Kane conceived Batman in early 1939 to capitalize on the popularity ofSuperman; although Kane frequently claimed sole creation credit, Finger substantially developed the concept from a generic superhero into something morebat-like. They drew inspiration frompulp fiction characters likethe Shadow andSherlock Holmes. Batman received aspin-off publication,Batman, in 1940. Kane and Finger introduced Batman as a ruthless vigilante who frequently killed or maimed criminals, but he evolved into a just, tempered superhero with a stringent moral code that prohibits killing during the 1940s. Unlike most superheroes, Batman does not possess anysuperpowers, instead relying on his intellect, fighting skills, and wealth. The 1960sBatman television series used acamp aesthetic, which continued to be associated with Batman for years after it ended. Various creators worked to return Batman to his darker roots in the 1970s and 1980s, culminating with the 1986miniseriesThe Dark Knight Returns byFrank Miller.
DC has featured Batman inmany comic books, including comics published under itsimprints such asVertigo andBlack Label; he has been considered DC's flagship character[4][5]since the 1990s. The longest-running Batman comic,Detective Comics, is the longest-running comic book in the United States. Batman is frequently depicted alongside other DC superheroes, such as Superman andWonder Woman, as a member of organizations such as theJustice League and theOutsiders. In addition to Bruce Wayne, other characters used the Batman persona, such asJean-Paul Valley /Azrael in the 1993–1994 "Knightfall" story arc;Dick Grayson, the first Robin, from 2009 to 2011; andJace Fox, the son of Wayne's allyLucius, since 2021.[6] DC has also published comics featuring alternate versions of Batman, including the incarnation seen inThe Dark Knight Returns and its successors,the incarnation from theFlashpoint (2011) event, and numerous interpretations in comics published under theElseworlds label.
In early 1939, following the success ofSuperman,DC Comics' editors requested more superheroes.[7]Bob Kane created Batman, initially drawing a character with red tights, bat wings, and a domino mask.Bill Finger, a collaborator, made significant contributions by suggesting a cowl, cape, gloves, and a darker costume.[8] The character's alter ego,Bruce Wayne, was inspired by historical figuresRobert the Bruce andMad Anthony Wayne.[9] Batman's early adventures drew inspiration from contemporary pulp fiction and characters like Zorro and the Shadow, establishing Batman as a master detective with a dark, brooding persona driven by the murder of his parents.[10][11]
Batman debuted inDetective Comics #27 in 1939. Early stories were dark, featuring a Batman who did not shy away from killing. The character quickly became popular, leading to his own solo title in 1940. Robin, Batman's sidekick, was introduced in 1940, lightening the tone and boosting sales. Over the next few years, Batman's rogues' gallery expanded with iconic villains like the Joker and Catwoman.The 1950s saw Batman in lighter, science fiction-influenced stories. However, declining sales led to a 1964 revamp by editor Julius Schwartz, who returned Batman to his detective roots and updated his appearance. The 1966 Batman TV series introduced a campy, humorous tone, which was reflected in the comics until its cancellation in 1968. In the 1970s, writers Dennis O'Neil and Neal Adams restored Batman's dark, gritty nature, a trend that continued despite fluctuating sales.
Modern Age and reboots
In theModern Age of Comic Books Batman comics have undergone significant transformations, reflecting changing storytelling trends and audience interests. Beginning with seminal works likeThe Dark Knight Returns in the 1980s,[12] which reintroduced Batman in a grittier, more mature context, the character's narrative evolved to explore deeper themes and darker tones.[13] This period also saw the exploration of Batman's origins and psyche through works likeBatman: Year One,[13][14] andBatman: The Killing Joke, which delved into the complexities of heroism and villainy.[15] In the 1990s, storylines such as "Knightfall" introduced new adversaries like Bane, who physically and mentally challenged Batman, leading to a temporary replacement by Jean-Paul Valley. The aftermath of an earthquake in "No Man's Land" depicted Gotham City in chaos, further pushing Batman to new limits of heroism and survival.[16] Entering the 21st century,Grant Morrison's influential run introducedDamian Wayne as Batman's son and heir, bringing familial dynamics and a new generation of challenges to the forefront. Morrison's storytelling also delved into surreal and existential themes, such as inBatman R.I.P. andFinal Crisis, which tested Batman's resolve and sanity against cosmic threats and personal demons.[17][18]The New 52 reboot in 2011 refreshed Batman's continuity while preserving core elements of his character. This era introduced modern interpretations of classic storylines, likeNight of the Owls, where Batman confronts the Court of Owls, a clandestine society controlling Gotham for centuries. The chilling return of the Joker in "Death of the Family" explored the intricate relationships within Batman's extended family of allies and adversaries. More recent developments under DC Rebirth and Infinite Frontier have continued to evolve Batman's universe, exploring new characters likeGotham andGotham Girl, and tackling contemporary issues within the context of Gotham City's ever-evolving landscape of crime and heroism.[19]
DC Comics concept art of Bruce Wayne by Mikel Janín
Batman'ssecret identity is Bruce Wayne, a wealthy American industrialist. As a child, Bruce witnessed the murder of his parents,Dr. Thomas Wayne andMartha Wayne, which ultimately led him to craft the Batman persona and seek justice against criminals. He resides on the outskirts of Gotham City in his personal residence,Wayne Manor. Wayne averts suspicion by acting the part of a superficial playboy idly living off his family's fortune and the profits ofWayne Enterprises, his inherited conglomerate.[20][21] He supports philanthropic causes through his nonprofit Wayne Foundation, which in part addresses social issues encouraging crime as well as assisting victims of it, but is more widely known as a celebrity socialite.[22] In public, he frequently appears in the company of high-status women, which encourages tabloid gossip while feigning near-drunkenness with consuming large quantities of disguisedginger ale since Wayne is actually a strictteetotaler to maintain his physical and mental prowess.[23] Although Bruce Wayne leads an active romantic life, his vigilante activities as Batman account for most of his time.[24] While Bruce Wayne is never depicted as being especially religious, he is ethnicallyJewish on his mother's side;[25][26] his maternal cousinBatwoman (Kate Kane) is practising. His father,Thomas, raised Bruce as a Christian, but as an adult he doesn't follow any religion.[25][27]
