeneralDavid Leslie commanded 3,000 horse and 8,000 foot also outside Stirling. It is interesting to speculate what sort of battle would have taken place the next day had it not been for Munro's initiative on the morning of 12 September 1648.[2]
Munro urged Lanark to continue fighting after the battle and attack David Leslie's forces, but he was overruled and negotiations for peace began on 15 September. Both sides agreed to disband their forces by 29 September 1648.[2]
Shortly after this battle the armies of the Earl of Lanark and the Marquess of Argyll, which was commanded by David Leslie, made peace and joined forces. On 27 September 1648 theTreaty of Stirling was agreed and led to the end of Engager dominance of Scotland.[18]
Quoting: "In 1845 the Chief of Clan MacTavish, Sheriff Dugald MACTAVISH of Dunardry wrote "twenty one generations from father to son without an instance of collateral or female succession" National Library and Archives of Canada: Hargrave-MacTavish Papers, Letter by Sheriff Dugald MacTavish of Dunardry, dated Kilchrist, 18 Feb. 1845.