Thebasal angiosperms are theflowering plants which diverged from the lineage leading to most flowering plants. In particular, the mostbasal angiosperms were called theANITA grade, which is made up ofAmborella (a single species of shrub from New Caledonia),Nymphaeales (water lilies, together with some other aquatic plants) andAustrobaileyales (woody aromatic plants including star anise).[1] The group may be expanded to include theChloranthales and theCeratophyllales.[2]
ANITA stands forAmborella,Nymphaeales,Illiciales,Trimeniaceae, andAustrobaileya.[3] Some authors[who?] have shortened this toANA-grade for the three orders,Amborellales,Nymphaeales, andAustrobaileyales, since the order Iliciales was reduced to the familyIlliciaceae and placed, along with the family Trimeniaceae, within the Austrobaileyales.
The basal angiosperms are only a few hundred species, compared with hundreds of thousands of species ofeudicots,monocots, andmagnoliids. They diverged from the ancestral angiosperm lineage before the five groups comprising themesangiosperms diverged from each other.
Paleodicots (sometimes spelled "palaeodicots") is an informal name used by botanists (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997,[6] Leitch et al. 1998[7]) to refer to angiosperms which are notmonocots oreudicots.
The paleodicots correspond toMagnoliidae sensu Cronquist 1981 (minus Ranunculales and Papaverales) and toMagnoliidae sensu Takhtajan 1980 (Spichiger & Savolainen 1997). Some of the paleodicots share apparently plesiomorphic characters with monocots, e.g., scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and non-tricolpatepollen.
^Thien, L. B.; Bernhardt, P.; Devall, M. S.; Chen, Z.-d.; Luo, Y.-b.; Fan, J.-H.; Yuan, L.-C.; Williams, J. H. (2009), "Pollination biology of basal angiosperms (ANITA grade)",American Journal of Botany,96 (1):166–182,doi:10.3732/ajb.0800016,PMID21628182
^Endress, Peter K. & Doyle, James A. (2015). "Ancestral traits and specializations in the flowers of the basal grade of living angiosperms".Taxon.64 (6):1093–1116.doi:10.12705/646.1.
^Yin-Long Qiu; Jungho Lee; Fabiana Bernasconi-Quadroni; Douglas E. Soltis;Pamela S. Soltis; Michael Zanis; Elizabeth A. Zimmer; Zhiduan Chen; Vincent Savolainen; Mark W. Chase (1999). "The earliest angiosperms: Evidence from mitochondrial, plastid and nuclear genomes".Nature.402 (6760):404–407.Bibcode:1999Natur.402..404Q.doi:10.1038/46536.PMID10586879.S2CID4380796.
^Amborella Genome Project; Albert, Victor A.; Barbazuk, W. Bradley; dePamphilis, Claude W.; Der, Joshua P.; Leebens-Mack, James; Ma, Hong; Palmer, Jeffrey D.; Rounsley, Steve; Sankoff, David; Schuster, Stephan C.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Wessler, Susan R.; Wing, Rod A. (2013-12-20)."The Amborella Genome and the Evolution of Flowering Plants".Science.342 (6165).doi:10.1126/science.1241089.ISSN0036-8075.
^Rudolphe Spichiger & Vincent Savolainen. 1997. Present state of Angiospermae phylogeny.Candollea 52: 435-455 (textArchived March 12, 2007, at theWayback Machine)
^Leitch, I. J., M. W. Chase, and M. D. Bennett. 1998. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA C-values provides evidence for a small ancestral genome size in flowering plants.Annals of Botany 82 (Suppl. A): 85-94.
^Jaramillo, M. Alejandra; Manos, PS (2001), "Phylogeny and Patterns of Floral Diversity in the Genus Piper (Piperaceae)",American Journal of Botany,88 (4), Botanical Society of America:706–16,doi:10.2307/2657072,JSTOR2657072,PMID11302858
