Battle of Kupres
Part of theBosnian War
Map of Operations Autumn-94 and Cincar
Date 20 October – 3 November 1994 Location SouthwesternBosnia and Herzegovina Result ARBiH andHVO victory
Belligerents
Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia	Republika Srpska
Commanders and leaders
Rasim Delić Mehmed Alagić Tihomir Blaškić Ante Roso Josip Černi	Ratko Mladić Grujo Borić
Units involved
Army of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina Croatian Defence Council Croatian Army	Army of Republika Srpska
Strength
3,130 soldiers (19 October) 8,500 soldiers (1 November) Unknown	2,700 soldiers (19 October) 3,000 soldiers (1 November)
Casualties and losses
41 soldiers killed 162 soldiers wounded 4 soldiers killed 15 soldiers wounded	Unknown

TheBattle of Kupres (Bosnian,Croatian andSerbian:Bitka za Kupres) was a battle of theBosnian War, fought between theArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina (ARBiH) and theCroatian Defence Council (HVO) on one side and theArmy of Republika Srpska (VRS) on the other from 20 October to 3 November 1994. It marks the first tangible evidence of theBosniak–Croat alliance set out in theWashington Agreement of March 1994, brokered by theUnited States to end theCroat–Bosniak War fought between the ARBiH and the HVO inBosnia and Herzegovina. The ARBiH and the HVO were not coordinated at first, rather they launched separate operations aimed at capture ofKupres.

The ARBiH offensive,codenamedAutumn-94 (Jesen-94), started on 20 October, with the primary aim of advancing from Bugojno towards VRS-heldDonji Vakuf, supported by a secondary attack towards Kupres aimed at disruption of the VRS defences and threatening a supply route to Donji Vakuf. The primary attacking force soon ground to a halt, shifting the focus of the operation to Kupres, where substantial reinforcements were deployed to ensure a gradual advance of the ARBiH. On 29 October, the HVO decided to attack, as it considered the ARBiH had directly threatened the strategic Kupres plateau. The HVO launched its offensive, codenamedOperation Cincar (Operacija Cincar), on 1 November. Following a brief lull in the ARBiH advance, thought to be brought on by a variety of causes and a direct request by the President of Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlija Izetbegović to the ARBiH to cooperate with the HVO, commanding officers of the two forces met to coordinate their operations for the first time since the Washington Agreement. Kupres itself was captured by the HVO on 3 November 1994.

Besides the political significance of the battle for future developments of the war in Bosnia, the battle was militarily significant for planning and execution ofOperation Winter '94 by theCroatian Army (HV) and the HVO aimed at relieving thesiege of Bihać in late November and December 1994. Territorial gains made by the HVO and the ARBiH in the Battle of Kupres safeguarded the right flank of Operation Winter '94.

The1990 revolt of theCroatian Serbs was centered on the predominantly Serb-populated areas of theDalmatian hinterland around the city ofKnin,^[1] parts ofLika,Kordun,Banovina regions and ineastern Croatian settlements with significant Serb populations.^[2] These areas were subsequently named theRepublic of Serbian Krajina (RSK). The RSK declared its intention of political integration withSerbia and was viewed by theGovernment of Croatia as a rebellion.^[3] By March 1991, the conflict escalated to war—theCroatian War of Independence.^[4] In June 1991,Croatia declared its independence asYugoslavia disintegrated,^[5] followed by a three-month moratorium on the decision,^[6] thus the decision came into effect on 8 October.^[7] A campaign ofethnic cleansing was then initiated by the RSK against Croatian civilians and most non-Serbs were expelled by early 1993. By November 1993, less than 400 and 1,500–2,000 ethnic Croats remained in UN protected areas Sector South^[8] and Sector North respectively.^[9]

As theYugoslav People's Army (JNA) increasingly supported the RSK and theCroatian police was unable to cope with the situation, theCroatian National Guard (ZNG) was formed in May 1991. The ZNG was renamed theCroatian Army (HV) in November.^[10] The establishment of themilitary of Croatia was hampered by aUnited Nations (UN)arms embargo introduced in September.^[11] The final months of 1991 saw the fiercest fighting of the war, culminating in theBattle of the barracks,^[12] theSiege of Dubrovnik,^[13] and theBattle of Vukovar.^[14]