Various modern stories have portrayed the extravagant, playboy image of Bruce Wayne as a facade.[28] This is in contrast to the Post-Crisis Superman, whoseClark Kent persona is the true identity, while the Superman persona is the facade.[29][30] InBatman Unmasked, a television documentary about the psychology of the character, behavioral scientistBenjamin Karney notes that Batman's personality is driven by Bruce Wayne's inherent humanity; that "Batman, for all its benefits and for all of the time Bruce Wayne devotes to it, is ultimately a tool for Bruce Wayne's efforts to make the world better". Bruce Wayne's principles include the desire to prevent future harm and a vow not to kill. Bruce Wayne believes that our actions define us, we fail for a reason, and anything is possible.[31]
Writers of Batman and Superman stories have often compared and contrasted the two. Interpretations vary depending on the writer, the story, and the timing. Grant Morrison[32] notes that both heroes "believe in the same kind of things" despite the day/night contrast their heroic roles display. Morrison notes an equally stark contrast in their real identities. Bruce Wayne and Clark Kent belong to different social classes: "Bruce has a butler, Clark has a boss." T. James Musler's bookUnleashing the Superhero in Us All explores the extent to which Bruce Wayne's vast personal wealth is important in his life story, and the crucial role it plays in his efforts as Batman.[33]
Will Brooker notes in his bookBatman Unmasked that "the confirmation of the Batman's identity lies with the young audience ...he doesn't have to be Bruce Wayne; he just needs the suit and gadgets, the abilities, and most importantly the morality, the humanity. There's just a sense about him: 'they trust him ...and they're never wrong."[34]
Personality
Batman's primary character traits can be summarized as"wealth; physical prowess; deductive abilities and obsession".[35] The details and tone of Batman comic books have varied over the years with different creative teams. Dennis O'Neil noted that character consistency was not a major concern during early editorial regimes: "Julie Schwartz did a Batman inBatman andDetective andMurray Boltinoff did a Batman in theBrave and the Bold and apart from the costume they bore very little resemblance to each other. Julie and Murray did not want to coordinate their efforts, nor were they asked to do so. Continuity was not important in those days."[36]
The driving force behind Bruce Wayne's character is his parents' murder and their absence. Bob Kane and Bill Finger discussed Batman's background and decided that "there's nothing more traumatic than having your parents murdered before your eyes".[37] Despite his trauma, he sets his mind on studying to become a scientist[38][39] and to train his body into physical perfection[38][39] to fight crime inGotham City as Batman, an inspired idea from Wayne's insight into the criminal mind.[38][39] He also speaks over 40 languages.[40]
Another of Batman's characterizations is that of a vigilante; in order to stop evil that started with the death of his parents, he must sometimes break the law himself. Although manifested differently by being re-told by different artists, it is nevertheless that the details and the prime components of Batman's origin have never varied at all in the comic books, the "reiteration of the basic origin events holds together otherwise divergent expressions".[41] The origin is the source of the character's traits and attributes, which play out in many of the character's adventures.[35]
Batman is often treated as a vigilante by other characters in his stories. Frank Miller views the character as "adionysian figure, a force foranarchy that imposes an individual order".[42] Dressed as a bat, Batman deliberately cultivates a frightening persona in order to aid him in crime-fighting,[43] a fear that originates from the criminals' own guiltyconscience.[44] Miller is often credited with reintroducing anti-heroic traits into Batman's characterization,[45] such as his brooding personality, willingness to use violence and torture, and increasingly alienated behavior. Batman, shortly a year after his debut and the introduction of Robin, was changed in 1940 after DC editor Whitney Ellsworth felt the character would be tainted by his lethal methods and DC established their own ethical code, subsequently he was retconned to have a stringent moral code,[46][47] which has stayed with the character of Batman ever since. Miller's Batman was closer to the original pre-Robin version, who was willing to kill criminals if necessary.[48]
Others
On several occasions former RobinDick Grayson has served as Batman; most notably in 2009 while Wayne was believed dead, and served as a second Batman even after Wayne returned in 2010.[49] As part of DC's2011 continuity relaunch, Grayson returned to being Nightwing following theFlashpoint crossover event.
In an interview withIGN, Morrison detailed that having Dick Grayson as Batman andDamian Wayne as Robin represented a "reverse" of the normal dynamic between Batman and Robin, with, "a more light-hearted and spontaneous Batman and a scowling, badass Robin". Morrison explained their intentions for the new characterization of Batman: "Dick Grayson is kind of this consummate superhero. The guy has been Batman's partner since he was a kid, he's led theTeen Titans, and he's trained with everybody in the DC Universe. So he's a very different kind of Batman. He's a lot easier; He's a lot looser and more relaxed."[50]
Over the years, there have been numerous others to assume the name of Batman, or to officially take over for Bruce during his leaves of absence. Jean-Paul Valley, also known asAzrael, assumed the cowl after the events of theKnightfall saga.[49]Jim Gordon donned a mecha-suit after the events ofBatman: Endgame, and served as Batman in 2015 and 2016. In 2021, as part of theFear State crossover event,Lucius Fox's sonJace Fox succeeds Bruce as Batman in a 2021 storyline, depicted in the seriesI Am Batman, after Batman was declared dead.
Additionally, members of the groupBatman Incorporated, Bruce Wayne's experiment at franchising his brand of vigilantism, have at times stood in as the official Batman in cities around the world.[49] Various others have also taken up the role of Batman in stories set in alternative universes and possible futures, including, among them, various former proteges of Bruce Wayne.
Batman faces a variety of foes ranging from common criminals to outlandish supervillains. Many of them mirror aspects of the Batman's character and development, often having tragic origin stories that lead them to a life of crime.[51] These foes are commonly referred to as Batman'srogues gallery. Batman's "most implacable foe" is theJoker, a homicidal maniac with a clown-like appearance. The Joker is considered by critics to be his perfect adversary, since he is the antithesis of Batman in personality and appearance; the Joker has a maniacal demeanor with a colorful appearance, while Batman has a serious and resolute demeanor with a dark appearance. As a "personification of the irrational", the Joker represents "everything Batman [opposes]".[52] Other long-time recurring foes that are part of Batman's rogues gallery includeCatwoman (acat burglar anti-heroine who is variously an ally and romantic interest), thePenguin,Ra's al Ghul,Two-Face (Harvey Dent), theRiddler, theScarecrow,Mr. Freeze,Poison Ivy,Harley Quinn,Bane,Clayface, andKiller Croc, among others. Many of Batman's adversaries are often psychiatric patients atArkham Asylum.
