| Battle of Grozny (August 1996) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofFirst Chechen War | |||||||
 | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
|  Chechen Republic of Ichkeria | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 7,000–12,000[1][2][3] 200IFVs/APCs[4] | Up to 1,500+ fighters[5] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Russian military data: 687 soldiers killed[2] 1,407 wounded[1][1][2] 18 tanks destroyed[4] 69IFVs/APCs destroyed[4] 4 helicopters destroyed[3] | Unknown | ||||||
| est. 2,000+ civilians killed[1] | |||||||
 | |||||||
TheBattle of Grozny of August 1996, also known asOperation Jihad orOperation Zero Option, when Chechen fighters regained and then kept control ofChechnya's capitalGrozny in a surprise raid.[6] Russian federal forces had captured the city ina previous battle that ended in February 1995, and subsequently posted a large garrison of federal and republicanMinistry of the Interior (MVD) troops in the city.[7]
The much smaller Chechen forces infiltrated Grozny and either routed the MVD forces or split them into manypockets of encirclement. Chechen fighters then beat back theRussian Ground Forces units that had been sent to expel the fighters and rescue their own trapped forces.[7] The final result was aceasefire that effectively ended theFirst Chechen War of 1994–1996.
In July 1996, the Russian leadership abandoned the uneasy peace process in Chechnya and resumed large-scale military operations. Between July 9 and July 16, 1996, Russian forces attacked Chechen bases in the foothills and mountains in the south of theChechen Republic. On July 20, Russian forces launched a large-scale campaign to pacify the southern highlands, moving most of their combat troops there.
On August 6, the very day of the offensive, Russian forces began a major operation in the village of Alkhan-Yurt by moving 1,500 paramilitaryInternal Troops and pro-Moscow Chechen policemen ofDoku Zavgayev's government out ofGrozny.
On August 6, 1996, Chechen units attacking Grozny consisted of around 1,500 fighters. Initially, Russian media reported that only 250 fighters had entered the city. The Russian garrison inside the city consisted of some 7,000-12,000 troops.[1] To overcome the Russian numerical superiority, Chechen chief of staffAslan Maskhadov employedinfiltration tactics. Using their intimate knowledge of the city, Chechen units entered Grozny and avoided the network of Russian checkpoints and other positions in a carefully planned and highly coordinated rapid advance before attacking or blocking targets deep in Moscow-controlled territory.[8]
Their main objectives were the command and control assets at the military airfield atKhankala and the militarised Severny Airport (Grozny Airport), along with the headquarters of theFSB andGRU security and military intelligence services. They also blocked roads and took up strategic positions on the approaches to the city. According to Chechen commander Turpal Ali-Kaimov, 1,500 Chechen fighters infiltrated the city, of which 47 were killed during the initial attack.[8]
The Chechen forces attacked Grozny at 6:00am on August 6 in an operation that took three hours. Rather than trying to capture or destroy all individual fortified checkpoints (blokpost), barracks, police stations, and other Russian positions, the Chechen fighters cut off, isolated and encircled most of them, mining and booby trapping all roads including the entries and exits to prevent escape or reinforcements, and waited for the government troops to surrender.[9] By August 9, Russian news agencyInterfax put the number of surrounded troops at some 7,000.[10] In addition to MVD and FSB troops and non-combat personnel, military troops were stationed in the city.[11]
The largest military garrison was located at the government offices in the center of the city, including the interior ministry building and the republican FSB headquarters. A group of about 10 Russian journalists were trapped in a hotel near the compound.[11] The pro-Russian Chechen government fled to Khankala military base, just outside the capital.[12] In another part of the city, several garrisons of Russian troops took shelter at the Municipal Hospital 9, where they held approximately 500 civilians hostage until they were allowed to evacuate.[13]
A number of Chechens deemed to be collaborators were rounded up, detained, and executed. According to the human rights organizationMemorial, reliable sources stated that the execution list for one region of Grozny comprised more than 200 names.[14]Said-Magomed Kakiyev was the only survivor of a group of 30 ChechenOMON special police officers who were executed by the fighters ofDokka Umarov andRuslan Gelayev after defenders at the mayor's office surrendered on August 6, reportedly on the promise of free passage.[15]
According to Gelayev, "Zavgayev had either 15 or 18 thousand 'Chechen policemen' [in all of Chechnya], but as soon as we entered Grozny in August 1996, they all scattered and went home, then they went over to theMujahideen, except for a few dozens of those who were guilty of shedding Chechen blood."[15]
On August 7, a large armored column from the205th "Cossack" Separate Motor Rifle Brigade arrived to assist the trapped Russian forces. The day before, a Chechen separatist group led byAkhmed Zakayev had captured a large supply ofRPO rocket launchers by seizing Grozny's main railway station (according to the 2002 indictment by the Russian government, Zakayev's fighters killed or wounded more than 300 MVD troops at the train station[16]); as a result, Russian tanks became much easier targets for Chechen mobile units.