In January 1992, theSarajevo Agreement was signed by representatives of Croatia, the JNA and the UN, and fighting between the two sides paused.^[15] Ending the series of unsuccessful ceasefires,United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR) was deployed to Croatia to supervise and maintain the agreement.^[16] The conflict largely passed on to entrenched positions, and the JNA soon retreated from Croatia intoBosnia and Herzegovina, where a new conflict was anticipated,^[15] but Serbia continued to support the RSK.^[17] HV advances restored small areas to Croatian control—as the siege ofDubrovnik was lifted,^[18] and inOperation Maslenica.^[19] Croatian towns and villages were intermittently attacked by artillery,^[20] or missiles.^[2][21]

As the JNA disengaged in Croatia, its personnel prepared to set up a newBosnian Serb army, as Bosnian Serbs declared the Serbian Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina on 9 January 1992, ahead of 29 February – 1 March 1992 referendum on independence of Bosnia and Herzegovina—which would later be cited as a pretext for theBosnian War.^[22] Bosnian Serbs set up barricades in the capital,Sarajevo and elsewhere on 1 March, and the next day the first fatalities of the war were recorded in Sarajevo andDoboj. In the final days of March, the Bosnian Serb army started artillery attacks onBosanski Brod, and the HV 108th Brigade crossed the border adjacent to the town in reply.^[23] On 4 April, Serb artillery began shelling Sarajevo.^[24] Even though the war originally pitted Bosnian Serbs against non-Serbs in the country, it evolved into a three-sided conflict by the end of the year, as theCroat–Bosniak War started.^[25] By that time, the Bosnian Serb army—renamedArmy of Republika Srpska (VRS) after theRepublika Srpska state proclaimed in the Bosnian Serb-held territory—controlled about 70% of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[26] That proportion would not change significantly over the next two years.^[27] Republika Srpska was involved in the Croatian War of Independence in a limited capacity, through military and other aid to the RSK, occasional air raids launched fromBanja Luka, and most significantly through artillery attacks against urban centres.^[28][29]

Following a new military strategy of theUnited States endorsed byBill Clinton since February 1993,^[30] theWashington Agreement was signed by Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina in March 1994. The agreement ended the Croat–Bosniak War^[31] and established theFederation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[32] The political settlement allowed the ARBiH and the HVO to deploy additional troops against the VRS in a series of small-scale attacks designed to wear down the Bosnian Serb military, but the attacks claimed no territorial gains before October.^[33] The ARBiH adopted anattrition warfare strategy relying on its numerical superiority compared to the VRS, which suffered from manpower shortages. This strategy aimed for limited advances, without support of heavy weapons and means of transport—unavailable to the ARBiH at the time.^[34]

In March–November 1994, the ARBiH conducted a series of attacks with relatively limited objectives, attacking the VRS at theVlašić Mountain, the Stolice Peak of theMajevica Mountain andDonji Vakuf, as well as in the area betweenTešanj andTeslić, nearBrčko,Kladanj, Sarajevo, on theBjelašnica and theTreskavica Mountain,Gračanica,Vareš,Konjic and Doboj. Further efforts were made, together with the HVO, against the VRS nearNevesinje in September–November, but most of the offensives made little or no gains. At the same time, VRS attacks north of Sarajevo were successfully repulsed.^[35] It was hoped by the ARBiH General Staff that the VRS could not muster sufficient reserves to hold off the simultaneous, relatively limited attacks.^[36] Little territory changed hands as a result of the ARBiH offensive by the end of October, but the VRS shortage of troops worsened.^[33]

Kupres was of interest to the ARBiH and the HVO, albeit for different reasons. The HVO wanted to reverseApril 1992 loss of the town, home to a significantCroat community before the war, and to control theTomislavgrad–Bugojno–Šipovo road. The ARBiH advance towards Kupres was planned as a secondary axis of its offensive towards Donji Vakuf, 20 kilometres (12 miles) to the northwest,codenamed Autumn-94.^[37] The ARBiH wanted to deny the VRS a supply route passing through Kupres in order to weaken VRS defence around Donji Vakuf.^[38]

