Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of areboot trilogy featuringChristian Bale as Batman:Batman Begins (2005),The Dark Knight (2008), andThe Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of theDC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by ashared universe, spawned additional works.Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with theZack Snyder-directed entryBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared incrossover films within the DCEU.The Batman (2022) andThe Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed byRobert Pattinson and another actor.Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film.
The Batman films are generally successful and comprise the tenthhighest grossing film franchise of all time, grossing over $7 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example,The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such asBatman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attractAcademy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement.
Following the success ofcomic books featuringBatman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approachedDC Comics[b] to purchase the film rights.[2]Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapterserial film directed byLambert Hillyer and starringLewis Wilson as Batman.[3] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aidAxis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon.[4] Elements ofBatman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film'spropaganda function.[5] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941attack on Pearl Harbor,Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention inWorld War II.[6] Nevertheless, the serial introduced theBatcave and theWayne Manor's secretgrandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology.[7] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the titleAn Evening with Batman and Robin.[8]
In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial,Batman and Robin, as the sequel toBatman, compelled by the success ofSuperman the previous year.[8]Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors oppositeJohnny Duncan as Robin.[9]Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermindWizard, whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks.[10] ProducerSam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world.[8] As a consequence,Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press.[11]
The cancellation ofBatman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations.[11] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release ofSuperman (1978).[15] ProducersMichael Uslan andBenjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics.[16]Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film.[17] Uslanpitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia andUnited Artists, prompting him to devise an outline,Return of the Batman, to better articulate his idea.[16][18]
By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture withPeter Guber, chairman of the film division ofCasablanca Records.[19] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca.[20] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development.[21][22] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement withUniversal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired byPolyGram Pictures.[20] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associateJon Peters.[23] Another associate pitched the project toWarner Bros. Pictures executiveFrank Wells, and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio presidentTerry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract.[21][23] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement.[20]
ScreenwriterTom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titledThe Batman.[24] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman.[24] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman andDick Grayson as a crimefighting duo.[24] Mankiewicz took inspiration fromBatman: Strange Apparitions, a multi-issuelimited series bySteve Englehart andMarshall Rogers.[25] ThoughThe Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film.[26][27] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters.[27]
Studio executives prioritized a sequel toBatman beginning in late-1989.[40] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director forBatman Returns in 1991.[41] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels.[40] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing toBatman Returns only on the condition of greater independence.[42]Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement withBatman.[43] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—includingCatwoman (Michelle Pfeiffer) and the Penguin (Danny DeVito).[43][44] Burton brought onWesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties.[40] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary.[40][43] Filmmakers shotBatman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June.[40][45][46]Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office.[40][47]
To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developedBatman Forever with a more family-friendly tone.[46] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer.[48][49] They hiredJoel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys.[50] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, andAkiva Goldsman.[51] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script.[46][52]Ethan Hawke,Daniel Day-Lewis,Ralph Fiennes, andKurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went toVal Kilmer.[53][54][55] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western filmTombstone (1993).[56] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995,[49][57] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995.[58]Batman Forever finished the year as thesixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response.[59] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the68th Academy Awards.[60]
Schumacher was signed as director ofBatman & Robin whileBatman Forever ran in theaters.[61] Goldman andChris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter.[62][63] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set ofBatman Forever.[64] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments toHeat (1995) andThe Saint (1997).[65][66] In his documentary filmVal (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave.[65] ExecutiveBob Daly mentionedGeorge Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance inFrom Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart.[67] Filming forBatman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997,[68][69][70] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997.[71]Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made.[59][72]
Unrealized proposals
Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned asBatman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project withMark Protosevich as screenwriter.[61] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting aLos Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films.[47][73] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script namedBatman Unchained, revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chieflythe Scarecrow,Harley Quinn, and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination.[73][74] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears.[73] Warner Bros. castCoolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in acameo inBatman & Robin.[75] Sequel development collapsed after the failure ofBatman & Robin.[47]