On August 10, the Russians launched acounteroffensive, which achieved some success, the Minutka Square was captured from the raid, and the garrisonssurrounded in some parts of the city began to assist the attackers. As a result, by August 13, a significant part of the city had been recaptured, although with heavy losses for the Russian side. As military historian Evgeny Norin notes, by August 14, the Chechens had no chance to turn the situation in their favor. At the same time, the Russians captured about 40 fighters.[17]
The head of theInternational Red Cross in Grozny said that "most of the city is mined, and there's a lot of aerial bombardments."[18] TheEuropean Union called on both sides to cease fire immediately, without effect.[11] Russian PresidentBoris Yeltsin declared a day of mourning for the victims in Chechnya. Battles also continued on the outskirts of the city and elsewhere in the republic.
On August 19, Russian General Kostantin Pulikovsky surrounded the city and issued an ultimatum that the Chechen fighters should leave Grozny within 48 hours or face an all-out attack. The threat resulted in mass panic among the remaining civilian population, estimated byHuman Rights Watch at 300,000. Strikes by aircraft and artillery commenced on August 20. In chaotic scenes, as the bombardment indiscriminately hit residential areas and at least one hospital,[19] terrified refugees fled the city.[20] Many of them were reportedly killed when their columns were hit by artillery fire.[21] In all, about 220,000 refugees fled the city.[1]
The number of those who remained in the city was estimated by Memorial at between 50,000 and 70,000, and males older than 11 were considered suspected fighters and not let through the Russian lines. Many refugees were also fired on at checkpoints, and Russian state televisionORT journalistRamzan Khadzhiev was shot dead by federal soldiers while trying to flee the city. Russian GeneralAlexander Lebed managed to mostly avert further bloodshed in Grozny. Meanwhile, the Russian offensive in the southern mountains continued.
After returning to Chechnya on August 20, Lebed ordered a new ceasefire and re-opened direct talks with the Chechen leaders, aided by theOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).[22] On August 22, Russia agreed to withdraw of all its forces in Chechnya to their bases at Khankala and Severny. On August 30, 1996, Generals Lebed and Maskhadov signed theKhasav-Yurt Accord, an agreement that marked the end of theFirst Chechen War.
The Khasav-Yurt Accord paved the way for the signing of two further agreements between Russia and Chechnya. In mid-November 1996, Boris Yeltsin and Aslan Maskhadov signed an agreement on economic relations andreparations to Chechens who had been affected by the 1994–96 war. On May 12, 1997, Presidents Maskhadov and Yeltsin signed theRussian–Chechen Peace Treaty, calling for "peace and the principles of Russian-Chechen relations."[23] Theincursion into Dagestan in the summer of 1999, however, led to a breach of these treaties and the start of theSecond Chechen War.
In 2000,Pavel Felgenhauer commented: "In 1996, Russian generals insisted that they could 'liberate' Grozny only by totally destroying the city with massive heavy gun and aerial bombardments, but such anindiscriminate attack was not approved bythe Kremlin. In 1996, the Russian public, military and political elite were fed up and opted to withdraw Russian troops. Anyway, the destruction of Grozny in August 1996 was hardly a reasonable option: Thousands of MVD troops were trapped in the city and most likely would have perished together with the Chechens. Today heavy bombs and guns are used against Chechen towns and villages without limitations."[7]
The Russian defeat in the battle was considered Russia's "worst military defeat since the disasters ofthe Nazi invasion in 1941"[4]