It is not clear how the ARBiH and the HVO coordinated before their advance to Kupres. Most probably, the two forces' commands agreed on a simultaneous offensive against Kupres, without revealing actual battle plans to their counterparts. The HVO's contribution in the offensive, codenamed Operation Cincar, was planned jointly by the HVO and the HV.^[39]

Initially, the ARBiH committed 3,130 troops to its secondary axis—the thrust towards Kupres.^[40] They were organized with the 370th Mountain Infantry Brigade on the right flank of the 14-kilometre (8.7 mi) front manned by theARBiH 7th Corps southwest of Bugojno, and the 307th Mountain Infantry Brigade on the left flank of the ARBiH effort.^[41] In the primary attack axis zone, the ARBiH grouped about 5,600 additional troops, facing an estimated 4,800 VRS soldiers around Donji Vakuf. Kupres itself and the surrounding plateau were defended by approximately 2,700 VRS troops,^[40] assigned to the 7th Motorized Infantry Brigade of the 2nd Krajina Corps,^[42] supported by corps-level artillery and armour.^[43] The bulk of the HVO force consisted of troops contributed by the 1st, the 2nd and the 3rd Guards Brigades, supported by theBosnian Croat special police and the 60th Guards Airborne Battalion "Ludvig Pavlović". Although participation of the HV in the battle was denied by Croatia, it is thought to have likely occurred.^[39] Specifically, the1st Croatian Guards Brigade is thought to have taken part in the battle,^[44] and Bosnian Croat reports pertaining to the battle specify theZrinski Battalion of the brigade as taking part in the operation.^[45] The ARBiH 7th Corps was commanded byBrigadier GeneralMehmed Alagić, while the HVO Tomislavgrad Corps, formally in control of Operation Cincar, was commanded byColonel Josip Černi.^[46] The VRS 2nd Krajina Corps was under command of Colonel Radivoje Tomanić.^[47]

Sinj

Šibenik

Zadar

Gospić

Knin

Udbina

Bihać

Banja Luka

Livno

Kupres

Grahovo

Glamoč

Drvar

Jajce

Mrkonjić Grad

Šipovo

Drniš

Benkovac

Donji Vakuf

Bugojno

Tomislavgrad

class=notpageimage|

Bosnia and Herzegovina territory, before 20 October 1994:
  HVO-controlled,  ARBiH-controlled,  VRS-controlled
Captured in Operations Cincar and Autumn-94 by  HVO,  ARBiH
Croatia:  HV-controlled,  RSK-controlled

The ARBiH launched the secondary axis of Operation Autumn-94—drive towards Kupres—at 2 am on 20 October,^[38] hours after the primary attacking force started moving against Donji Vakuf.^[53] As the primary effort of the ARBiH offensive bogged down the same day, Kupres became the main objective. The 317th Mountain Infantry Brigade was added to augment the ARBiH force that made initial advances towards Kupres.^[48] The next day, as the ARBiH gradually advanced, elements of the 305th Mountain Brigade were also sent as reinforcements to the attacking force.^[49] By 23 October, the ARBiH moved close enough to Kupres to direct heavy mortar fire against the town.^[38] On 25 October, the ARBiH 7th Corps requested a meeting with the HVO Tomislavgrad Corps representatives to coordinate further advances in the area, however the HVO postponed the meeting until after 28 October due to replacement of the Tomislavgrad Corps commanding officer.^[54] On 27 October, the ARBiH 37th Light Infantry Brigade was added to the attack,^[50] slowly progressing from one mountain ridge to the next.^[38] In addition, elements of the 27th Mountain Infantry Brigade and a battalion of the 7th Conscripted Mountain Infantry Brigade joined the ARBiH push.^[51] On 28 November, the ARBiH General Staff committed a guards brigade attached to the General Staff to the battle.^[52]

Since the beginning of the ARBiH offensive, the HVO had been assembling three of its four guards brigades under command of GeneralAnte Roso, as well as other supporting units, including the 60th Guards Airborne Battalion.^[39] On 29 October, the Ministry of Defence of theCroatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia and the HVO General Staff met and decided to launch Operation Cincar to capture the town of Kupres. The decision was reportedly motivated by a desire to consolidate territory controlled by the HVO around Kupres and by the strategic importance of the Kupres plateau, which commanded the northern approaches to the HVO-heldLivanjsko field. The operation was originally scheduled for 31 October at 4:30 am, only to be postponed by 24 hours, as the HVO needed more time to prepare. Delayed arrival of reconnaissance teams further postponed the HVO offensive until 8 am on 1 November 1994.^[45]

