| Batang uprising | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Chiefdom of Batang Chiefdom of Litang Batang Monastery Samphel Monastery |  Qing dynasty | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Tashi Gyaltsen  Drakpa Gyaltsen Sonam Dradul † Atra Khenpo Phurjung Tawa | Feng Quan †Zhao Erfeng General Wu Yi-chung † General Ma Weiqi (Ma Wei-ch'i)[2] Commandant in Chief Li Chia-jui | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Tibetan Khampa tribesmen, Tibetan Chieftain defectors from Qing army | Qing military Green Standard Army[citation needed]New Army[citation needed]Eight Banners[citation needed] | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown Khampa casualties | Feng Quan, unknown Qing casualties | ||||||
TheBatang uprising (Chinese:巴塘事變) was an uprising by the Khampas of theKham region ofTibet against the assertion of authority byQing China.
The uprising began as an opposition to the new policies of land reclamation and limits of the monastic community. The policies were implemented byFeng Quan,Qing's assistant amban to Tibet, stationed inChamdo (in western Kham).[3][a] Feng Quan was murdered in the uprising and[3] four FrenchCatholic missionaries, perceived as Qing allies, fell victim to mobs led by lamas. One was killed immediately (his remains were never found), another was tortured for twelve days before he was executed, while the other two were pursued for three months andbeheaded upon capture.[3] Ten Catholic churches were burned down and a mass of locals that had converted to Catholicism were killed.[3] Under French pressure to protect missionaries and domestic pressure to stop the threat of the British invading from the west frontier,[4] Feng Quan's successorZhao Erfeng led a bloodypunitive campaign to quell the uprising in 1906. Zhao brought political, economic, and cultural reform to Batang and the rest of Kham.[4] Direct rule of Batang under Qing was established by Zhao. With the1911 Chinese Revolution, Zhao was murdered in turn and thestatus quo ante was reestablished.
Batang was at the frontier of Qing China where authority was shared between local Kham chiefs andTibetan Buddhist monasteries. Thelamas in the monastery were under the suzerainty of Lhasa, Tibet. While Kham chiefs and Tibet wereunder Qing rule, Qing authority over Tibet was weak.
TheBritish expedition to Tibet in 1904 had repercussions in the frontier region between Tibet and China (called "March country" or "Marches").[5] A Qing intervention within Tibet's frontier east of the Dri River (upperYangtze river, also calledJinsha) was triggered in an effort to open up Tibet's frontier roads to Qing forces.[citation needed]
Tibetan Khampas in the frontier marches are known for their hostility towards outsiders, and for their strong devotion to their monasteries from specific schools of Tibetan Buddhism, and to the Dalai Lamas.[6]
Decades before the Batang uprising, around 1852 the French Catholic Marist missions fromParis Foreign Missions Society, operating under Qing China's protectorate and ushered into Kham's frontier region, were "[d]riven back from the frontier and forced to withdraw to the Western confines of the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan", where they "vegetated for a century within small Christian communities", until expelled by Communist China in 1952.[7][8][9]
From 1873 to 1905, there were five attacks on churches (this Batang uprising being the fifth), known as "missionary cases" in historiography.[10] Upon the complaint of the French consul, theForeign Ministry of Qing settled the cases and gradually got involved into Batang politics.[10]
Qing China sentFeng Quan as the newQing's assistant amban,[3] stationing him inChamdo.[a][b] Qing emperor instructed him to develop, assimilate, and bring the Kham regions under strong Qing central control.[11][12] Feng Quan began initiating land reforms among traditional autonomous polities of kingdoms governed by warrior chiefs, and initiating a reduction to the number of monks, whose monasteries were among the autonomous polities.[13][14][6] Feng Quan recruited Chinese soldiers andSichuan farmers to convert idle land in Batang tocultivable land in the hope of attracting settlers.[15]
The Chiefdoms of Batang and Litang and the Tibetan monasteries rose up. 26–27 March 1905 marked the first bloodshed when a handful of Sichuan farmers were killed at the farm.[16] On 6 April, Feng Quan was murdered, which the locals justified by claiming he had "promoted French military uniforms and military marches and therefore could not have been a genuine commissioner sent by the Qing".[17]
Four French missionaries were killed by the locals, includingHenri Mussot (牧守仁) on March 30 or 31,Jean-André Soulié (蘇烈) on April 14, andPierre-Marie Bourdonnec (蒲德元) as well asJules Dubernard (余伯南) on July 23.[3] Among them, Soulié was tortured for twelve days before execution.[3] Ten Catholic churches were burned down and a mass of localsconverted to Catholicism were killed.[3] A compensation was reached between the Sichuan government's foreign affairs office (四川洋務局), the French consul in Chengdu and BishopPierre-Philippe Giraudeau (倪德隆).[18] Sichuan compensated 121,500 silvertael ofsilver sycees, which would be paid from the tea tax revenues ofDartsedo town, Sichuan.[18]
The Qing Chinese responded to the Batang uprising with a punitive campaign. The Sichuan Army under the command of Chinese GeneralMa Wei-ch'i was said to launch the first retaliations against the Khampas - Chiefs, Lamas and lay people - at Batang, and against the monastery.[19]
The punitive invasion by HanBannerman GeneralZhao Erfeng in Kham is well documented, including the German origin of the army's rifles,[20] and he was later called "the Butcher of Kham" for his work. Monks and Khampas were subjected to execution, beheadings, and dousings with fire. The monks at Batang reportedly withstood the invasion until 1906, but afterwards they and the monks from Chatring monastery were all killed, and their monasteries were destroyed.[21] The Prince of Batang was also beheaded for taking part in the uprising.[22]
Monasteries continued to be targeted by Zhao's forces,[23] as did all autonomous polities in Kham as the raids spread and Zhao appointed Qing Chinese officials to positions of authority.[6][24] Zhao's retaliatory invasion in Kham lasted through Qing China's larger invasion of Lhasa in 1910, and on to 1911, when Zhao was killed.[6] Zhao's death[6] was reportedly undertaken by his own men, during the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the rise of Chinese Republican revolutionary forces, around the time of theXinhai Revolution.
A former KhampaChushi Gangdruk Tibetan guerrilla named Aten gave his account of the war, where he states the war started in 1903 when the Manchu Qing sent Zhao Erfeng to seize control of Tibetan areas, to control Batang and Litang. Aten recounted Zhao's destruction of Batang, and said Zhao used holy texts as shoeliners for his troops and that "[m]any Tibetans were executed by decapitation or by another typically Chinese method, mass burial while still alive." Aten also called the Manchus "alien conquerors".[25]
Beijing authorTsering Woeser has defended the Tibetans in the Batang uprising, saying that Zhao Erfeng invaded the region to "brutally stop Tibetan protests", while listing the atrocities committed by Zhao.[26]
The Qing military invasion at Batang attempted to change the power structure in the region fundamentally.[27] The historical system of autonomous polities was also attacked, and the region was briefly under Chinese military occupation, until 1911.[28]
This article incorporates text fromEast India (Tibet): Papers relating to Tibet [and Further papers ...], Issues 2-4, by ((Great Britain. Foreign Office, India. Foreign and Political Dept, India. Governor-General)), a publication from 1904, now in thepublic domain in the United States.