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Basidiocarp

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Fungal structure

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Schematic representations of a typical basidiocarp (left to right): afruiting body,hymenium andbasidia

Infungi, abasidiocarp,basidiome, orbasidioma (pl. basidiomata) is the sporocarp of abasidiomycete, themulticellular structure on which thespore-producinghymenium is borne. Basidiocarps are characteristic of thehymenomycetes;rusts andsmuts do not produce such structures. As with other sporocarps, epigeous (above-ground) basidiocarps that are visible to the naked eye (especially those with a more or lessagaricoid morphology) are commonly referred to asmushrooms, while hypogeous (underground) basidiocarps are usually calledfalse truffles.

Structure

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All basidiocarps serve as the structure on which the hymenium is produced.Basidia are found on the surface of the hymenium, and the basidia ultimately produce spores. In its simplest form, a basidiocarp consists of an undifferentiated fruiting structure with a hymenium on the surface; such a structure is characteristic of many simplejelly andclub fungi. In more complex basidiocarps, there is differentiation into astipe, apileus, and/or various types ofhymenophores.

Types

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Basidiocarps ofRamaria rugosa, acoral fungus

Basidiocarps ofCraterellus tubaeformis, a cantharelloid fungus

Basidiocarps ofAmanita muscaria, anagaric

Basidiocarps are classified into various types of growth forms based on the degree of differentiation into a stipe, pileus, and hymenophore, as well as the type of hymenophore, if present.

Growth forms include:

Jelly fungus – fruiting body is jelly-like.
Club fungus andcoral fungus – erect fruiting body without a distinct stalk and cap, either unbranched (club fungus) or profusely branched (coral fungus).
Polypore – underside of the fruiting body usually consists of tubes; otherwise very variable, usually wood-inhabiting
tooth fungus orhydnoid fungus – underside of the fruiting body composed of spines or teeth
Corticioid fungus – the underside of the fruiting body is usually smooth or with spines (vs. hydnoid fungi) but not poroid nor gilled; typically effused without caps
Cantharelloid fungus – fruiting body with shallow fold-like gills running over most of the lower surface of the fruiting body and not much differentiation between the stalk and cap.
Gasteromycete or "gastroid fungus" – fruiting body has a ball-like shape and in which the hymenophore has become entirely enclosed on the inside of the fruiting body.
False truffle – like a gasteromycete, however, but with ahypogeous (underground) fruiting body.
Secotioid fungus – like a gasteromycete, but with a stalk. Thought to be an evolutionarily intermediate stage between a gasteromycete and an agaric.
Agaric or gill fungi – fruiting body with caps, gills, and (usually) a stalk.
Bolete – fleshy fruiting body with a cap, a stalk, and tubes on the underside.

Basic divisions ofAgaricomycotina were formerly based entirely upon the growth form of the mushroom.Molecular phylogenetic investigation (as well as supporting evidence frommicromorphology andchemotaxonomy) has since demonstrated that similar types of basidiomycete growth form are often examples ofconvergent evolution and do not always reflect a close relationship between different groups of fungi. For example, agarics have arisen independently in theAgaricales, theBoletales, theRussulales, and other groups, whilesecotioid fungi and false truffles have arisen independently many times just within the Agaricales.^[1]