The HVO advanced north along two main axes of attack. The western axis advanced fromŠuica along the main road towards Kupres, capturing the village ofDonji Malovan on 1 November. The eastern axis of the HVO offensive moved from Ravno towardsRilić. Just as the HVO began to move north, the ARBiH suspended its westward advance. Various explanations for the pause were put forward, including fog, rain, need to secure territorial gains, wear of equipment and fatigue of personnel.^[55] Regardless, that day the President of Bosnia and HerzegovinaAlija Izetbegović telephoned Alagić requesting an adequate level of cooperation and avoidance of any conflicts with the HVO.^[56] Finally, Alagić made a public call to the HVO to participate in the offensive against the VRS in Kupres.^[57] The same day, the VRS targeted Bugojno using two9K52 Luna-M missiles.^[44]

On 2 November, the HVO capturedGornji Malovan and Rilić, while theSerb civilian population started to evacuate from Kupres.^[39] Alagić visited the HVO Tomislavgrad Corps headquarters to discuss cooperation, but refused to discuss the matter, citing inadequate officers present there, and proposed a new meeting at 11 pm that day at the ARBiH 317th Brigade headquarters inGornji Vakuf.^[58] The Chief of the HVO General Staff,Major GeneralTihomir Blaškić made a written apology on behalf of the HVO claiming the HVO officers had to be elsewhere at the time.^[59] A new meeting took place as proposed by Alagić. The meeting concluded at 3 am, with an agreement between Alagić and Černi to withdraw some of the ARBiH troops on the right flank of the HVO thrust to allow the HVO to strike Kupres from that direction, and coordinate their further advances beyond Kupres.^[58] Although cooperation was established, there was no joint command of the ARBiH and the HVO.^[57]

The ARBiH pullback was completed by 11 am on 3 November, while the right flank of the ARBiH force pressed forward to capture the Kupreška Vrata Pass,^[60] 3 kilometres (1.9 miles) away from Kupres. The Bosnian Croat special police and the 60th Guards Airborne Battalion entered Kupres shortly after noon,^[39] and the HVO completed capture of the town by 1:30 pm.^[61] The HVO proceeded to capture nearly the entire Kupres plateau, bringing the 1st, the 79th and the 80th Home Guards Regiments of the HVO to hold defensive positions on the plateau.^[45] The VRS was unable to counter-attack in a timely manner, because it had no reserves in place for the task.^[62]

The ARBiH significantly shortened its positions held opposite the VRS and captured 130 square kilometres (50 square miles) of territory,^[63] while the HVO captured nearly 400 square kilometres (150 square miles) of the area around Kupres.^[64] Battle losses of the ARBiH amounted to 41 killed in action and 162 wounded troops.^[63] By 3 November, 4 HVO troops were killed and 15 wounded,^[61] and further 3 soldiers died and 5 were wounded in a VRS counter-attack nearZlosela at 11 am on 4 November.^[45]

The Battle of Kupres was the first concrete result of the renewed Bosniak–Croat alliance in the Bosnian War,^[65] and the advance to Kupres was the first military effort coordinated between the ARBiH and the HVO since the Washington Agreement.^[55][66] Following the victory, morale of the ARBiH and the HVO soared. Further advantages for them were the recapture of initiative from the VRS and full control of theSplit–Livno–Kupres–Bugojno road, allowing improved logistics of the ARBiH and the HVO in the area, as well as greater volume of transport of arms and ammunition,^[63] especially after the United States unilaterally ended the arms embargo against Bosnia and Herzegovina in November 1994.^[67] The move in effect allowed the HV to supply itself as the arms shipments flowed through Croatia.^[32] Finally, the outcome of the Battle of Kupres secured the right flank of the Livanjsko field, which became especially significant later that month whenOperation Winter '94 was launched by the HV and the HVO northwest of Livno in order to draw off a part of the forcebesieging Bihać and prevent capture of Bihać by the VRS.^[31] The battle is considered to be a significant contribution to subsequent success of the HV in the Croatian War of Independence and the Bosnian War.^[68]

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