Battle of Chonan
Part of theKorean War
Map of the 34th Infantry Regiment's delay action from July 5 to 8
Date July 7–8, 1950 Location Chonan,South Korea 36°48′36″N127°08′51″E / 36.81000°N 127.14750°E /36.81000; 127.14750 Result North Korean victory
Belligerents
United Nations United States	North Korea
Commanders and leaders
William F. Dean Robert R. Martin † Robert L. Wadlington	Lee Kwon Mu
Units involved
34th Infantry Regiment	4th Infantry Division 16th Infantry Regiment 18th Infantry Regiment 105th Armored Division 107th Tank Regiment
Strength
2,000	12,000
Casualties and losses
~300 killed, wounded or missing (98–109 killed/missing)[1] and 60 captured	Unknown

TheBattle of Chonan was the third engagement betweenUnited States andNorth Korean forces during theKorean War. It occurred on the night of July 7/8, 1950, in the town ofChonan in westernSouth Korea. The fight ended in a North Korean victory after intense fighting around the town, which occurred throughout the night and into the morning.

TheUnited States Army's34th Infantry Regiment,24th Infantry Division, was assigned to delay elements of theNorth Korean People's Army's4th Infantry Division as it advanced south following its victories at theBattle of Osan and theBattle of Pyongtaek, the days before. The regiment emplaced north and south of Chonan, attempting to delay the North Koreans in an area where the terrain formed a bottleneck between mountains and theYellow Sea.

The 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, set up a defensive perimeter north of the city and, by nightfall, was engaged in combat with superior numbers of North Korean troops and tanks. American forces, unable to repulse North Korean armor, soon found themselves in an intense urban fight as columns of North Korean troops, spearheaded byT-34 tanks, entered the town from two directions, cutting off U.S. forces. The fight resulted in the near destruction of the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, and the death of the 34th Infantry Regiment's new commander, ColonelRobert R. Martin.

On the night of June 25, 1950, 10 divisions of theNorth Korean People's Army launched a full-scale invasion of the nation's neighbor to the south, theRepublic of Korea. The force of 89,000 men moved in six columns, catching theRepublic of Korea Army completely by surprise, resulting in a disastrous rout for the South Koreans, who were disorganized, ill-equipped, and unprepared for war.^[2] Numerically superior, North Korean forces destroyed isolated resistance from the 38,000 South Korean soldiers on the front, advancing steadily south.^[3] Most of South Korea's forces retreated in the face of the invasion, and by June 28, the North Koreans had capturedSeoul, South Korea's capital, forcing the government and its shattered forces to withdraw south.^[4]

TheUnited Nations Security Council voted to assist the collapsing country. United States PresidentHarry S. Truman subsequently ordered ground troops into the nation.^[5] However, U.S. forces in theFar East had been steadily decreasing since the end ofWorld War II five years earlier. At the time, the closest forces were the24th Infantry Division of theEighth United States Army, which was performingoccupation duty inKyushu,Japan, under the command ofMajor General William F. Dean. However, the division was under strength and was only two-thirds the size of its regular wartime size. Most of the 24th Infantry Division's equipment was antiquated due to reductions in military spending following World War II. Despite these deficiencies, the 24th Infantry Division was ordered into South Korea,^[5] with a mission to take the initial "shock" of North Korean advances. At the same time, the rest of the Eighth Army could arrive in Korea and establish a perimeter.^[6]

From the 24th Infantry Division, one battalion was assigned to be airlifted into Korea viaC-54 Skymaster transport aircraft and move quickly to block advancing North Korean forces, while the remainder of the division was transported to South Korea on ships. The21st Infantry Regiment was determined to be the most combat-ready of the 24th Infantry Division's three regiments. The 21st Infantry's 1st Battalion was selected because its commander,Lieutenant Colonel Charles B. Smith, was the most experienced, having commanded a battalion at theBattle of Guadalcanal during World War II.^[7] On July 5, Task Force Smith engaged North Korean forces at theBattle of Osan, delaying over 5,000 North Korean infantry for seven hours before being routed and forced back.^[8]