Allies
Alfred Pennyworth, Batman's loyalbutler and father figure, first appeared inBatman #16 (1943). After Bruce Wayne's parents were killed, Alfred raised Bruce and became one of the few people to know his secret identity. He is often portrayed as a steadying presence in Bruce's life, offering both emotional support and practical assistance in Batman's crime-fighting endeavors. More than just a caretaker, Alfred is a trusted ally and sometimes sidekick, sharingWayne Manor with Bruce and contributing to Batman's mission.[51]
One of Batman's most crucial allies is CommissionerJames Gordon. Their relationship is built on mutual respect and a shared commitment to justice in Gotham City. InBatman: Year One, Gordon and Batman learn to trust each other, which transforms their efforts against crime into a more effective partnership. Gordon's perspective as a police officer complements Batman's vigilantism, allowing them to tackle Gotham's challenges together. Another important ally is theJustice League, which further emphasizes the importance of collaboration. Batman's relationship with Superman showcases how their contrasting ideologies can complement each other. In stories likeWorld's Finest, their friendship highlights how Batman's methods benefit from Superman's optimism and strength.[53]
Robin, Batman's vigilante partner, has been a widely recognized supporting character for many years; each iteration of the Robin character, of which there have been five in the mainstream continuity, function as members of the Batman family, but additionally, as Batman's "central" sidekick in various media.[54] Bill Finger stated that he wanted to include Robin because "Batman didn't have anyone to talk to, and it got a little tiresome always having him thinking."[55] The first Robin,Dick Grayson, was introduced in 1940. In the 1970s he finally grew up, went off to college and became the heroNightwing. A second Robin,Jason Todd was introduced in the 1980s, following Dick Grayson's departure from the role. Initially impulsive and rebellious, Jason's tenure as Robin was controversial among fans. In 1988, DC held a fan vote to determine his fate in the iconicA Death in the Family storyline, where theJoker brutally beat Jason with acrowbar and left him to die in an explosion. The fans voted for his death. However, Jason was later resurrected and returned as the antiheroRed Hood.[56]
The third Robin in the mainstream comics isTim Drake, who first appeared in 1989. He went on to star in his own comic series, and goes by the nameRed Robin, a variation on the traditional Robin persona. In the first decade of the new millennium,Stephanie Brown served as the fourth in-universe Robin between stints as her self-made vigilante identity the Spoiler, and later asBatgirl.[57] After Brown's apparent death, Drake resumed the role of Robin for a time. The role eventually passed toDamian Wayne, the 10-year-old son of Bruce Wayne andTalia al Ghul, in the late 2000s.[58] Damian's tenure asdu jour Robin ended when the character was killed off in the pages ofBatman Incorporated in 2013.[59] Batman's next young sidekick isHarper Row, a streetwise young woman who avoids the name Robin but followed theornithological theme nonetheless; she debuted the codename and identity of theBluebird in 2014. Unlike the Robins, the Bluebird is willing and permitted to use a gun, albeitnon-lethal; her weapon of choice is a modified rifle that fires taser rounds.[60] In 2015, a new series began titledWe Are...Robin, focused on a group of teenagers using the Robin persona to fight crime in Gotham City. The most prominent of these, Duke Thomas, later becomes Batman's crimefighting partner asThe Signal.[61]
Romantic interests
Batman's romantic history spans decades, filled with relationships that reflect his struggle between personal happiness and his duty as Gotham's protector. His first love interest wasJulie Madison, introduced inDetective Comics #31 (1939). Though engaged to Bruce Wayne, she left due to his distant and playboy persona, highlighting the conflict between Bruce's dual life and his desire for a normal relationship.[62]
Selina Kyle, also known asCatwoman, is perhaps the most notable figure in Batman's romantic history. Debuting inBatman #1 (1940), their relationship is characterized by a blend of romance and rivalry. Over the years, they have shared intense connections, often navigating the fine line between love and conflict. Their relationship culminated in an engagement during theDC Rebirth.[62]
Another important figure isVicki Vale, a journalist introduced inBatman #49 (1948). Vicki's attempts to uncover Batman's true identity lead to a complicated romantic involvement that waxed and waned over the years, especially during the early 1980s when their relationship became more serious.[62]
Talia al Ghul, introduced inDetective Comics #411 (1971), is another key player in Batman's love life. Their relationship is fraught with conflict due to her father,Ra's al Ghul, and his criminal ambitions. Despite the challenges, their love story resulted in the birth ofDamian Wayne, who would grow to become the latestRobin and add a new layer of complexity to Batman's character.[62]
Additionally, Batman's relationship with Wonder Woman has been explored in various storylines, including a passionate kiss inJLA (2003) during a moment of crisis. However, their relationship remains largely unexplored, often overshadowed by their respective commitments.[63]
One of the most controversial romantic pairings emerged from the animated adaptation ofBatman: The Killing Joke (2016), which depicted a brief romantic involvement between Batman andBatgirl (Barbara Gordon). This portrayal sparked significant criticism among fans, reflecting the challenges and complexities of Batman's romantic entanglements over the years.[64]
Abilities
Skills and training
Batman has no inherent superhuman powers; he relies on "his own scientific knowledge, detective skills, and athletic prowess".[65] Batman's inexhaustible wealth gives him access to advanced technologies, and as a proficientscientist, he is able to use and modify these technologies to his advantage. In the stories, Batman is regarded as one of the world's greatest detectives, if not the world's greatest crime solver.[66] Batman has been repeatedly described as having a genius-level intellect, being one of the greatest martial artists in the DC Universe, and having peak human physical and mental conditioning.[67] As apolymath, his knowledge and expertise in countless disciplines is nearly unparalleled by any other character in the DC Universe. He has shown prowess in assorted fields such as mathematics, biology, physics, chemistry, and several levels of engineering.[68] He has traveled the world acquiring the skills needed to aid him in his endeavors as Batman. In theSuperman: Doomed story arc, Superman considers Batman to be one of the most brilliant minds on the planet.[69]
Batman has trained extensively in various fighting styles, making him one of the best hand-to-hand fighters in the DC Universe. He possesses aphotographic memory,[70] and has fully utilized hisphotographic memory to master a total of 127 forms of martial arts.[71] In terms of his physical condition, Batman is described as peak human and far beyond an Olympic-athlete-level condition, able to perform feats such as easily running across rooftops in aParkour-esque fashion, pressing thousands of pounds regularly, and even bench pressing six hundred pounds of soil and coffin in a poisoned and starved state. Superman describes Batman as "the most dangerous man on Earth", able to defeat an entire team of superpowered extraterrestrials by himself in order to rescue his imprisoned teammates in Grant Morrison's first storyline inJLA.
