| Battle of Girolata | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part ofSpanish–Ottoman wars | |||||||
 Corsica shown in red | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Spanish Empire Republic of Genoa |  Ottoman Empire | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Giannettino DoriaBerenguer de Requesens | Dragut (POW) | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 21 galleys[1] | 11 galleys | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Minor | 11 galleys captured, 1,200 prisoners, 1,200galley slaves freed[1][2] | ||||||
TheBattle of Girolata was a naval action fought between Genoese, Spanish, and Ottoman ships on 15 June 1540 in the Gulf of Girolata, on the west coast of the island of Corsica, amidst the war betweenCharles V of Spain andSuleiman the Magnificent. A Spanish squadron of 21 galleys led by theGenoese Gianettino Doria and the Spaniard Berenguer de Requesens surprised and defeated an Ottoman squadron of 11 galleys, anchored at Girolata, led by theOttoman admiralDragut.
The commander of theOttoman Navy,Hayreddin Barbarossa, had committed Dragut to raid the Italian coast after his victories in theAdriatic Sea the year before. As the crews of the Ottoman warships were ashore, distributing the booty from recent raids, the Spanish-Genoese fleet easily overtook them, taking all 11 Ottoman galleys and making 1,200 prisoners, among them Dragut, who was carried toGenoa and put, together with his captains, to row inAndrea Doria's galleys.
In 1538 the Ottoman fleet, led by Hayreddin Barbarossa, dealt important blows to theSpanish andItalianHoly League assembled by PopePaul III by defeating its fleet at theBattle of Preveza, off theEpirote coast, and bytaking Castelnuovo.[2] As in 1540, Suleiman the Magnificent was preparing a land campaign inHungary, the Ottoman navy was however short of means and it could not take the field.[3] Barbarossa then detached to theWestern Mediterranean waters the leader of his scout squadron, Turgut Reis, known as Dragut, with the task of raiding the Italian coast and disturbing Spanish shipping in aprivateering mission. Dragut started his cruise by capturing fiveVenetian galleys off the island ofPaxos, nearCorfu. The Venetians could not retaliate, as they signed a peace treaty with the Sultan shortly afterwards.[3]
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In response to the Ottoman threat, Charles V's grand admiralAndrea Doria gathered a fleet of roughly 80 galleys at the harbour ofMessina to clear the Ottoman privateers from the Western Mediterranean, and following the example ofPompey in his war against theCilician pirates, he divided his ships into five squadrons which he assigned to patrol different regions.[1] Andrea Doria himself sailed from Messina toTunis in late April at the head of 55 galleys, expecting to surprise Dragut at his station offDjerba.[3] However, Barbarossa's lieutenant had moved faster.[2] The Genoese admiral had detached his relative Erasmo Doria to guard theBalearic Islands in command of 10 galleys, his nephew Gianettino Doria and Berenguer de Requesens to patrol off Corsica andSardinia with 21 galleys, Fadrique de Toledo Osorio to defend theGulf of Naples with 11, and the Count of Anguillara, helped by theKnights of Malta, to protectSicily with 17.[1]
It was Gianettino's and Requesens' squadron that found the trail of Dragut's galleys.[4] The Ottoman squadron was first reportedly seen offBonifacio and later, when Dragut attacked the island ofCapraia, the cannonade was heard aboard the Genoese and Spanish galleys. Fishermen who had fled from the Ottomans warned Doria and Requesens that Dragut had sailed toCape Corso and, later, that his squadron was anchored at the Gulf of Girolata.[1]
The Ottoman squadron had set anchor at the Gulf of Girolata to distribute the booty from the recent raid. Dragut had chosen the place because it was deserted and far from the common sailing routes. As such, he left no ship to guard the entrance of the gulf.[2] On arriving in the waters nearby, Gianettino Doria sent his relative Giorgio Doria into the gulf with 6 galleys and a small rowingfrigate in order to identify the anchored galleys.[1] Accounts of the battle's course differ. According toCesáreo Fernández Duro andEdmond Jurien de La Gravière, the Ottoman seamen and soldiers were ashore, sleeping under the trees or having a meal, when the arrival of the Spanish galleys took them by surprise.[2][3] According to De La Gravière, 600 Ottomans fled to the surrounding mountains before the battle actually started and Dragut barely had time to embark and fire a single volley before the Genoese and Spanish boarded his flagship and his other galleys. At the first shots, many of his men, whetherTurks,Moors, or European renegades, jumped overboard to escape inland.[3]
Alberto Guglielmotti gives a more detailed account of the battle. He states that Dragut had time to embark his crews on seeing the 7 vessels sent ahead by Doria, and that, leaving behind 2 galleys to guard the booty, he sailed to engage Giorgio Doria's force with his 9 remaining galleys.[1] Expecting to fight with superior numbers, Dragut sailed into the ambush laid by Doria and Requesens, whose remaining 15 galleys appeared from the west taking advantage of thewindward. Dragut then tried to escape by turning around his ships, but as the Spanish galleys came under hisstern, he decided to try to break through them.[1] Then, however, a single shot from Gianettino's galley bow gun inflicted serious damage to his flagship that she nearly sank. Losing hope about the prospect of escaping, most of the Ottoman seamen and soldiers jumped overboard to gain the beach and save themselves inland.[1]
The Spanish fleet captured all 11 Ottoman galleys, two of which were the VenetianMoceniga andBibiena, which the Ottomans had captured at the Battle of Preveza.[2] They also took 1,200 Ottoman prisoners and freed 1,200 Christian galley slaves. Dragut was among the Ottoman prisoners. Furious at having been captured by a young man such as Gianettino Doria, he insulted his captor, who in turn beat him in revenge.[4] Dragut was carried to Genoa and reduced to a galley slave. There, according to the 16th-century French historianPierre de Bourdeille, seigneur de Brantôme, on finding Barbarossa's former lieutenant rowing in a galley,Jean Parisot de Valette, the futureGrand-Master of the Knights Hospitaller, said to him: "Señor Dragut, usanza de guerra!" ("Mr. Dragut, custom of war"), to which Dragut replied: "Y mudanza de fortuna" ("And change of fortune").[4] At the beginning of 1541 Barbarossa ransomed his lieutenant in exchange for 3,500ducats. Later, deemed a mistake, Doria granted Dragut his freedom in the hope of winning favour if one of his nephews fell into Ottoman hands.[5]
Taking advantage of Dragut's defeat, Andrea Doria sailed from Messina that summer leading 51 galleys and more than 30galliots andfustas, aboard which there were 14 companies of Spanish infantry led byGarcía de Toledo, SpanishViceroy of Sicily. They attacked the Ottoman positions atTunis, seizing the strongholds ofMonastir,Sousse,Hammamet, andKelibia, which they returned to theHafsid KingMuhammad V.[2] Barbarossa's privateering campaign was further checked when, on 1 October, the Turkish privateers were defeated again by Spanish ships at theBattle of Alborán, in the waters east of theStrait of Gibraltar.[6]