During that time, the34th Infantry Regiment set up a line betweenPyongtaek andAnsong, 10 mi (16 km) south of Osan, to fight the next delaying action against the advancing North Korean forces.^[9] The 34th Infantry Regiment was similarly unprepared for a fight; in the ensuing action, most of the regiment withdrew toChonan without engaging the enemy.^[10] The 1st Battalion, left alone against the North Koreans, resisted their advance in the brief and disastrousBattle of Pyongtaek. The 34th Infantry could not stop North Korean armor because the equipment had not arrived that could penetrate the thick armor of theT-34 tank.^[11] After a 30-minute fight, the battalion mounted a disorganized retreat, with many soldiers abandoning their equipment and running away without resisting the North Korean forces. The U.S. forces at Pyongtaek and Ansong were unable to delay the North Korean force significantly or inflict significant casualties on the enemy.^[12][13][14]

Having pushed back U.S. forces at both Osan and Pyongtaek, theNorth Korean 4th Infantry Division, supported by elements of theNorth Korean 105th Armored Division, continued their advance down the Osan–Chonan road, up to 12,000 men strong under division commanderLee Kwon Mu in two infantry regiments supported by dozens of tanks. They were well-trained, well-equipped, and had high morale following previous victories, giving them advantages over the poorly trained and inexperienced Americans.^[15][16]

Following the retreat fromPyongtaek, the scattered 1st Battalion, 34th Infantry, retreated to Chonan, where the rest of the 34th Infantry Regiment was located. Also in the town were elements of the 1st Battalion and 21st Infantry that had not made up Task Force Smith at the Battle of Osan.^[17]Brigadier GeneralGeorge B. Barth, 24th Infantry Division's temporary artillery commander, ordered the 1st Battalion, 21st Infantry to hold positions 2 mi (3.2 km) south of town before Barth left for Taejon. The 1st Battalion, 34th Infantry, was sent to join it. At the same time, L Company of the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, was ordered to probe north of the city and meet the advancing elements of the North Korean 4th Infantry Division.^[18] Major General Dean, commander of the 24th Infantry Division, telegraphed the command fromTaejon, ordering the rest of the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry to move up behind L Company.^[19] Regimental commanderColonel Jay B. Lovless moved north to join L Company, along with newly arrived ColonelRobert R. Martin, a friend of Dean's.^[13] Shortly before noon, 1st Battalion, 21st Infantry was ordered to withdraw southeast toChochiwon to keep the railway and supply line to Chonan open. This left the 1st and 3rd Battalions of the 34th Infantry alone in Chonan.^[20] By this time, most South Korean troops and civilians had abandoned the region, leaving only the U.S. forces to oppose the North Korean Army.^[11]

At around 1300, L Company of the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry was 5 mi (8.0 km) north of Chonan when it was hit with North Korean small arms fire. Around this time, Martin received a message from Dean that around 50 North KoreanT-34 tanks were at Ansong, along with a significant number of North Korean trucks. Large numbers of troops were now located in Myang, Myon, and Songhwan-ni villages, moving toflank Chonan from both sides.^[21] Martin and Lovless returned to the 34th Infantry's command post, as the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry began setting up defensive positions several miles north of Chonan under the command of 34th InfantryOperations Officer John J. Dunn.^[14] The battalion briefly retreated when around 50 North Korean scouts began assaulting its positions, leaving behind several wounded men and equipment, including a wounded Dunn, who the North Koreans captured.^[22][23] It was two hours before the main North Korean force advanced through this position.^[13][24] The battalion returned to Chonan in disorder. By 1700, it re-established defensive positions around the town's northern and western edges, around a railroad station.^[25][26] The 1st Battalion, still disorganized and under-equipped after its engagement at Pyongtaek the day before, remained in defensive positions south of the town. It would not see combat in Chonan.^[24][27] Around 1800, Dean ordered Martin to take command of the 34th Infantry Regiment from Lovless.^[19]