Batman is strongly disciplined, and he has the ability to function under great physical pain and resist most forms oftelepathy andmind control. He is a master ofdisguise, multilingual, and an expert inespionage, often gathering information under the identity of a notorious gangster named Matches Malone. Batman is highly skilled in stealth movement andescapology, which allows him to appear and disappear at will and to break free of nearly inescapabledeathtraps with little to no harm. He is also a master strategist, considered DC's greatest tactician, with numerous plans in preparation for almost any eventuality.
Batman is an expert ininterrogation techniques and hisintimidating and frightening appearance alone is often all that is needed in getting information from suspects. Despite having the potential to harm his enemies, Batman's most defining characteristic is his strong commitment to justice and his reluctance to take a life. This unyielding moral rectitude has earned him the respect of several heroes in the DC Universe, most notably that ofSuperman andWonder Woman.
Among physical and other crime fighting related training, he is also proficient at other types of skills. Some of these include being a licensed pilot (in order to operate theBatplane), as well as being able to operate other types of machinery. In some publications, he even underwent some magician training.
Technology
Batman utilizes a vast arsenal of specialized, high-tech vehicles and gadgets in his war against crime, the designs of which usually share a bat motif. Batman historianLes Daniels creditsGardner Fox with creating the concept of Batman's arsenal with the introduction of the utility belt inDetective Comics #29 (July 1939) and the first bat-themed weapons thebatarang and the "Batgyro" inDetective Comics #31 and 32 (Sept. and October 1939).[72]
Batman'sbatsuit aids in his combat against enemies, having the properties of bothKevlar andNomex. It protects him from gunfire and other significant impacts, and incorporates the imagery of a bat in order to frighten criminals.[73]
The details of the Batman costume change repeatedly through various decades, stories, media and artists' interpretations, but the most distinctive elements remain consistent: a scallop-hem cape; a cowl covering most of the face; a pair of bat-like ears; a stylized bat emblem on the chest; and the ever-present utility belt. His gloves typically feature three scallops that protrude from long, gauntlet-like cuffs, although in his earliest appearances he wore short, plain gloves without the scallops.[74] The overall look of the character, particularly the length of the cowl's ears and of the cape, varies greatly depending on the artist. Dennis O'Neil said, "We now say that Batman has two hundred suits hanging in the Batcave so they don't have to look the same ...Everybody loves to draw Batman, and everybody wants to put their own spin on it."[75]
Finger and Kane originally conceptualized Batman as having a black cape and cowl and grey suit, but conventions in coloring called for black to be highlighted with blue.[73] Hence, the costume's colors have appeared in the comics as dark blue and grey;[73] as well as black and grey. In theTim Burton'sBatman andBatman Returns films, Batman has been depicted as completely black with a bat in the middle surrounded by a yellow background.Christopher Nolan'sThe Dark Knight Trilogy depicted Batman wearing high-tech gear painted completely black with a black bat in the middle.Ben Affleck's Batman in theDC Extended Universe films wears a suit grey in color with a black cowl, cape, and bat symbol. Seemingly following the suit of the DC Extended Universe outfit,Robert Pattinson's uniform inThe Batman restores the more traditional gray bodysuit and black appendage design, notably different from prior iterations by mostly utilizing real world armor and apparel pieces from modern military and motorcycle gear.
Batman's primary vehicle is theBatmobile, which is usually depicted as an imposing black car, often withtailfins that suggest a bat's wings.
Batman also has an aircraft called theBatplane (originally a relatively traditionally, but bat-motifed plane, later seen as the much more unique "Batwing" starting inthe 1989 film), along with various other means of transportation.
In proper practice, the "bat" prefix (as in Batmobile or batarang) is rarely used by Batman himself when referring to his equipment, particularly after some portrayals (primarily the 1960sBatman live-action television show and theSuper Friends animated series) stretched the practice tocampy proportions. For example, the 1960s television show depicted a Batboat,Bat-Sub, and Batcycle, among other bat-themed vehicles. The 1960s television series Batman has an arsenal that includes such "bat-" names as the Bat-computer, Bat-scanner, bat-radar, bat-cuffs, bat-pontoons, bat-drinking water dispenser, bat-camera with polarized bat-filter, bat-shark repellent bat-spray, and Bat-rope. The storyline "A Death in the Family" suggests that given Batman's grim nature, he is unlikely to have adopted the "bat" prefix on his own. InThe Dark Knight Returns, Batman tellsCarrie Kelley that the original Robin came up with the name "Batmobile" when he was young, since that is what a kid would call Batman's vehicle.
The Batmobile, which was before frequently depicted to resemble asports car, was redesigned in 2011 when DC Comicsrelaunched its entire line of comic books, with the Batmobile being given heavier armor and new aesthetics.
Batman keeps most of his field equipment in hisutility belt. Over the years it has shown to contain an assortment of crime-fighting tools, weapons, and investigative and technological instruments. Different versions of the belt have these items stored in compartments, often as pouches or hard cylinders attached evenly around it.
Sincethe 1989 film, Batman is often depicted as carrying a projectile which shoots a retractable grappling hook attached to a cable (before this, a he employed a traditionally thrown grappling hook.) This allows him to attach to distant objects, be propelled into the air, and thus swing from the rooftops of Gotham City.