Around the same time, another project titledBatman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise.[73][76] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman.[73] Their story was inspired byThe Dark Knight Returns, featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college.[76] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments inArkham Asylum.[73]Man-Bat features inDarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding.[76] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series.[73][76]
Planned relaunch
At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film.[47] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arcBatman: Year One (1987).[73] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmakerDarren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake.[73][77] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd castClint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City."[78] He joined as director in 2000.[79] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write theBatman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue seriesRonin.[80] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile.[47][73]Christian Bale andFreddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hireJoaquin Phoenix against studio intent, butBatman: Year One never went into production.[81][82] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project.[83]
Alan Horn succeededTerry Semel andBob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films.[47] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent companyTime Warner andAOL in 2001.[84] Although the idea of acrossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriterAndrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001.[85] Warner Bros. engagedWolfgang Petersen to directBatman Vs. Superman, who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft.[47] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions.[85] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical dramaTroy (2004), and Horn clashed with producerLorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises.[47][85] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development ofBatman Vs. Superman unraveled.[85]
In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV programBatman Beyond.[47] They commissionedBoaz Yakin andBatman Beyond creatorsPaul Dini andAlan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment.[47] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media.[73]
A younger Wayne played byArmie Hammer was a subject of aJustice League film known asJustice League: Mortal, which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s.[86][87] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of anindustrywide labor strike by theWriters Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by theAustralian Film Commission.[88][89][90] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film'sadministrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release ofThe Dark Knight (2008).[91][92]
Christopher Nolan was signed to apay-or-play contract as director ofBatman Begins in early 2003,[47][96] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins.[97] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place asTroy director.[98] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiateBatman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies.[99] This encompassed the creation of an updatedBatmobile and an all-blackBatsuit designed for more agile movement.[100][101] Nolan andDavid S. Goyer produced the film's completed script.[102] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character.[47][103] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost forThe Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg).[104][105] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shootingBatman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period.[106] They relied onminiature effects and traditionalstunts during the production, usingcomputer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly.[107] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide.[108][109] Reviews from critics were very positive, andBatman Begins became a candidate forBest Cinematography at the78th Academy Awards.[110][111]
Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming ofBatman Begins.[112] The men worked together to outlineThe Dark Knight's essential plot points for three months.[113] Nolan next assisted his brotherJonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months.[113] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script.[113] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear.[114][115] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts.[116] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis theJoker (Heath Ledger), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorneyHarvey Dent (Aaron Eckhart) and police lieutenantJames Gordon (Gary Oldman).The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008.[117][118] It broke numerous box office records, becoming thehighest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009.[119][120] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two.[121] Ledger's posthumous win forBest Supporting Actor madeThe Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting.[122] In 2020, the United StatesLibrary of Congress selected the film for preservation in theNational Film Registry.[123]
After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to directThe Dark Knight Rises, and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note.[124][125] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting.[126] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan pickedBane (Tom Hardy), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist.[102][127] The director citedMetropolis (1927),Doctor Zhivago (1965),The Battle of Algiers (1966),Prince of the City (1981), andBlade Runner (1982) as major influences onThe Dark Knight Rises's artistic direction.[128] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film withIMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity betweenThe Dark Knight projects.[129] Production lasted from May to November 2011, andThe Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012.[130][131] The film eventually surpassedThe Dark Knight's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics.[132][133]
Press speculation about a sequel toMan of Steel (2013) preceded the46th San Diego Comic-Con.[134][135] At that event, directorZack Snyder announcedBatman v Superman: Dawn of Justice asMan of Steel's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired byThe Dark Knight Returns.[136] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once byChris Terrio, because he was working concurrently on other projects of theDC Extended Universe (DCEU).[137][138] Terrio's script was influenced byThe Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poetW. H. Auden.[139] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman.[140][141]Ben Affleck stars insaid role inDawn of Justice, news of which was confirmed in August 2013.[142] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story.[142] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship.[140] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016.[143][144][145]Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences.[146] At the box office, it emerged as theseventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million.[147]
Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate ofJoe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman.[148][149] TheUS Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film.[150] They hiredWill Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year.[151][152] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015.[153][154] Afterwards,Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production.[155][156][157] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017.[158][159] His replacement,Joss Whedon, made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed asJustice League director.[160][161] The film was shot from April to October 2016,[162][163] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews.[164] It was also abox office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money tobreak-even.[165] AfterJustice League's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference.[166][167]
Given the negative reaction toJustice League, a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film.[160][168] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wifeDeborah.[166][169] That May, it was announced as an official project, adirector's cut titledZack Snyder's Justice League; the film premiered onHBO Max in March 2021.[170][171] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects.[172] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU.[173]Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman.[174]
InSuicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests ofFloyd Lawton / Deadshot (Will Smith) and Harley Quinn (Margot Robbie).[175] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles inThe Flash (2023).[176][177] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck).[177] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage,deepfake effects, andartificial intelligence.[178][179] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity inBatgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022.[180][181]
Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014.[182] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles.[183][184]Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer,[185] creating the story anew withMattson Tomlin andPeter Craig.[186][187][188] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story,[189][190][191] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script.[192] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics andNew Hollywood era films.[c]The Batman universe is separate from theDC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse.[198][199] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film.[200] Speculation in the media favoredRobert Pattinson, and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans.[200][201][202] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances inGood Time (2017) andHigh Life (2018).[200][203] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work.[204] Filmmakers spent over a year shootingThe Batman thanks to theCOVID-19 pandemic, which halted production for five-and-a-half months.[205] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022.[206][207]
The Batman: Part II (2027)
A sequel,The Batman: Part II, was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles.[208][209] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025.[210][211]Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027.[212]
In October 2022,Warner Bros. Discovery formedDC Studios, with filmmakersJames Gunn andPeter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU.[213][214] A Batman film gleaning comic books byGrant Morrison, titledThe Brave and the Bold, was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage sonDamian.[214] Warner Bros. enlistedAndy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sisterBarbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran.[215][216]
Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed byTodd Phillips.[217][218] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman.[219]Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter.[220][221] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played byDante Pereira-Olson).[222]
Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film, including Kevin Conroy (pictured in 2021), Will Arnett, and Troy Baker (both 2025)
Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s.[223] His first appearance was inBatman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced byKevin Conroy.[224] It originated as adirect-to-video release, following the breakout success ofFox's TV adaptation of the character,Batman: The Animated Series, itself influenced by the live-action Burton films.[225]Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music.[226] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022.[227] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League.[223] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case withBatman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films ofThe Lego Movie franchise, in whichWill Arnett portrays the character.[228][229] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, includingJensen Ackles,Michael C. Hall,Roger Craig Smith, andTroy Baker.[230][231] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025.[232]
^This version of the character does not appear as Batman.
^InThe Dark Knight Rises, Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to.
^In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier.
^In theJoker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck.
^Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker.[233]
^abStarting with the93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category.
^Received one award out of two nominations in this category.
^Englehat, Steve."Batman".SteveEnglehart.com.Archived from the original on December 14, 2007. RetrievedNovember 25, 2007.So I got to do the second treatment with just the characters that eventually hit the screen: Bruce Wayne, the Batman, Silver St. Cloud, Boss Thorne, and the Joker.
^abcdefghijklGreenberg, James (May 8, 2005)."Rescuing Batman".Los Angeles Times. p. E-10.Archived from the original on December 2, 2008. RetrievedMay 11, 2019.
^Solomon, Aubrey (1989).Twentieth Century Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. p. 254.ISBN978-0-8108-4244-1.
^"Big Rental Pictures of 1966".Variety. January 4, 1967. p. 8.
Conner, Shawn (2023).Superheroes Smash the Box Office: A Cinema History from the Serials to 21st Century Blockbusters.McFarland & Company.ISBN9781476676661.
Kinnard, Roy (2008).Science Fiction Serials: A Critical Filmography of the 31 Hard SF Cliffhangers; With an Appendix of the 37 Serials with Slight SF Content.McFarland & Company.ISBN9780786437450.
Smith, Matthew J. (2013). Duncan, Randy (ed.).Icons of the American Comic Book: From Captain America to Wonder Woman.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN9798216100577.
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