Throughout the evening of July 7, North Korean pressure developed from the western edge of town. Around 2000, a column of North Korean tanks and infantry approached the town from the east. The column was hit by shells from the 63rd Field Artillery Battalion, which was supporting the 34th Infantry with 105 mmHowitzers firingwhite phosphorus andhigh-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) shells. The 63rd Field Artillery Battalion was able to destroy two of the tanks, but by midnight, the column had infiltrated Chonan.^[25] The 63rd Field Artillery continued to fire white phosphorus throughout the night, illuminating the terrain for the U.S. forces and preventing them from being overrun.^[11] After midnight, the North Korean force was able to cut off 80 men, including Martin, from the rest of the U.S. forces, and Lieutenant Colonel Robert L. Wadlington, the regimentalexecutive officer, took command and contacted Dean requesting additional ammunition. By 0220 on July 8, Martin had returned to the town, and the supply road to Taejon was reopened.^[24][25]

Within a few hours, a second infantry column assaulted the town from the northwest. Five or six tanks at the head of the column infiltrated Chonan and began destroying all vehicles in sight and any buildings suspected of harboring Americans. Around 0600, infantry from the northwest column began flooding into the city and engaged in an intense and confused battle with the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry Regiment in the streets of Chonan.^[26][28] The 3rd Battalion managed to destroy two of the tanks with rockets and grenades, but the column cut off twocompanies of the 3rd Battalion from the rest of the force.^[25] Around 0800, Martin was killed by a North Korean tank when he fired a2.36-inch bazooka at a North Korean T-34 tank at the same time it fired its main cannon at the building he was in. He had commanded the 34th Infantry Regiment for only 14 hours.^[26][29] The tank was undamaged by Martin's shot, as the weapon was obsolete and could not penetrate T-34 armor.^[28]

After Martin's death, the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, began to buckle as increasing numbers of North Korean troops flooded into Chonan from the northwest and eastern roads. The battalion suffered heavy casualties but was saved by the continuous fire laid down by the 63rd Field Artillery Battalion.^[29] Between 0800 and 1000, U.S. units began a disorganized retreat from the town, many soldiers deserting their units and running from the battle.^[28] Wadlington, now in command of the 34th Infantry, moved the 3rd Battalion to a collecting point south of the town, where the 1st Battalion, 34th Infantry, was holding a blocking position and had not been engaged.^[30] As the 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, began to pull back to rally points, the 1st Battalion began to come under mortar fire from North Korean forces but withdrew without engaging them.^[31]

As this was happening, General Dean arrived south of the town withLieutenant GeneralWalton Walker to observe the conflict, and the final elements of the 34th leave Chonan. Dean ordered the 34th Infantry Regiment to retreat to theKum River. 3rd Battalion, 34th Infantry, now down to 175 men, had lost two-thirds of its strength in Chonan, around 350 men. Most of the battalion's heavy equipment, includingmortars and machine guns, was also lost.^[26] The North Korean radio reported that 60 Americans were taken prisoner in the town. The regiment began its retreat in the late afternoon, with North Korean forces moving on ridges parallel to the regiment.^[30] Most of the battalion moved out on foot and by truck, resting on the evening of July 8 before arriving at the Kum River on July 9 and setting up new defensive positions.^[28]

The 34th Infantry pulled back to the Kum River, its two battalions being mauled in the battles of Pyongtaek and Chonan. It delayed North Korean forces for 14–20 hours, allowing the 21st Infantry Regiment to set up the next delaying action atChonui and Chochiwon.^[32] The 34th Infantry subsequently set up defensive fortifications along the Kum River, resting for several days until it was engaged in theBattle of Taejon, and was principally in charge of the defense of the city, as the weakened 21st Infantry and19th Infantry were less prepared for the fight. The battle at Taejon resulted in the near destruction of the 24th Infantry Division.^[33] Although the force was badly defeated militarily, the 24th Infantry Division accomplished its mission of delaying North Korean forces from advancing until July 20. American forces had set up a defensive perimeter known as thePusan Perimeter, along the Naktong River and Taegu to the southeast. This perimeter saw the next phase of the battle and the ultimate defeat of the North Korean army in theBattle of Pusan Perimeter.^[34]

During the battle, Robert R. Martin, the 34th Infantry Regiment's commanding officer, wasposthumously awarded theDistinguished Service Cross for his actions at Chonan, the first decoration awarded during the Korean War.^[29]

• Battles and operations of the Korean War in 1950
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• Battles of the Korean War
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• History of South Chungcheong Province
• July 1950 in Asia

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