An exception to the range of Batman's equipment are handguns, which he refuses to use on principle, since a gun was used in his parents' murder. In modern stories in terms of his vehicles, Batman compromises on that principle to install weapon systems on them for the purpose of non-lethally disabling other vehicles, forcing entry into locations and attacking dangerous targets too large to defeat by other means.
When Batman is needed, the Gotham City police activate asearchlight with a bat-shaped insignia over the lens called the Bat-Signal, which shines into the night sky, creating a bat-symbol on a passing cloud which can be seen from any point in Gotham. The origin of the signal varies, depending on the continuity and medium.
In various incarnations, most notably the 1960sBatman TV series, Commissioner Gordon also has a dedicated phone line, dubbed the Bat-Phone, connected to a bright red telephone (in the TV series) which sits on a wooden base and has a transparent top. The line connects directly to Batman's residence,Wayne Manor, specifically both to a similar phone sitting on the desk in Bruce Wayne's study and the extension phone in the Batcave.
The Batcave is Batman's secret headquarters, consisting of a series of caves beneath his mansion,Wayne Manor. As his command center, the Batcave serves multiple purposes; supercomputer, surveillance, redundant power-generators, forensics lab, medical infirmary, private study, training dojo, fabrication workshop, arsenal, hangar and garage. It houses the vehicles and equipment Batman uses in his campaign to fight crime. It is also a trophy room and storage facility for Batman's unique memorabilia collected over the years from various cases he has worked on.
Batman's history has undergone manyretroactive continuity revisions, both minor and major. Elements of the character's history have varied greatly. ScholarsWilliam Uricchio and Roberta E. Pearson noted in the early 1990s, "Unlike some fictional characters, the Batman has no primary urtext set in a specific period, but has rather existed in a plethora of equally valid texts constantly appearing over more than five decades."[76]
The central fixed event in the Batman stories is the character'sorigin story.[35] As a young boy, Bruce Wayne was horrified and traumatized when he watched his parents, the physician Dr.Thomas Wayne and his wifeMartha, murdered with a gun by a mugger namedJoe Chill. Batman refuses to utilize any sort of gun on the principle that a gun was used to murder his parents. This event drove him to train his body to its peak condition and fight crime inGotham City as Batman. Pearson and Uricchio also noted beyond the origin story and such events as the introduction of Robin, "Until recently, the fixed and accruing and hence, canonized, events have been few in number",[35] a situation altered by an increased effort by later Batman editors such as Dennis O'Neil to ensure consistency and continuity between stories.[77]
In Batman's first appearance inDetective Comics #27, he is already operating as a crime-fighter.[78] Batman's origin is first presented inDetective Comics #33 (November 1939) and is later expanded upon inBatman #47. As these comics state, Bruce Wayne is born to Dr. Thomas Wayne and his wife Martha, two very wealthy and charitableGotham City socialites. Bruce is brought up inWayne Manor, and leads a happy and privileged existence until the age of 8, when his parents are killed by a small-time criminal namedJoe Chill while on their way home from a movie theater. That night, Bruce Wayne swears an oath to spend his life fighting crime. He engages in intense intellectual and physical training; however, he realizes that these skills alone would not be enough. "Criminals are a superstitious cowardly lot", Wayne remarks, "so my disguise must be able to strike terror into their hearts. I must be a creature of the night, black, terrible ..." As if responding to his desires, abat suddenly flies through the window, inspiring Bruce to craft the Batman persona.[79]
In early strips, Batman's career as a vigilante earns him the ire of the police. During this period, Bruce Wayne has a fiancé namedJulie Madison.[80] InDetective Comics #38, Wayne takes in an orphaned circus acrobat,Dick Grayson, who becomes his vigilante partner,Robin. Batman also becomes a founding member of theJustice Society of America,[81] although he, like Superman, is an honorary member,[82] and thus only participates occasionally. Batman's relationship with the law thaws quickly, and he is made an honorary member ofGotham City's police department.[83] During this time,Alfred Pennyworth arrives at Wayne Manor, and after deducing the Dynamic Duo's secret identities, joins their service as their butler.[84]
Silver Age
TheSilver Age of Comic Books in DC Comics is sometimes held to have begun in 1956 when the publisher introducedBarry Allen as a new, updated version of theFlash. Batman is not significantly changed by the late 1950s for the continuity which would be later referred to asEarth-One. The lighter tone Batman had taken in the period between the Golden and Silver Ages led to the stories of the late 1950s and early 1960s that often feature many science-fiction elements, and Batman is not significantly updated in the manner of other characters untilDetective Comics #327 (May 1964), in which Batman reverts to his detective roots, with most science-fiction elements jettisoned from the series.
After the introduction of DC Comics'Multiverse in the 1960s, DC established that stories from the Golden Age star theEarth-Two Batman, a character from a parallel world. This version of Batman partners with and marries the reformed Earth-Two Catwoman (Selina Kyle). The two have a daughter,Helena Wayne, who becomes the Huntress. She assumes the position as Gotham's protector along with Dick Grayson, theEarth-Two Robin, once Bruce Wayne retires to become police commissioner. Wayne holds the position of police commissioner until he is killed during one final adventure as Batman. Batman titles, however, often ignored that a distinction had been made between the pre-revamp and post-revamp Batmen (since unlike the Flash orGreen Lantern, Batman comics had been published without interruption through the 1950s) and would occasionally make reference to stories from the Golden Age.[85] Nevertheless, details of Batman's history were altered or expanded upon through the decades. Additions include meetings with a future Superman during his youth, his upbringing by his uncle Philip Wayne (introduced inBatman #208 (February 1969)) after his parents' death, and appearances of his father and himself as prototypical versions of Batman and Robin, respectively.[86][87] In 1980, then-editorPaul Levitz commissioned theUntold Legend of the Batmanminiseries to thoroughly chronicle Batman's origin and history.
Batman meets and regularly works with other heroes during the Silver Age, most notably Superman, whom he began regularly working alongside in a series of team-ups inWorld's Finest Comics, starting in 1954 and continuing through the series' cancellation in 1986. Batman and Superman are usually depicted as close friends. As a founding member of theJustice League of America, Batman appears in its first story, in 1960'sThe Brave and the Bold #28. In the 1970s and 1980s,The Brave and the Bold became a Batman title, in which Batman teams up with a differentDC Universe superhero each month.
Bronze Age
In 1969, Dick Grayson attends college as part of DC Comics' effort to revise the Batman comics. Additionally, Batman also moves from his mansion,Wayne Manor into apenthouse apartment atop the Wayne Foundation building in downtown Gotham City, in order to be closer to Gotham City's crime. In 1974's "Night of the Stalker" storyline, a diploma on the wall reveals Bruce Wayne as a graduate ofYale Law School.[88] Batman spends the 1970s and early 1980s mainly working solo, with occasional team-ups with Robin or Batgirl. Batman's adventures also become somewhat darker and more grim during this period, depicting increasingly violent crimes, including the first appearance (since the early Golden Age) of the Joker as a homicidalpsychopath, and the arrival ofRa's al Ghul, a centuries-old terrorist who knows Batman's secret identity. In the 1980s, Dick Grayson becomesNightwing.[89]
In the final issue ofThe Brave and the Bold in 1983, Batman quits the Justice League and forms a new group called theOutsiders. He serves as the team's leader untilBatman and the Outsiders #32 (1986) and the comic subsequently changed its title.
Modern Age
After the 12-issueminiseriesCrisis on Infinite Earths, DC Comicsretconned the histories of some major characters in an attempt at updating them for contemporary audiences. Frank Miller retold Batman's origin in the storyline "Year One" fromBatman #404–407, which emphasizes a grittier tone in the character.[90] Though the Earth-Two Batman is erased from history, many stories of Batman's Silver Age/Earth-One career (along with an amount of Golden Age ones) remain canonical in the Post-Crisis universe, with his origins remaining the same in essence, despite alteration. For example, Gotham's police are mostly corrupt, setting up further need for Batman's existence. The guardian Phillip Wayne is removed, leaving young Bruce to be raised by Alfred Pennyworth. Additionally, Batman is no longer a founding member of the Justice League of America, although he becomes leader for a short time of a new incarnation of the team launched in 1987. To help fill in the revised backstory for Batman followingCrisis, DC launched a new Batman title calledLegends of the Dark Knight in 1989 and has published various miniseries and one-shot stories since then that largely take place during the "Year One" period.[91]
Subsequently, Batman begins exhibiting an excessive, reckless approach to his crimefighting, a result of the pain of losingJason Todd. Batman works solo until the decade's close, whenTim Drake becomes the new Robin.[92]
Many of the major Batman storylines since the 1990s have been intertitle crossovers that run for a number of issues. In 1993, DC published "Knightfall". During the storyline's first phase, the new villain Bane paralyzes Batman, leading Wayne to askAzrael to take on the role. After the end of "Knightfall", the storylines split in two directions, following both the Azrael-Batman's adventures, and Bruce Wayne's quest to become Batman once more. The story arcs realign in "KnightsEnd", as Azrael becomes increasingly violent and is defeated by a healed Bruce Wayne. Wayne hands the Batman mantle to Dick Grayson (then Nightwing) for an interim period, while Wayne trains for a return to the role.[93]
The 1994 company-wide crossover storylineZero Hour: Crisis in Time! changes aspects of DC continuity again, including those of Batman. Noteworthy among these changes is that the general populace and the criminal element now consider Batman an urban legend rather than a known force.
Batman once again becomes a member of theJustice League during Grant Morrison's 1996 relaunch of the series, titledJLA. During this time, Gotham City faces catastrophe in the decade's closing crossover arc. In 1998's "Cataclysm" storyline, Gotham City is devastated by an earthquake and ultimately cut off from the United States. Deprived of many of his technological resources, Batman fights to reclaim the city from legions of gangs during 1999's "No Man's Land".
Meanwhile, Batman's relationship with the Gotham City Police Department changed for the worse with the events of "Batman: Officer Down" and "Batman: War Games/War Crimes"; Batman's long-time law enforcement allies Commissioner Gordon andHarvey Bullock are forced out of the police department in "Officer Down", while "War Games" and "War Crimes" saw Batman become a wanted fugitive after a contingency plan of his to neutralize Gotham City's criminal underworld is accidentally triggered, resulting in a massive gang war that ends with thesadisticBlack Mask the undisputed ruler of the city's criminal gangs.Lex Luthor arranges for the murder of Batman's on-again, off-again love interest Vesper Lynd (introduced in the mid-1990s) during the "Bruce Wayne: Murderer?" and "Bruce Wayne: Fugitive" story arcs. Though Batman is able to clear his name, he loses another ally in the form of his new bodyguard Sasha, who is recruited into the organization known as "Checkmate" while stuck in prison due to her refusal to turn state's evidence against her employer. While he was unable to prove that Luthor was behind the murder of Vesper, Batman does get his revenge with help fromTalia al Ghul inSuperman/Batman #1–6.
21st century
2000s
DC Comics' 2005miniseriesIdentity Crisis reveals that JLA memberZatanna had edited Batman's memories to prevent him from stopping the Justice League fromlobotomizingDr. Light after he rapedSue Dibny. Batman later creates theBrother I satellite surveillance system to watch over and, if necessary, kill the other heroes after he remembered. The revelation of Batman's creation and his tacit responsibility for the Blue Beetle's death becomes a driving force in the lead-up to theInfinite Crisis miniseries, which again restructures DC continuity. Batman and a team of superheroes destroy Brother EYE and the OMACs, though, at the very end, Batman reaches his apparent breaking point when Alexander Luthor Jr. seriously wounds Nightwing. Picking up a gun, Batman nearly shoots Luthor in order to avenge his former sidekick, until Wonder Woman convinces him to not pull the trigger.
FollowingInfinite Crisis, Bruce Wayne, Dick Grayson (having recovered from his wounds), and Tim Drake retrace the steps Bruce had taken when he originally left Gotham City, to "rebuild Batman".[94] In theFace the Face storyline, Batman and Robin return to Gotham City after their year-long absence. Part of this absence is captured during Week 30 of the52 series, which shows Batman fighting his inner demons.[95] Later on in52, Batman is shown undergoing an intensemeditation ritual inNanda Parbat. This becomes an important part of the regularBatman title, which reveals that Batman is reborn as a more effective crime fighter while undergoing this ritual, having "hunted down and ate" the last traces of fear in his mind.[96][97] At the end of the "Face the Face" story arc, Bruce officially adopts Tim (who had lost both of his parents at various points in the character's history) as his son.[98] The follow-up story arc inBatman,Batman and Son, introducesDamian Wayne, who is Batman's son withTalia al Ghul. Although originally, inBatman: Son of the Demon, Bruce's coupling with Talia was implied to be consensual, this arc retconned it into Talia forcing herself on Bruce.[99]
Batman, along with Superman and Wonder Woman, reforms the Justice League in the newJustice League of America series,[100] and is leading the newest incarnation of theOutsiders.[101]
Grant Morrison's 2008 storyline, "Batman R.I.P." featured Batman being physically and mentally broken by the enigmatic villainDoctor Hurt and attracted news coverage in advance of its highly promoted conclusion, which would speculated to feature the death of Bruce Wayne.[102] However, though Batman is shown to possibly perish at the end of the arc, the two-issue arc "Last Rites", which leads into the crossover storyline "Final Crisis", shows that Batman survives his helicopter crash into the Gotham City River and returns to the Batcave, only to be summoned to the Hall of Justice by the JLA to help investigate theNew GodOrion's death. The story ends with Batman retrieving the god-killing bullet used to kill Orion, setting up its use in "Final Crisis".[103] In the pages ofFinal Crisis Batman is reduced to a charred skeleton.[104] InFinal Crisis #7, Wayne is shown witnessing the passing of the first man,Anthro.[105][106] Wayne's "death" sets up the three-issueBattle for the Cowl miniseries in which Wayne's ex-proteges compete for the "right" to assume the role of Batman, which concludes with Grayson becoming Batman,[107] while Tim Drake takes on the identity of theRed Robin.[108] Dick and Damian continue as Batman and Robin, and in the crossover storyline "Blackest Night", what appears to be Bruce's corpse is reanimated as aBlack Lanternzombie,[109] but is later shown that Bruce's corpse is one of Darkseid's failed Batman clones. Dick and Batman's other friends conclude that Bruce is alive.[110][111]
2010s
Bruce subsequently returned in Morrison's miniseriesBatman: The Return of Bruce Wayne, which depicted his travels through time fromprehistory to present-day Gotham.[112][113][114] Bruce's return set upBatman Incorporated, an ongoing series which focused on Wayne franchising the Batman identity across the globe, allowing Dick and Damian to continue as Gotham's Dynamic Duo. Bruce publicly announced that Wayne Enterprises will aid Batman on his mission, known as "Batman, Incorporated". However, due to rebooted continuity that occurred as part of DC Comics' 2011 relaunch of all of its comic books,The New 52, Dick Grayson was restored as Nightwing with Wayne serving as the sole Batman once again. The relaunch also interrupted the publication ofBatman, Incorporated, which resumed its story in 2012–2013 with changes to suit the new status quo.
The New 52
DuringThe New 52, all of DC's continuity was reset and the timeline was changed, making Batman the first superhero to emerge. This emergence took place duringZero Year, where Bruce Wayne returns to Gotham and becomes Batman, fighting the original Red Hood[115] and the Riddler.[116] In the present day, Batman discovers theCourt of Owls, a secret organization operating in Gotham for decades.[117] Batman somewhat defeats the Court by defeating Owlman,[118] although the Court continues to operate on a smaller scale.[119] The Joker returns after losing the skin on his face (as shown in the opening issue of the second volume ofDetective Comics) and attempts to kill the Batman's allies, though he is stopped by Batman.[120] After some time, Joker returns again, and both he and Batman die while fighting each other.Jim Gordon temporarily becomes Batman, using a high-tech suit, while it is revealed that an amnesiac Bruce Wayne is still alive.[citation needed] Gordon attempts to fight a new villain calledMr. Bloom, while Wayne, regains his memories with the help ofAlfred Pennyworth andJulie Madison. Once with his memories, Wayne becomes Batman again and defeats Mr. Bloom with the help of Gordon.[citation needed]
DC Rebirth
Batman on the variant cover ofDetective Comics#1000 (May 2019). Art byJason Fabok.
The timeline was reset again duringRebirth, although no significant changes were made to the Batman mythos.[citation needed] Batman meets two new superheroes operating in Gotham named Gotham and Gotham Girl.Psycho-Pirate gets into Gotham's head and turns against Batman, and is finally defeated when he is killed. This event is very traumatic for Gotham Girl and she begins to lose her sanity.[121]
Batman forms his ownSuicide Squad, including Catwoman, and attempts to take downBane. The mission is successful, and Batman breaks Bane's back.[122] Batman proposes to Catwoman.
After healing from his wounds, an angry Bane travels to Gotham, where he fights Batman and loses.[123] Batman then tells Catwoman about the War of Jokes and Riddles, and she agrees to marry him.[124] Bane takes control of Arkham Asylum and manipulates Catwoman into leaving Wayne before the wedding.[125] This causes Wayne to become very angry, and, as Batman, lashes out against criminals, nearly killing Mr. Freeze.[126]
Batman learns of Bane's control over Arkham and teams up with the Penguin to stop him.[127] Bane captures Batman, and Scarecrow causes him to hallucinate, although he eventually breaks free.[128] Batman escapes and reunites with Catwoman, while Bane captures and kills Alfred Pennyworth. Batman returns and defeats Bane, although too late to save Alfred. Gotham Girl prompts him to marry Catwoman.[129]
It is revealed that the Joker who was working for Bane was reallyClayface in disguise. The real Joker has been plotting a master plan to take over Gotham. This plan comes to fruition duringThe Joker War, in which Joker takes over the city. Batman defeats the Joker who vanishes after an explosion.[130] Ghost-Maker, an enemy from Batman's past, appears in Gotham, and, after a battle, becomes a sort of ally to Batman.[131] A new group called the Magistrate rises up in Gotham, led by Simon Saint, whose goal is to outlaw vigilantes such as Batman. At the same time, Scarecrow returns,[132] fighting Batman. DuringFear State, Batman battles and defeats both Scarecrow and the Magistrate's Peacekeepers.
The character of Batman has been portrayed in numerous alternative versions across various media since his debut in 1939. These adaptations explore different facets and interpretations of the character.
In the "Smallville" a television series, Bruce Wayne adopts the Batman persona in 2001, later teaming up with Superman and other superheroes.[133]Frank Miller's influential series, "The Dark Knight Returns", reimagines Batman as an older, more hardened vigilante, coming out of retirement to fight crime in a dystopian future.[134]
In the "Injustice: Gods Among Us" universe, Batman leads a resistance against a tyrannical Superman who has taken control of Earth.
TheDC Bombshells series sets Batman in a World War II-era context, with Bruce Wayne taking inspiration from Batwoman to become the masked hero. The "Dark Multiverse" introduces various twisted versions of Batman, such as the Batman Who Laughs, a hybrid of Batman and the Joker, and Red Death, a fusion of Batman and the Flash.
Other notable reimaginings includeJLA/Avengers, where Batman appears in a crossover withMarvel's Avengers;Stan Lee'sJust Imagine, which offers a completely different origin for Batman; and "Kingdom Come", where an older Batman operates in a dystopian future alongside other aged superheroes.
In "Superman: American Alien", Bruce Wayne's journey is retold with significant differences, and "Batman: White Knight" explores a reality where the Joker is cured of his insanity and seeks to expose Batman as the true villain of Gotham. These various adaptations and reinterpretations highlight the versatility and enduring appeal of Batman as a character, allowing for a rich exploration of his mythology across different narratives and settings.
Batman has ascended to the status of aglobal pop culture phenomenon, transcending his origins in comic books. His influence expanded notably with the release of the 1989 film, which propelled him to the forefront of public consciousness through widespread merchandising.The Guardian describes Batman as emblematic of the constant reinvention characteristic of modern mass culture, embodying both iconic status and commercial appeal, making him a quintessential cultural artifact of the 21st century.[135]
Apart from comics, Batman's presence spans various mediums, including newspapers, radio dramas, television, stage, and film. From the 1940s serials to contemporary TV shows like "Gotham" and "Titans", Batman's legacy endures. Celebrating the character's 75th anniversary, Warner Bros released "Batman: Strange Days", showcasing his timeless appeal.[136]
In September 2024, Batman become the first superhero to be given a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame. It was the 2,790th star.[137]
Gay interpretations of Batman have been studied academically since psychologistFredric Wertham's claims in 1954.[138] Andy Medhurst and Will Brooker have explored Batman's appeal to gay audiences and the validity of a queer reading.[139] Meanwhile, inpsychological interpretations, Dr. Travis Langley sees Batman as representing the "shadow archetype", confronting inner darkness to fight evil, according to Carl Jung and Joseph Campbell's theories. Langley's analysis adds depth to Batman's psychological complexity.[140]
Notes
^Finger was not credited in official materials until 2015.[2][3]
^Sometimes referred to as "the Batman" and originally stylized asThe Bat-Man
^Aichele, G. (1997). "Rewriting Superman" in G. Aichele & T. Pippin (eds.),The Monstrous and the Unspeakable: The Bible as Fantastic Literature, pp. 75–101. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press.
^T. James Musler. 2006.Unleashing the Superhero in Us All.
^Brooker, Will (2001).Batman Unmasked. NY/London: Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 368.ISBN978-0-8264-1343-7.Archived from the original on July 30, 2021. RetrievedNovember 8, 2020.
^abcdePearson; Uricchio. "'I'm Not Fooled By That Cheap Disguise.'" p. 186.
^Pearson; Uricchio. "Notes from the Batcave: An Interview with Dennis O'Neil" p. 23.
^Sharrett, Christopher. "Batman and the Twilight of the Idols: An Interview with Frank Miller".The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991.ISBN978-0-85170-276-6, p. 44.
^Terrence R. Wandtke.The Amazing Transforming Superhero!: Essays on the Revision of Characters on the Revision of Characters in Comic Books, Film and Television. p. 91.
^Bill Finger (w), Bob Kane (p). "The People vs. the Batman" Batman, vol. 1, no. 7 (November 1941). DC Comics.
^Batman #16 (May 1943); his original last name, Beagle, is revealed inDetective Comics #96 (February 1945)
^One example is the Englehart/Rogers run of the late 1970s, which has editorial notes directing readers to issues such asDetective Comics #46 andBatman #1 and 59.
^Dixon, Chuck. et al. "Batman: Prodigal".Batman #512–514,Batman: Shadow of the Bat #32–34,Detective Comics #679–681,Robin vol. 4 #11–13. New York: DC Comics, 1995.
^Batman #656 (October 2006): Bruce: "I remember being drugged senseless and refusing to co-operate in some depraved eugenics experiment." Talia: "Believe me, you cooperated ...magnificently."
^Finkelstein, David; Macfarlane, Ross (March 15, 1999)."Batman's big birthday".The Guardian. London. Archived fromthe original on January 14, 2008. RetrievedJune 19, 2007.
^Wertham, Fredric.Seduction of the Innocent. Rinehart and Company, Inc., 1954. pp. 189–90.For discussion of Wertham's impact see Brooker (2001).
^Medhurst, Andy. "Batman, Deviance, and Camp."The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. Routledge: London, 1991.ISBN978-0-85170-276-6, p. 150.
^Langley, Travis.Batman and Psychology: A Dark and Stormy Knight. John Wiley & Sons; 1st edition, 2012,ISBN1-118-16765-1
Sources
Beatty, Scott (2005).The Batman Handbook: The Ultimate Training Manual. Quirk Books.ISBN978-1-59474-023-7.
Boichel, Bill (1991). "Batman: Commodity as Myth".The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. London: Routledge.ISBN978-0-85170-276-6.
Daniels, Les (1995).DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Bulfinch.ISBN978-0-8212-2076-4.
Daniels, Les (2003).DC Comics: A Celebration of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes. Billboard Books/Watson-Guptill Publications.ISBN978-0-8230-7919-3.
Pearson, Roberta E.; Uricchio, William, eds. (1991).The Many Lives of the Batman: Critical Approaches to a Superhero and His Media. London: Routledge.ISBN978-0-85170-276-6.
Category Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles. Storylines are listed in publication order. Compiled without respect for canon or "current" continuity.
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